我院儿科2016年1-6月支气管肺炎病原学及用药合理性分析

目的:分析我院儿科支气管肺炎感染细菌的分布及耐药情况,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法:选取我院儿科2016年1-6月收治的支气管肺炎患儿1 172例,采集深部痰液标本1 001份,即送检验科检验,根据检验报告统计分析细菌的分布及耐药情况,并对临床用药进行合理性评价。结果:1 001份痰液标本分离菌株221株,阳性率为22.08%。221株病原菌中,革兰阳性菌64株(28.96%),革兰阴性菌147株(66.52%),真菌10株(4.52%);排名前5位的病原菌依次是肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌,共163株(73.76%)。肺炎链球菌对万古霉素、氯霉素、头孢曲松、头孢噻肟、氧氟沙星、左氧氟沙星、莫西沙星、利奈唑胺、泰利霉素的耐药率均为0;流感嗜血杆菌对环丙沙星、头孢曲松、左氧氟沙星、头孢他啶、头孢呋辛、氨曲南、阿奇霉素、氯霉素的耐药率均为0;铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌及大肠埃希菌对碳青霉烯类、氨基糖苷类及喹诺酮类抗菌药物的耐药率较低。我院儿科治疗支气管肺炎的初始经验性用药主要为茁鄄内酰胺酶抑制剂复合制剂,占 92.06%。结论:我院儿科支气管肺炎病原菌主要有肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌,不同菌种对抗菌药物的耐药率差别明显,我院儿科治疗支气管肺炎存在过度使用抗菌药物的问题。临床医师应根据细菌药敏试验结果合理选用抗菌药物,以减少细菌耐药性的产生。     

4759例住院儿科患者痰标本细菌培养与药敏试验结果分析

目的 分析2014至2016年湖南省岳阳县人民医院住院患儿送检痰样本的致病菌构成及耐药情况,为本地区儿童肺部感染性疾病的临床诊疗与疾病控制决策提供科学依据.方法 查阅2014至2016年来本院诊疗的4 759例儿科住院患者入院后第1次痰标本细菌培养与药敏试验结果资料,对各年度检出的致病菌种类、分离率、耐药率及年间变化趋势进行回顾性分析.结果 在送检的4 759份痰样本中,分离培养出1 414株致病菌,包括金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎链球菌、大肠埃希氏菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、流感嗜血杆菌、卡他莫拉菌、产酸克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、产气肠杆菌等10个细菌菌种,总分离率为29.71％,2014年、2015年、2016年的年度分离率分别为32.38％、30.42％、24.75％,呈逐年下降趋势.3年耐药率均超过50％的细菌-药物对有:金黄色葡萄球菌-青霉素(99.32％-100.00％)、大肠埃希氏菌-氨苄西林(80.90％-89.53％)、大肠埃希氏菌-头孢唑啉(60.65％-73.07％)、肺炎克雷伯菌-头孢唑啉(51.04％-55.10％)、流感嗜血杆菌-氨苄西林/舒巴坦(52.17％-56.52％)、流感嗜血杆菌-复方新诺明(59.70％-78.26％)、流感嗜血杆菌-氨苄西林(53.73％-65.22％);3年间耐药率呈现逐年上升趋势的细菌-药物对有:金黄色葡萄球菌-青霉素、肺炎链球菌-红霉素、肺炎链球菌-头孢曲松、大肠埃希氏菌-氨苄西林/舒巴坦、大肠埃希氏菌-氨苄西林、肺炎克雷伯菌-左氧氟沙星、肺炎克雷伯菌-哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、卡他莫拉菌-阿奇霉素.结论 本地区肺部疾病儿童患者痰液中病原菌种类多、耐药率高,应加强细菌学检测并强化抗生素的合理应用.     

泉州市细菌耐药监测网重点医院细菌耐药性监测研究

目的 监测细菌耐药性,依据细菌耐药状况、特点及发展趋势,指导临床用药.方法 监测2010年度泉州地区4所重点医院临床分离细菌耐药状况,以WHONET 5.5软件进行数据分析.结果 共分离得到致病菌4 160株,其中革兰阳性菌1 535株,占36.9％;革兰阴性菌2 625株,占63.1％.最常见的细菌依次为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌.MRSA的检出率为18.5％;大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs比率分别为56.1％和47.3％;铜绿假单胞菌对碳青酶烯类的耐药率约30％,对其他监测抗菌药物的耐药率均＜30％;鲍曼不动杆菌耐药率总体高于铜绿假单胞菌.结论 本地区的细菌耐药性水平与全国及其他地区存在一定的差异.     

87例难治性哮喘患者伴肺部感染支气管肺泡灌洗液中病原菌的分布及其耐药性分析

目的:分析难治性哮喘患者合并肺部感染支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中病原菌的分布及其耐药性.方法:选取医院2019年1月—2020年2月收治的难治性哮喘合并肺部感染患者87例病历资料,统计其BALF标本中病原菌的培养和药敏试验结果,分析其BALF中主要致病菌的分布及其对抗菌药物的耐药情况.结果:87例难治性哮喘患者合并肺部感染标本中,分离出病原菌119株,其中革兰阴性菌77株(占64.71％,以流感嗜血杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌为主)、革兰阳性菌39株(占32.77％,以肺炎链球菌、化脓性链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌为主)和真菌3株(占2.52％);药敏结果发现,流感嗜血杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢噻吩、替考拉宁的耐药率均高于50.00％;肺炎链球菌、化脓性链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌对头孢拉定、头孢唑林的耐药率也均高于50.00％,但金黄色葡萄球菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南的敏感率均高达100.00％.结论:难治性哮喘患者合并肺部感染BALF标本中以革兰阴性菌为主,其对抗菌药物的耐药情况不一,临床治疗应药敏试验结果选用敏感率较高的抗菌药物治疗,确保其疗效.     

临床细菌分布及耐药监测

目的 监测本地区临床细菌的分布及耐药性的变化。方法 常规法进行菌种鉴定,K—B纸片扩散法进行药物敏感试验,NCCLS推荐法进行ESBL检测。结果 金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、不动杆菌、大肠埃希氏菌、克雷伯氏菌、肠杆菌属细菌和肠球菌为主要分离菌；2000、2001和2002年MRSA分离率分别为66％、74％、78％，大肠埃希氏菌(产ESBLs)分别为25％、25％、41％，肺炎克雷伯氏菌(产ESBLs)分别为35％、40％、56％；细菌对某些抗菌药物的耐药性增加，铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南的耐药率2001年为15％．2002年为30％。结论 临床分离菌以条件致病菌为主，耐药菌株分离率及细菌对抗菌药物的耐药性逐年增加，应引起临床重视。     

湖南省2013年重症监护病房血标本分离细菌耐药性监测

目的 了解湖南省ICU血标本分离细菌耐药情况.方法 监测2013年度湖南省细菌耐药监测网ICU血标本分离菌株药敏结果,采用CLSI2013年标准判读,用湖南省细菌耐药监测网直报系统在线统计分析药物敏感性.结果 共获得ICU血标本分离细菌1136株,其中革兰阳性菌739株(65.05％);革兰阴性菌397株(34.95％),排名前5位的细菌分别为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌.ICU血标本中耐甲氧西林的表皮葡萄球菌、人葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的检出率分别为75.84％、80.92％、90.29％和36.84％.大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南及美罗培南耐药率分别为1.82％和1.43％,肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南耐药率分别为0和3.03％.铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类、喹诺酮类、阿米卡星、多黏菌素B、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的敏感性高于80％.鲍曼不动杆菌对抗菌药物的耐药性普遍高于铜绿假单胞菌,对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的敏感性均低于50％.结论 ICU血标本分离细菌耐药性较为普遍.     

小儿穿孔性阑尾炎致病菌群的变化特点及其对抗菌药物临床使用的关系分析

目的:分析小儿穿孔性阑尾炎致病菌群的变化特点及其对抗菌药物敏感性与临床使用因素,为临床正确使用抗菌药物提供参考。方法:选取2014年1月—2015年12月间收治的小儿穿孔性阑尾炎患者50例(男35例,女15例),分析小儿穿孔性阑尾炎的致病菌群变化、耐药性特点及其对抗菌药物使用的关系。结果:小儿穿孔性阑尾炎的致病菌主要是大肠埃希菌和铜绿假单胞菌,其他致病菌有肺炎克雷伯菌、土生克雷伯菌、流感嗜血杆菌、屎肠球菌、醋酸钙不动杆菌、弗劳地枸橼酸细菌等,感染致病菌的种类与患者术后住院时间、抗菌药物使用无紧密联系。结论:导致小儿穿孔性阑尾炎的致病菌谱变化不明显,术中脓液经微生物培养其结果准确判断致病菌种类,有助于术后合理选用抗菌药物。     

2004-2005年我院细菌分离和耐药性分析

目的分析2004-2005年我院临床分离的细菌构成及耐药性的动态变化。方法应用VITEK2全自动细菌分析仪,对2004-2005年临床送检标本中分离的菌株进行鉴定和药敏测定。结果2年所检出的前5位细菌均为肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌。耐甲氧西林菌株的检出呈上升趋势,产超广谱β-内酰胺酶的菌株有下降趋势。细菌耐药性均有不同程度增加,革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素仍保持高度敏感性,革兰阴性菌中大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南西司他丁高度敏感,但铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南西司他丁的耐药性迅速上升,而阿米卡星则保持了较好的抗菌活性。革兰阴性杆菌对头孢吡肟的耐药性较高。结论我院分离的细菌耐药水平高且多重耐药,掌握细菌耐药谱的变化,有利于促进抗菌药物的合理应用。     

74株呼吸科革兰阴性杆菌感染的临床原因及其耐药性分析

目的:分析呼吸内科住院患者革兰阴性杆菌感染的临床原因及其耐药性,为临床诊治和合理用药提供参考。方法:选取2015年3月—2016年8月间医院呼吸内科收治的革兰阴性杆菌感染患者52例,从中分离出74株革兰阴性菌,采用药敏试验检测其对抗菌药物的耐药性。结果:从52例呼吸内科住院患者的标本中,分离出革兰阴性杆菌74株(鲍曼不动杆菌14株、阴沟肠杆菌6株、肺炎克雷伯菌20株、大肠埃希杆菌11株、铜绿假单胞菌11株和其他菌株12株);铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和阴沟肠杆菌对抗菌药物的耐药率较高。结论:分离出革兰阴性杆菌中,菌株中以肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌所占百分率为最高;而铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和阴沟肠杆菌对抗菌药物的敏感率为最低。     

院内患者2007-2011年革兰阴性菌耐药监测

目的 监测2007-2011年北京大学第一医院住院患者临床分离革兰阴性菌对常用抗菌药物的敏感性.方法 临床分离革兰阴性菌,采用常规进行菌种鉴定,细菌敏感性测定采用标准纸片扩散法或自动化临床微生物法,以WHO-NET5.6软件进行数据分析.结果 5年间共获得临床分离革兰阴性菌7546株,最常见的5种细菌依次为大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌.肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南及美罗培南仍高度敏感,大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南及美罗培南的敏感率分别为99.9％,99.8％.99％的肺炎克雷伯杆菌对碳青霉烯类敏感.对铜绿假单胞菌敏感率高于80％的药物仅有阿米卡星.铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类和氟喹诺酮类的敏感率约为70％.除亚胺培南(52.1％)、美罗培南(47.4％)和米诺环素(46.0％)外,鲍曼不动杆菌对其他被测抗菌药物的敏感率均低于45％.结论 肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类仍较为敏感,但已出现碳青霉烯耐药菌.铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药率较高.     

2018—2020年多中心尿标本分离菌分布及耐药性分析

摘要：目的 分析全国11家三级医院尿标本分离细菌的菌种分布及耐药性。方法 应用WHONET 5.6软件对2018— 2020年全国11家三级医院尿标本分离细菌药敏结果进行分析。结果 男性患者尿标本分离细菌前5位的分别是大肠埃希菌 (23.9%~27.4%)、屎肠球菌(12.5%~13.5%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(9.9%~11.5%)、粪肠球菌(8.5%~9.8%)、铜绿假单胞菌(5.2%~6.6%); 女性患者尿标本分离细菌前5位的分别是大肠埃希菌(51.5%~52.8%)、屎肠球菌(9.8%~12.8%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(8.5%~9.2%)、粪肠 球菌(5.3%~6.5%)、奇异变形杆菌(3.0%~3.6%)。屎肠球菌对左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星和氨苄西林耐药率均在90%以上,对万古霉 素的耐药率为1.2%~1.6%。粪肠球菌对呋喃妥因和氨苄西林的耐药率分别为1.8%~2.4%和3.1%~4.2%,对万古霉素的耐药率从0 增加至0.5%。大肠埃希菌ESBL检出率为46.7%~50.4%,对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的耐药率为3%~3.2%,对碳青霉烯类的耐药率为 0.7%~1.6%。肺炎克雷伯菌ESBL检出率为38.7%~50.5%,对碳青霉烯类耐药率从9.2%增加至15.2%。奇异变形杆菌对头孢曲松 的耐药率为34%~42.9%,对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的耐药率为0.2%~1.6%,对美罗培南的耐药率由0增加至0.9%。阴沟肠杆菌对头 孢曲松的耐药率为38.9%~50.7%,对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的耐药率为11.8%~21.2%,3年间对碳青霉烯类耐药率逐年上升,从5.4% 上升至22%。铜绿假单胞菌对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的耐药率为5.5%~14%,对碳青霉烯类耐药率为9%~20.5%。鲍曼不动杆菌对碳 青霉烯类耐药率为35.5%~54%。结论 尿标本分离细菌在不同性别构成上有所不同,尿路感染多重耐药菌逐年增加,尤其是碳 青霉烯类耐药的革兰阴性菌。应加强医院感染防控和抗菌药物的科学化管理。     

In vitro activity of telithromycin compared with macrolides and fluoroquinolones against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis

The in vitro activity of telithromycin was compared with erythromycin A, azithromycin, clarithromycin, moxifloxacin, gemifloxacin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, penicillin G, ampicillin, cefuroxime and ceftriaxone against 336 consecutive strains (83 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 168 Haemophilus influenzae and 85 Moraxella catarrhalis) isolated from patients with community-acquired respiratory tract infections. Telithromycin (MIC(90), 0.008 mg/l) was the most active drug against S. pneumoniae. Telithromycin was also highly active against M. catarrhalis (MIC(90), 0.06 mg/l), but less active against H. influenzae (MIC(90), 4 mg/l).     

Susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from patients with lower respiratory infectious diseases to antibiotics (2004)

From October 2004 to September 2005, we collected the specimen from 319 patients with lower respiratory tract infections in 12 institutions in Japan, and investigated the susceptibilities of isolated bacteria to various antibacterial agents and patients' characteristics. Of 383 strains that were isolated from specimen (mainly from sputum) and assumed to be bacteria causing in inflammation, 381 strains were examined. The breakdown of the isolated bacteria were: Staphylococcus aureus 87, Streptococcus pneumoniae 80, Haemophilus influenzae 78, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (non-mucoid) 35, P. aeruginosa (mucoid) 9, Klebsiella pneumoniae 15, Moraxella subgenus Branhamella catarrhalis 30, etc. Of 87 S. aureus strains, those with 2 microg/mL or less of MIC of oxacillin (methicillin-sensitive S. aureus: MSSA) and those with 4 microg/mL or more of MIC of oxacillin (methicillin-resistant S. aureus: MRSA) were 40 (46.0%) and 47 (54.0%) strains, respectively. Against MSSA, imipenem had the most potent antibacterial activity and inhibited the growth of all the strains at 0.063 microg/mL. Against MRSA, vancomycin showed the most potent activity and inhibited the growth of all the strains at 1 microg/mL. Arbekacin (ABK) also showed the potent activity and its MIC90 was 2 microg/mL. Carbapenems showed the most potent activities against S. pneumoniae and inhibited the growth of all the strains at 0.25-0.5 microg/mL. Cefozopran (CZOP) also had a preferable activity (MIC90: 1 microg/mL) and inhibited the growth of all the strains at 2 microg/mL. In contrast, there were high-resistant strains (MIC: 128 microg/mL or more) for ABK (2.5%), erythromycin (37.5%), and clindamycin (38.8%). Against H. influenzae, levofloxacin showed the most potent activity and inhibited the growth of all the strains at 0.125 microg/mL. Meropenem showed the most potent activity against P. aeruginosa (mucoid) and inhibited the growth of all the strains at 2 microg/mL. Against P. aeruginosa (non-mucoid), amikacin (AMK) had the most potent activity and its MIC90 was 4 microg/mL. The activity of CZOP against the non-mucoid type also was preferable and its MIC90 was 8 microg/mL. Against K. pneumoniae, CZOP, cefmenoxime, cefpirome, flomoxef were the most potent activity and inhibited the growth of all the strains at 0.063 microg/mL. Also, all the agents generally showed a potent activity against M. (B.) catarrhalis and the MIC90 of them were 4 microg/mL or less. The approximately half the number (57.0%) of the patients with respiratory infection were aged 70 years or older. Bacterial pneumonia and chronic bronchitis accounted for 50.8% and 23.8% of all the respiratory infection, respectively. The bacteria frequently isolated from the patients with bacterial pneumonia were S. aureus (21.6%), S. pneumoniae (24.7%) and H. influenzae (20.1%). S. aureus (20.9%), S. pneumoniae (16.1%), and H. influenzae (16.1%) also were relatively frequently isolated from the patients with chronic bronchitis. Before the drug administration, the bacteria frequently isolated from the patients were S. pneumoniae (22.3%) and H. influenzae (25.1%). The bacteria relatively frequently isolated from the patients treated with macrolides were P. aeruginosa and the isolation frequency was 43.5%.     

98例下肢静脉曲张患者术后院内感染病原菌的分布及其耐药性研究

目的:探究下肢静脉曲张患者术后院内感染病原菌的分布及其对抗菌药物的耐药性。方法:采用回顾性分析法,抽取2013年2月-2018年2月间在医院接受治疗的下肢静脉曲张术后院内感染患者98例临床资料,分析患者术后院内感染病原菌培养与分离情况,以及药敏试验结果对不同抗菌药物耐药程度的影响。结果:98例下肢静脉曲张术后院内感染患者标本中,检出84株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌51株(占60.71%)、革兰阳性菌30株(占35.71%)和真菌3株(占3.58%),经组间数据比较其差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);革兰阴性菌以铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌为主,革兰阳性菌以表皮葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌为主;铜绿假单胞菌对氨苄西林、头孢唑林、头孢曲松的耐药性较高;大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林、头孢唑林、头孢曲松、氨曲南的耐药性较高;肺炎克雷伯菌对氨苄西林、头孢曲松、阿米卡星的耐药性较高;表皮葡萄球菌对头孢唑林、青霉素G、克林霉素的耐药性较高;金黄色葡萄球菌对环丙沙星、青霉素G、克林霉素的耐药性较高。结论:下肢静脉曲张患者手术后院内感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,且革兰阴性菌和革兰阳性菌对氨苄西林、头孢唑林、头孢曲松、氨曲南、克林霉素、青霉素G等抗菌药物的耐药性较高;临床治疗应依据药敏试验结果选用抗菌药物治疗。     

In vitro activity of moxifloxacin against recent community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens isolated in France: a national survey

Between February and June 2000, 2345 consecutive strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae were isolated from 2088 adult patients suffering from community-acquired respiratory tract infections, in 97 hospital laboratories. Of the 1037 S. pneumoniae isolates, 48.3% were intermediately or highly penicillin resistant. For invasive isolates, the MIC90s of penicillin G, amoxycillin, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, erythromycin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin were 2, 2, 4, 0.5, 1024, 2, 2 and 0.25 mg/l, respectively. All but one invasive strain were susceptible to moxifloxacin whereas 97.5% were susceptible to levofloxacin. The MIC90s of clinical isolates with intermediate susceptibility or high resistance to penicillin G, were 2, 2, 4, 1, 1024, 2, 2 and 0.25 mg/l. About 98.1, 97.0, and 83.1% of strains were inhibited by concentrations < or = 1 mg/l of moxifloxacin, levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, respectively (E-test). Eight of the 1037 S. pneumoniae strains were not susceptible to moxifloxacin and had mutations in gyrA (eight strains), parC (four strains) or parE (three strains). Against H. influenzae (32.7% were beta-lactamase producers) and M. catarrhalis (96.3% were beta-lactamase producers), the MIC90s of moxifloxacin, amoxycillin and co-amoxiclav were 0.094 and 0.125 mg/l, 64 and 8 mg/l, and 1.5 and 0.25 mg/l, respectively. Against oxacillin-susceptible S. aureus and K. pneumoniae, the MIC90s of moxifloxacin were 0.125 and 0.84 mg/l respectively. Moxifloxacin had the highest in vitro activity of all antibiotics tested.     

Antibacterial activity of gatifloxacin against various fresh clinical isolates in 2002

Antibacterial activities of gatifloxacin (GFLX) and other antibacterial drugs against various fresh clinical strains (800 isolates) isolated from specimens of patients in 2002 were compared. GFLX was more active than levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against Gram-positive bacteria such as methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. For these isolates, clarithromycin and azithromycin were less active (MIC90; > 16- > 64 micrograms/mL), GFLX was more active than cefdinir. For Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter species, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis, three quinolones including GFLX were potently active (MIC90; < or = 0.06-0.5 microgram/mL). Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from urinary tract infections were resistant to three quinolones including GFLX (MIC90; 32-64 micrograms/mL), however P. aeruginosa isolated from respiratory and otolaryngological infections were more susceptible (MIC90; 0.5-2 micrograms/mL). Quinolones were less active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae as compared with the cephem antibiotics tested, but GFLX was the most active against N. gonorrhoeae among the quinolones tested. In this study, we investigated activity of GFLX against fresh clinical strains isolated early in 2002, GFLX is widely and potently active against S. aureus, S. pneumoniae and various Gram-negative bacteria.     

2018年四川省儿童患者细菌耐药监测分析

摘要：目的 了解2018年四川省儿童患者主要病原菌分布及对常用抗菌药物耐药性,为临床合理选择抗菌药物提供依据。方法 收集2018年全国细菌耐药监测网四川省成员单位报告的儿童患者病原菌数据并进行分析总结。结果 2018年共分离出细菌46387株,其中革兰阳性菌19012株(占41.0%),以肺炎链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌为主,检出率分别是17.3%、15.7%和2.1%;革兰阴性菌27375株(占59.0%),主要是流感嗜血菌、大肠埃希菌和黏膜炎莫拉菌,检出率分别是21.2%、10.4%和8.3%。非脑脊液标本分离的肺炎链球菌对红霉素的耐药率高达95.9%。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的检出率为26.7%,耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的检出率为79.1%,未发现万古霉素和利奈唑胺耐药肺炎链球菌和葡萄球菌。粪肠球菌对万古霉素的耐药率为0.6%,未发现替考拉宁耐药的粪肠球菌;屎肠球菌对万古霉素的耐药率为0.6%,对替考拉宁的耐药率为2.1%。流感嗜血菌对氨苄西林、复方磺胺甲噁唑以及头孢克肟的耐药率高。黏膜炎莫拉菌对阿奇霉素的非敏感率为72.5%。肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南耐药率分别为7.7%和11.6%。结论 2018年四川省儿童细菌感染的主要病原菌中,耐红霉素的肺炎链球菌、耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、耐氨苄西林的流感嗜血菌以及耐碳青霉烯的肺炎克雷伯菌检出率高,需加强感染防控。     

Susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from patients with lower respiratory infectious diseases to antibiotics (2001)

From October 2001 to September 2002, we collected the specimen from 370 patients with lower respiratory tract infections in 16 institutions in Japan, and investigated the susceptibilities of the isolated bacteria to various antibacterial agents and antibiotics and patients' characteristics. Of 458 strains that were isolated from specimen (mainly from sputum) and assumed to be bacteria causing in inflammation, 456 strains were investigated. The breakdown of the isolated bacteria were: Staphylococcus aureus 69, Streptococcus pneumoniae 72, Haemophilus influenzae 85, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (non-mucoid) 44, P. aeruginosa (mucoid) 13, Klebsiella pneumoniae 32, Moraxella subgenus Branhamella catarrhalis 32, and others. Of 69 S. aureus strains, those with 4 micrograms/mL or more of MIC of oxacillin (methicillin-resistant S. aureus: MRSA) occupied 43.5%. Vancomycin and arbekacin showed the most potent activities against MRSA as observed in 2000. The frequency of S. pneumoniae exhibiting low sensitivity to penicillin (penicillin-intermediate S. pneumoniae: PISP + penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae: PRSP) was 59.7% and both rates of PISP and PRSP were the highest after 1992. Carbapenems had strong activities against S. pneumoniae. Especially, panipenem and imipenem inhibited the growth of all 72 strains at 0.125 and 0.5 microgram/mL, respectively. Generally, all drugs had strong activities against H. influenzae with MIC90s of 16 micrograms/mL or less. The drug that had the strongest activity against H. influenzae was levofloxacin, which inhibited the growth of 80 of the 85 strains at 0.063 microgram/mL. Against P. aeruginosa mucoid strain, meropenem had a strong activity with MIC90 of 0.5 microgram/mL while, against non-mucoid strain, tobramycin had a strong activity with MIC90 of 2 micrograms/mL. K. pneumoniae showed good susceptibilities to all drugs except ampicillin and minocycline, and the MIC90s were 4 micrograms/mL or less. Particularly, cefmenoxime, cefpirome, and imipenem had the strongest activity (MIC90: 0.125 microgram/mL), and cefozopran had a strong activity, inhibiting the growth of all strains at 0.25 microgram/mL. Also, all drugs generally had strong activities against M. (B.) catarrhalis. MIC90s of all drugs were 4 micrograms/mL or less. The drug that had the strongest activity was minocycline and levofloxacin inhibiting all 32 strains at 0.063 microgram/mL. Most of the patients with respiratory infection were aged 70 years or older, accounting for approximately a half of the total (40.5%). As for the incidence by the diseases, bacterial pneumonia and chronic bronchitis were the highest, being noted in 39.2% and 37.3% of all the patients, respectively. The bacteria frequently isolated from the patients with bacterial pneumonia were S. aureus (19.3%) and S. pneumoniae (19.9%). In contrast, H. influenzae (22.0%) were frequently isolated from the patients with chronic bronchitis. Before the drug administration, the bacteria frequently isolated from the patients were S. pneumoniae (20.8%) and H. influenzae (21.5%). S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae decreased after the initiation of drug administration while S. aureus increased. The isolation frequency of P. aeruginosa was higher after than before the initiation of drug administration. The bacteria were frequently isolated from the patients who had already treated with cephems were S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. From the patients who had already treated with macrolides, S. pneumoniae was the most frequently isolated while S. aureus was the most frequently isolated from the patients pre-treated with quinolones.     

社区获得性下呼吸道感染患者3种病原菌分布及其耐药性分析

目的 分析陕西地区2家医院社区获得性下呼吸道感染患者常见病原菌分布及耐药性情况。方法 收集两院2018年1月—2020年12月治疗的下呼吸道感染患者呼吸道标本中流感嗜血杆菌、肺炎链球菌、卡他莫拉菌,进行药敏试验,使用WHONET 5.6软件统计分析。结果 2018年1月—2020年12月下呼吸道感染患者呼吸道标本分离出流感嗜血杆菌123株,肺炎链球菌98株,卡他莫拉菌23株,流感嗜血杆菌对氨苄西林和复方磺胺甲恶唑耐药率显著上升明;肺炎链球菌逐渐出现对青霉素的耐药趋势;卡他莫拉菌对常用抗菌药物的敏感性基本保持不变。结论 陕西地区社区获得性下呼吸道感染病原菌分布及耐药情况发生了变化,对成人下呼吸道感染的临床治疗具有重要意义。