1,2,4-三唑-3-甲酰胺的合成

1,2,4-三唑-3-甲酰胺(简称三唑甲酰胺)是合成抗病毒药三氮唑核苷(ribavirin)的重要中间体。文献报道,三唑甲酰胺有多种合成方法。Witkowski等直接从三唑甲酸甲酯氨解制得,但原料三唑甲酸甲酯的制备较繁杂,产率较低。后专利资料则分别从草氨酰肼与甲酰胺或甲脒醋酸盐在高温下缩合而得。我们在文献方法的基础上,对三唑甲酰胺的合成方法作了适当改进。     

1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-甲酸甲酯的合成

1,2,4-三唑与甲醛在Ba(OH)2·8H2O作用下进行亲核加成得到3-羟甲基-1H-1,2,4-三唑,再经氧化和酯化制得1H-1,2,4-三唑-3-甲酸甲酯,总收率32%,纯度98%.     

来曲唑的合成

4-溴甲基苄腈与1,2,4-1H-三唑钠反应得4-[(1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-基)甲基]苄腈,然后在叔丁醇钾的作用下与4-氟苄腈反应得来曲唑,总收率为54.8%。     

新型三氮唑醇类抗真菌药物合成(Ⅰ)

在运用比较分子力场分析法(CoMFA)对122个氮唑类抗真菌化合物进行三维定量关系(3D－QSAR)研究的基础上设计合成了4个1-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-基)-2-(2,4-二氟苯基)-3-(3-取代-1H-吲哚-1-基)-2-丙醇化合物和4个1-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-基)-2-(2,4-二氟苯基)-3-(3-取代苯基-4(1H)-取代喹啉酮-1-基)-2-丙醇化合物。所有目标化合物均未见文献报道,结构经     

新型三氮唑醉籽抗真菌药物合成（I）

在运用比较分子力场分析法(CoMFA)对122个氮唑类抗真菌化合物进行三维定量关系(3D-QSAR)的基础上设计合成了4个1-(1H-1,2,4三唑-1-基)-2-)2,4-二氟苯基)-3-)3-取代-1H-吲哚-1-基)-2-丙醇化合物和4个1-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-基)-2-(2,4-二氟苯基)-3)3-取代苯基-4(1H)取代喹啉酮-1-基)-2-丙醇化合物,所有目标化合物均未见文献报道,结构经1H-NMR,IR和MS确证,其体外抑菌实验正在进行中.     

伊曲康唑注射液

[商品名] sporanox,斯皮仁诺 [化学名称] (±)-顺式-4-[4-[4-[4-[[2-(2,4-二氯苯基)-2-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-甲基)-1,3-二氧戊环-4-基]甲基] 苯基]-1-哌嗪]苯基]-2,4-二氢-2-(1-甲基丙基)-3H-1,2,4-三唑-3-酮     

抗真菌药 伊曲康唑(Itraconazole)

异名 Sporanox 化学名 (±)-1-仲丁基-4-[4-[4-[4-[(2 R,4 S)-2-(2,4-二氯苯基)-2-(1 H,-1,2,4-三唑-1-基-甲基)-1,3-二氧戊环-4-基-甲氧基]苯基]-1-哌嗪基]苯基]-2,4-二氢-3 H-1,2,4-三唑-3-酮     

泊沙康唑

泊沙康唑(posaconazole)是2006年9月15日由美国FDA批准的一种广谱三唑类抗真菌药,用于难治性疾病或其他药物耐药所引起的真菌感染(如曲霉菌病、结核菌病和镰刀菌病等),该药由美国Scher-ing-Plough公司研制上市,商品名为Noxafil[1]。泊沙康唑化学名称:(-)-4-[4-[4-[4-[(2R-顺)-5-(2,4-二氟苯基)四氢-5-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-基甲基)呋喃-3-基]甲氧基]苯基]-1-哌嗪基]苯基-2,4-二氢-2-[(S)-1-乙基-2(S)-羟基丙基]-3H-1,2,4-三唑-3-酮;英文化学名称:(-)-4-[4-[4-[4-[(2R-cis)-5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)tetrahydro-5-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl-met…     

N4-烷基-5-甲基-2′-脱氧胞苷的合成

3′,5′-O-二苯甲酰胸苷在三氯氧磷存在的条件下与1,2,4-三唑缩合可得到1-(3′,5′-O-二苯甲酰-β-D-呋喃核糖)- 4-(1,2,4-三唑-1-基)-5-甲基-嘧啶-2-(1H)-酮,再用不同的胺取代核苷C4上的三唑基团可制备一系列全新的N4-烷基取代的5-甲基胞苷.方法简便 ,收率高.     

N^4—烷基—5—甲基—2‘—脱氧胞苷的合成

3‘,5‘-O-二苯甲酰胸苷在三氯氧磷存在的条件下与1,2,4-三唑缩合可得到1-（3‘,5‘-O-二苯甲酰-β-D-呋喃核糖）-4-（1,2,4-三唑-1-基）-5-甲基-嘧啶-2-（1H）-酮,再用不同的胺取代核苷C4上的三唑基团可制备一系列全新的N^4-烷基取代的5-甲基胞苷。方法简便,收率高。     

Monocyclic L-nucleosides with type 1 cytokine-inducing activity

A series of 1,2,4-triazole L-nucleosides were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to stimulate type 1 cytokine production by activated human T cells in direct comparison to the known active agent ribavirin. Among the compounds prepared, 1-beta-L-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide (5, ICN 17261) was found to be the most uniformly potent compound. Conversion of the 3-carboxamide group of 5 to a carboxamidine functionality resulted in 1-beta-L-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamidine hydrochloride (10), which induced cytokine levels comparable to 5 for two of the three type 1 cytokines examined. Modification of the carbohydrate moiety of 5 provided compounds of reduced activity. Significantly, ICN 17261 offers interesting immunomodulatory potential for the treatment of diseases where type 1 cytokines play an important role.     

Synthesis and antiviral acticity of some phosphates of the broad-spectrum antiviral nucleoside, 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide (ribavirin).

1-beta-D-Ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide 5'-phosphate (2) was prepared and converted into the following derivatives: the 5'-phosphoramidate 3, the 5'-diphosphate 4, the 5'-triphosphate 5, and the cyclic 3',5'-phosphate 6. The cyclic 2',3'-phosphate 7 was prepared from the parent nucleoside, 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide (1), and was opened to the 2'(3')-phosphate 8. These compounds were found to exhibit significant antiviral activity against several viruses in cell culture. Ribavirin 5'-phosphate (2) was shown to be effective when tested against lethal infections in mice caused by influenza A2, influenza B, and murine hepatitis viruses.     

Synthesis and evaluation of 5-amino-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamidine and certain related nucleosides as inhibitors of purine nucleoside phosphorylase

The 5-amino and certain related derivatives of the powerful purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNPase) inhibitor 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamidine (TCNR,3) have been prepared and evaluated for their PNPase activity. Acetylation followed by dehydration of 5-chloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide (4a) gave 5-chloro-1-(2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,2,4-triazole-3- carbonitrile (5). Ammonolysis of 5 furnished 5-amino-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamidine (5-amino-TCNR, 6), the structure of which was assigned by single-crystal X-ray analysis. Acid-catalyzed fusion of methyl 5-chloro-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxylate (7a) with 5-deoxy-1,2,3-tri-O-acetyl-D-ribofuranose (8) gave methyl 5-chloro-1-(2,3-di-O-acetyl-5-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)- 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxylate (9a) and the corresponding positional isomer 9b. Transformation of the functional groups in 9a afforded a route to 5'-deoxyribavirin (9i). Compound 9a was converted in four steps to 5-amino-1-(5-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,2,4-triazole-3- carboxamidine (5'-deoxy-5-amino-TCNR, 9g). Similar acid-catalyzed fusion of 1,2,4-triazole-3-carbonitrile (7b) with 8 and ammonolysis of the reaction product 9h gave yet another route to 9i. Treatment of 9h with NH3/NH4Cl furnished 1-(5-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)- 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamidine (5'-deoxy-TCNR, 9k). The C-nucleoside congener of TCNR (3-beta-D-ribofuranosyl- 1,2,4-triazole-5-carboxamidine, 12) was prepared in two steps from 3-(2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)- 1,2,4-triazole-5-carbonitrile (10) by conventional procedure. 5-Amino-TCNR (6) displayed a more potent, high-affinity inhibition than TCNR, with a Ki of 10 microM. In contrast, 5'-deoxy-5-amino-TCNR (9g) was a significantly less potent inhibitor of PNPase, compared to 5'-deoxy-TCNR (Ki = 80 and 20 microM, respectively). Neither the C-nucleoside congener of TCNR (12) nor that of ribavirin were found to inhibit inosine phosphorolysis.     

A newly developed immunofluorescent assay for determining the Pichinde virus-inhibitory effects of selected nucleoside analogues

An immunofluorescent assay (IFA) for Pichinde virus (PCV), a member of the family Arenaviridae, was developed for antiviral drug assays against the virus. The assay was performed by adding fluorescein-labeled anti-PCV monoclonal antibody to virus-infected cells at 24 h after the initial infection and counting the infected cells with an epifluorescence microscope. The average 50% effective dose (ED50) for a series of nucleoside analogues tested against PCV using this IFA was: 2-beta-D-ribofuranosylselenazole-4-carboxamide (selenazofurin), less than 1.0 microgram/ml; 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide (ribavirin), 6.0 micrograms/ml; ammonium 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide- 5'-phosphate hydrate (ribavirin-5'-monophosphate), 15.8 micrograms/ml; ammonium 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide-5'-hemisuccinate (ribavirin-5'-hemisuccinate), 14.7 micrograms/ml; ammonium 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide-5'-(2,3- dimethyl)hemisuccinate [ribavirin-5'-(2,3-dimethyl)hemisuccinate], 213.5 micrograms/ml; 4-hydroxy-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-2-pyridone (3-deazauridine), 5.2 micrograms/ml; and (S)-9-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)adenine, ([S]-DHPA), 471.0 micrograms/ml. In comparison, the ED50 of ribavirin using inhibition of marginal PCV-induced cytopathogenic effect after 12 days was 6.0 micrograms/ml and using plaque reduction after 5 days was 2.5 micrograms/ml, indicating that this IFA was of comparable sensitivity to these other tests.     

N-hydroxymethyl metabolites of 450191-S, a 1H-1,2,4,-triazolyl benzophenone derivative, in dog plasma

In a metabolic experiment of 5-[(2-aminoacetamido)methyl]-1-[4-chloro-2-(o-chlorobenzoyl)phenyl ]-N, N-dimethyl-1H-1,2,4,-triazole-3-carboxamide hydrochloride dihydrate (450191-S) in dogs, two new metabolites 8-chloro-6-(o-chlorophenyl)-N-hydroxymethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazolo [1,5-a] [1,4]benzodiazepine-2-carboxamide (M-A) and 8-chloro-6-(o-chlorophenyl)-N-hydroxymethyl-N-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazolo [1,5-a] [1,4]benzodiazepine-2-carboxamide (M-D) in plasma were found in addition to 8-chloro-6-(o-chlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a] [1,4] benzodiazepine-2-carboxamide (M-1), 8-chloro-6-(o-chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a] [1,4] benzodiazepine-2-carboxamide (M-2), 8-chloro-6-(o-chlorophenyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazolo-[1,5-a] [1,4] benzodiazepine-2-carboxamide (M-3), and 8-chloro-6-(o-chlorophenyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a] [1,4] benzodiazepine-2-carboxylic acid (M-4). The structures of N-hydroxymethyl metabolites were elucidated mainly by mass spectrometry. The structures were confirmed by synthesizing the authentic compounds and comparing the mass spectra.     

Inhibition of pyrimidine metabolism in myeloid leukemia cells by triazole and pyrazole nucleosides

Two triazole nucleosides, 1 (3-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-5-carboxamide) and 2 (2-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,3-triazole-4,5-dicarboxamide), and a pyrazole nucleoside, 3 (1-beta-D-ribofuranosylpyrazole-3,4-dicarboxamide), were found to inhibit pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis in the human myeloid leukemia cell line, K562. Cells treated with these inhibitors released orotate in quantities of 8-35 nmol/10(5) cells/day. Treatment with these compounds caused the K562 cells to accumulate in the S phase of the cell cycle and induced the cells to synthesize hemoglobin.     

Effects of introduction of hydrophobic group on ribavirin base on mutation induction and anti-RNA viral activity

One of the possible mechanisms of antiviral action of ribavirin (1-beta- d-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide, 1) is the accumulation of mutations in viral genomic RNA. The ambiguous incorporation of 5'-triphosphate of ribavirin (RTP, 8) by a viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is a key step of the mutation induction. We synthesized three ribavirin analogues that possess hydrophobic groups, 4-iodo-1-beta- d-ribofuranosylpyrazole-3-carboxamide ( 7a), 4-propynyl-1-beta- d-ribofuranosylpyrazole-3-carboxamide ( 7b), and 4-phenylethynyl-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylpyrazole-3-carboxamide ( 7c), and the corresponding triphosphates ( 9a, 9b, and 9c, respectively). Steady-state kinetics analysis of the incorporation of these triphosphate analogues by a poliovirus RdRp, 3D (pol), revealed that while the incorporation efficiency of 9a was comparable to RTP, 9b and 9c showed lower efficiency than RTP. Antipolioviral activity of 7a and 7b was much more moderate than ribavirin, and 7c showed no antipolioviral activity. Effects of substituting groups on the incorporation efficiency by 3D (pol) and a strategy for a rational design of more active ribavirin analogues are discussed.     

A New Effective Method for the Synthesis of 1,2,4-Triazole-3-carboxamide and Ribavirin Derivatives

A new method for the synthesis of 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide and its 5-substituted analogs has been developed. The substrate specificity of purine nucleoside phosphorylase from E. coli with respect to the synthesized bases has been studied. __________ Translated from Khimiko-Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 39, No. 4, pp. 43 – 46, April, 2005.     

Ribavirin: analytical determinations since the origin until today

Ribavirin (RV) (1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide), is a synthetic purine nucleoside analog with a broad spectrum of antiviral activity. To better understand the mechanism of action of RV, as well as its pharmacokinetic characteristics, an assay that can allow specific, sensitive, and accurate measurement of RV in biologic samples is critical. In this way, diverse analytical methods have been established. In this work, we have recompiled these methods with the aim to present the different options for the RV determination.     

Synthesis and antitumor activity of ribavirin imidates. A new facile synthesis of ribavirin amidine (1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamidine hydrochloride)

Methyl 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboximidate (4) and ethyl 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamidate (6) were synthesized and tested for antitumor and antiviral activity. A new facile synthesis of 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamidine hydrochloride (5), starting with imidate 4, was also developed. The imidates 4 and 6 differed greatly in solubility and dosing requirements. Even so, both compounds exhibited significant activity in vivo against murine leukemia L1210. Nontoxic dosing with 4 also significantly diminished Friend leukemia induced splenomegaly. In contrast, neither imidate was active in vitro.