甲型H1N1流行性感冒临床特征分析

对3499例甲型H1N1流行性感冒病例进行流行病学调查和咽拭子采样,用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应方法检测患者甲型H1N1流行性感冒病毒核酸,分析患者临床特点和排毒时间.结果 显示,有13例（0.37%）为隐性感染,症状中出现最多见为发热（86.77%）,平均咽拭子转阴时间为发病后6 d,未发现与咽拭子转阴时间的临床相关因素。     

甲型H1N1流感病人的护理

目的：探讨甲型H1N1流感的观察与护理。方法：回顾性总结345例甲型H1N1流感病人的护理,即加强病区管理,用药护理、病情观察、发热护理、心理护理、健康教育。结果：345例病人病程1d-10d,均治愈,无死亡病例。结论：掌握甲型H1N1流感发生发展规律,提供系统全面的护理,可有效预防甲型H1N1流感并发症的发生,提高治愈率。     

甲型H1N1流感定点医院和社区中西医治疗的效果

目的 探讨甲型H1N1流感临床特征,比较中西医治疗的效果.方法 回顾性分析甲型H1N1流感156例的临床特征、实验室检查及临床治疗结果.住院病人按住院时间顺序分成:抗病毒组25例,给予奥司他韦75 mg,每天2次;中药组103例,给予小柴胡汤加味每天1付分2次服用,疗程5d.社区病人28例,给予连花清瘟胶囊每次4粒...     

天津市甲型H1N1流感死亡病例分析

目的 了解重症甲型H1 N1流感的临床特点,提高对危重症患者的诊治水平.方法 收集2009年9月1日至12月4日天津市11例甲型H1N1流感死亡患者的病历资料进行回顾性分析.结果 11例患者中男6例,女5例;中位年龄25(21～36)岁.孕妇2例,既往存在基础疾病者3例(扩张型心肌病、多发性骨髓瘤、萎缩性胃炎各1例).患者入院时影像学检查示累及肺叶均超过3个,氧合指数均＜30 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa),均在24 h内给予奥司他韦、甲泼尼龙和机械通气等治疗.治疗过程中均存在顽固性低氧血症和高乳酸脱氢酶,出现气胸或纵隔气肿者4例,出现急性肾功能衰竭和脓气胸者各1例.机械通气3～7 d气道分泌物培养4例检出金黄色葡萄球菌,2例检出曲霉菌.病情均进展迅速,从出现临床症状到就诊的中位时间为4(3～6)d,从出现临床症状到死亡的中位时间为12(8～20)d.结论 天津市甲型H1N1流感死亡病例多是既往健康的中青年和孕妇,发病凶险,进展迅速,易并发细菌感染,主要死亡原因是顽固低氧引起的呼吸衰竭.     

甲型H1N1流感合并肺炎39例临床分析

目的分析甲型H1N1流感合并肺炎患者的临床特点,探讨其诊断和救治方法。方法对中国医科大学附属盛京医院急诊科确诊的39例甲型H1N1流感合并肺炎患者的流行病学资料、临床表现、实验室检查、胸部X线或肺部CT表现进行回顾性分析。结果39例甲型H1N1流感合并肺炎患者中,男17例,女22例;18—59岁36例（92．31％）。流行病学资料显示,39例患者均无明确的与发病期甲型H1N1流感确诊病例密切接触史。临床症状有发热（100％）、咳嗽（58．97％）、咽痛（38．46％）、乏力（28．21％）等。实验室检查：血白细胞计数正常或低于正常28例（71．79％）,心肌酶谱异常主要表现为肌酸激酶升高（58．97％）,肝功能异常主要表现为天冬氨酸氨基转氨酶升高（43．59％）,重症患者血气分析提示急性肺损伤（12．82％）。胸部X线或肺部CT表现为从散在多叶或段炎症到单侧肺或双侧肺内中带可见大片状高密度影。结论有发热症状,肺炎影像学短时间内动态改变并迅速恶化,动脉血气分析迅速表现出低氧血症,肌酸激酶和天冬氨酸氨基转氨酶升高时,要高度疑诊甲型H1N1流感重症病例,经甲型H1N1流感病毒核酸检测可诊断为甲型H1N1流感合并肺炎病例。奥司他韦为首选抗病毒药,给予综合支持对症治疗,早期氧疗、尽早使用呼吸机治疗是降低甲型H1N1流感合并肺炎危重病例病死率的关键。     

甲型H1N1流感患者的护理体会

自我市发现第1例甲型H1N1流感以来，我院采取紧急预防，控制措施，全面启动落实医疗救治应急管理体系，做到早发现、早报告、早隔离、早治疗，自2009年5～11月，共收治甲型H1N1确诊患者8例。现将护理体会总结如下。     

成功救治广西首例甲型H1N1流感危重症病例报告

1病例报告 患者,男,17岁,本市一所中学高二学生,因发热6天、咳嗽4天、呼吸困难伴胸痛1天于2009年10月30日13时38分入院。患者于2009年10月24日晚上9点许无明显诱因下出现发热,最高达38℃,发热无规律性,伴畏寒、头痛。无咳嗽、胸闷、气促、恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻等不适。即由母亲带到南宁市第一人民医院就诊,按“上感”予“克拉霉素、双黄连、尼美舒利”等口服药处理后回家休息,体温降至正常。     

危重症甲型H1N1流感病例临床分析

目的通过回顾性分析24例危重症甲型H1N1流感病例的特点,提高对该病危重症病例认识、诊断及治疗水平。方法对24例甲型H1N1流感危重症病例临床资料进行回顾性分析。分析该病危重症患者的一般临床表现、影像学改变、实验室检查等相关资料,提高甲型H1N1流感危重症病人早期诊断。结果 24例患者均为甲型H1N1流感危重症患者,男性10例,女性14例(其中孕妇3例,产妇1例),平均年龄(39.25±18.57)岁。其中7例患者存在基础疾病,4例患者为术后病人。14例患者经复查咽拭子,甲型H1N1病毒核酸检测转阴时间为(12.4±5.7)天。经治疗,17例患者症状改善时间平均为(11.2±12.1)天。24例患者中14例存在ARDS,22例患者伴有不同程度的肺水肿,2例患者出现多脏器功能衰竭,2例患者出现脓毒症。24例患者中除5例患者放弃治疗外,有3例(15.8%)死亡。结论大多数危重症患者就诊时流感样症状均不典型,临床表现及理化检查差异性较大,容易出现漏诊误诊。多数病人存在不同程度的ARDS、肺水肿,进展快,死亡率较高。     

甲型H1N1流感孕妇35例临床特征分析

目的分析甲型H1N1流感孕妇的临床特征。方法回顾性分析35例甲型H1N1流感孕妇的临床资料,并与同期因上呼吸道感染就诊的普通流感孕妇100例的临床资料进行对比分析。结果与普通流感孕妇相比,甲型H1N1流感孕妇发热、咳嗽和咽痛的发生率均明显高（均〈0.05）,流涕、鼻塞、咳痰、头痛、全身酸痛乏力、呕吐及腹泻等其他症状的发生率差异均无统计学意义（均〉0.05）,血常规各项指标、超敏C反应蛋白水平检测结果差异均无统计学意义（均〉0.05）。结论甲型H1N1流感孕妇临床症状略多于普通流感孕妇,血常规及超敏C反应蛋白水平和普通流感孕妇差异不明显。     

139例甲型H1N1流感患者诊治体会

2009年3月,墨西哥暴发＂人感染猪流感＂疫情,并迅速在全球范围内蔓延。世界卫生组织（WHO）初始将此型流感称为＂人感染猪流感＂,后将其更名为＂甲型H1N1流感＂。     

甲型H1N1流感重症病例临床及肺部影像特征分析(附3例报告)

目的提高对甲型H1N1流感重症病例肺部影像特征认识。方法分析3例甲型H1N1流感重症病例的临床资料,并对其肺部影像学特征进行分析。结果 3例病人胸部CT显示不同程度肺损伤。例1胸部CT表现左侧肺部中、下叶大片渗出性致密阴影,右肺下叶可见少许渗出性阴影,边界不规则。例2胸部CT表现为右侧肺下叶渗出性阴影,散在性多发病灶。例3胸部CT表现为双侧肺上中下渗出性病灶,以中下叶为主。3例临床均表现为发热、咳嗽和胸闷症状,低氧血症以及白细胞减少。3例均给予抗生素和奥司他韦治疗,效果良好,康复出院。结论甲型H1N1流感重症病例肺部影像表现为以双侧中下叶为主的多发病灶,以渗出性阴影为主,间或少许间质改变,病灶呈多样性变化为特点,进展迅速。抗炎抗病毒治疗后吸收良好。     

重症甲型H1N1流感并肺炎的临床和影像学特点分析并文献复习(附39例病例报道)

目的 探寻新型重症甲型H1N1流感的发病规律,积累诊治经验.方法 回顾性分析中南大学湘雅二医院2009年甲型H1N1流感病房收治的诊断为重症甲型H1N1流感并肺炎的39例患者的临床和影像学特点,并结合文献复习.结果 发病年龄2岁11月～57岁.既往有基础疾病的患者11例(28.2％),肥胖症1例(2 6％),妊娠4例(10.3％).起病均有流感样症状(100％),10( 25.6％)例出现活动后气促.血气分析提示4例为I型呼衰,3例为低氧血症.胸部影像学表现主要为毛玻璃样模糊阴影的背景下,有局部散在、片状的高密度影,既有急性肺间质改变的表现,又有局灶肺实变的表现,但几乎未见典型的大叶性肺炎影像学改变.39例均为确诊病例.入院后立即给予奥司他韦抗病毒治疗,37例病例痊愈,2例患者死亡.结论 年龄较大(大于60岁)的人群中发生重症甲流的病例很少,孕妇在此次甲型H1N1流感病毒流行中感染后较易发展为重症;重症主要并发肺炎,以双下肺野分布的磨玻璃样模糊阴影为其典型的影像学表现;发病时间超过48小时仍不应放弃奥司他韦抗病毒治疗.     

Sixty-two severe and critical patients with 2009 influenza A (H1N1) in Shanghai, China

Background  Pandemic influenza A (H1N1) emerged rapidly in China in May 2009. Preliminary comparisons with seasonal influenza suggest that pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) disproportionately affects younger ages and causes generally mild disease. To characterize disease progress, comorbidities, and treatment outcomes among consecutive severe and critically ill patients in a hospital served as a reference center for the care of patients with H1N1 in Shanghai, China.

Methods  A retrospective study on 62 severe and critically ill patients with 2009 influenza A (H1N1) was conducted in Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center. Demographic data, symptoms, comorbidities, disease progression, treatments, and clinical outcomes were collected for analysis.

Results  Sixty-two severe or critically ill patients were admitted to the hospital with confirmed 2009 influenza A (H1N1) infection. The median age of the study cohort was 40 years old with a range from 18 years to 75 years, and 67.7% were males. All patients presented with fever and respiratory symptoms. At presentation, 34 patients (54.8%) had comorbidities such as smoking (29.0%), hypertension (29.0%) and hepatitis B virus infection (9.7%). The median time from symptom onset to hospital admission was 6 days (interquartile-range 3–14 days) and 23 critically ill patients were admitted to Intensive Care Unit after admission. All the patients received neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltaminir), while 60 patients (96.7%) were treated with antibiotics, and 39 (62.9%) with corticosteroids. Twenty-three critical cases received noninvasive mechanical ventilation on the first day of admission, and 3 of them ultimately required invasive ventilation. Four death reports (6.5%) were filed within the first 14 days from the onset of critical illness with the primary causes of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, hypoxemia, or complications, secondary infection and sepsis, pyopneumothorax and stroke.

Conclusions  Severe illness from 2009 influenza A (H1N1) infection in Shanghai occurred among young individuals. Critical cases were associated with severe hypoxemia, multisystem organ failure, and a requirement for mechanical ventilation. Most patients had a good prognosis.

     

Influenza A pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus infection

The clinical spectrum of the 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) infection ranged from self-limited mild illness to progressive pneumonia, or even a fatal outcome. We summarize the clinical manifestations, risk factors for severe and fatal cases, pathologic findings and treatment of this disease in this paper based on current reports from different regions of the world.

     

Influenza A (H1N1) pneumonia: an analysis of 63 cases by chest CT

Background  In early April 2009, cases of human infection with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus were identified in Mexico. The virus then spread rapidly to other regions of the world. From October 2009, sporadic imported cases of novel influenza A (H1N1) were continuously confirmed in Suzhou. The aim of the study was to review the chest CT findings in 63 patients with laboratory-confirmed novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus (S-OIV) infection.

Methods  Chest CT examinations were collected from 63 S-OIV infected patients during their hospital stay. Three experienced radiologists inspected images to qualitatively and quantitatively characterize S-OIV induced image changes. CT scores of lesion severity were calculated based on the percentage of affected area to determine severity of infectious lesions. Patients were divided into two groups based on the leukocyte counts. Lesion patterns, local distributions, and quantitative measures were investigated and compared between the two groups.

Results  Various degrees of bilateral multifocal lesions of ground-glass opacities were found with or without consolidations on the chest CT images. The lesions were both bronchocentric and centrilobular. Patients with elevated leukocyte counts had more extensive lesions, in terms of severity and affected area, than the patients with normal leukocyte counts. The lesion severity scores of patients in the elevated leukocyte group were significantly higher than those of the normal leukocyte group in terms of the entire lung area (P <0.01), and upper (P <0.05) and lower (P <0.01) lobes as well. There were changes in the CT characteristics seen at follow-up as demonstrated by lesions absorption (P <0.01), especially in the upper lobe of the lung (P <0.01), but less so in the middle lobe/lingual and lower lobe of the lung (P >0.05).

Conclusions  The most common CT findings in S-OIV infection patients were bilateral multifocal distributed ground-glass opacities and consolidations. The lesions were located dominantly at bronchocentric and centrilobular areas. Lung lesions were more obviously absorbed in upper lobes between two examinations. The observations and analysis from this study provide information that may be useful in image understanding and patient management for future pandemic influenza.

     

Potential infections of H5N1 and H9N2 avian influenza do exist in Guangdong populations of China

Background Southeast China is one of the sites of influenza origin. During 2003-2004, nine avian influenza outbreaks took place in Guangdong Province. But no human case was reported. To examine the status of potential human infection by human influenza （H1N1, H3N2） and avian influenza （H5N1, H7N7, H9N2） in the avian influenza epidemic area of Guangdong Province, China, we conducted a seroepidemiologic survey in the people of this area from April to June of 2004.
Methods Three out of 9 H5N1 avian influenza affected poultry areas in Guangdong were randomly selected, and the population living within 3 kilometers of the affected poultries were chosen as the survey subjects. One thousand two hundred and fourteen people were selected from 3 villages at random. Human and avian influenza antibody titers were determined by hemagglutination-inhibition （HI） test and microneutralization test （MNT）.
Results The positive rate of antibody to H5N1 was 3.03% in the occupational exposure group and 2.34% in general citizens group; that of H9N2 was 9.52% in the occupational exposure group and 3.76% in the general citizens group. Moreover one case in the occupational exposure group was positive for H7N7. One year later, all previously positive cases had become negative except for one H5N1-positive case.
Conclusion The observations imply that H5N1 and H9N2 avian influenza silent infections exist in Guangdong populations.     

金刚烷胺修饰物抗禽流感病毒的作用机制

目的：初步探讨金刚烷胺修饰物（NAM）抗禽流感病毒的作用机制,为抗禽流感病毒新药NAM的开发提供实验依据。方法：对狗肾细胞（MDCK）进行体外培养,分为正常对照组,病毒对照组和受试物组。①采用细胞病变法结合MTT法检测NAM对禽流感病毒（H5N1）的抑制作用,受试物组分为先加入NAM后感染病毒、先感染病毒后加入NAM和感染病毒的同时加入NAM,观察3种方式NAM对禽流感病毒的半数抑制浓度(IC50)和治疗指数(TI);②采用神经氨酸酶抑制实验检测NAM对神经氨酸酶的活性影响。结果：① 3种不同的实验方式NAM剂量对数与细胞保护率均呈正相关关系（r 分别为0.95、0.95和0.99,P均<0.05）,且NAM与保护率存在量效依赖关系。先加入NAM后感染病毒,NAM的IC50为15.32 mg·L-1,TI为103.31;先感染病毒后加入NAM,NAM的IC50为30.78 mg·L-1,TI为28.10;感染病毒的同时加入NAM,NAM的IC50为203.92 mg·L^-1,TI为4.24。②NAM具有一定的流感病毒神经氨酸酶抑制活性,其IC50为87.36 mg·L^-1。结论：NAM对穿入细胞后的禽流感病毒有较好的抑制作用,同时干扰病毒吸附和侵入细胞的脱壳过程也有一定的作用,能够在一定程度上抑制病毒的神经氨酸酶活性。     

Hospitalized patients with novel influenza A (H1N1) virus infection: Shanghai, June–July 2009

Background From late May 2009, sporadic imported cases of novel influenza A （HIN1） were continuously confirmed in Shanghai, but there were few reports on its clinical presentation in China. The aim of the study was to investigate the demographic and clinical features of the laboratory-confirmed cases and the treatment with oseltamivir. Method We performed a retrospective study in the Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center （SHAPHC）, reviewing the medical records of the laboratory-confirmed patients derived from June 10 to July 20, 2009. Results A total of 156 cases were enrolled, of whom 152 had a history of recent travel. The mean age was 22.6 years and 89 cases （57.1%） were males. The most common symptoms were fever, cough, and sore throat, with children more likely to run a temperature above 38.5℃ than adults. The mean leucocyte count was 5.4×10^9/L, the mean neutrophil count 3.2×10^9/L and the mean lymphocyte count 1.4×10^9/L. Other findings included a normal range or elevated level of C-reactive protein （CRP） and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and a normal or decreased level of prealbumin; the levels of prealbumin and CRP were significantly lower in the children than in the adults. Fifty-two patients had abnormal chest CT results, with small unilateral or bilateral pulmonary infiltrates, axillary and mediastinal lymphadenopathy and local pleural thickening, while no cases showed symptoms of hypoxia. All the patients received oseltamivir and recovered without complications, but the duration of fever and virus shedding were significantly longer in the children than in the adults. Conclusions Travel-related circulation may be an important reason for the H1N1 epidemic in the non-epidemic areas, and the virus caused mild respiratory symptoms. The infection in children was more severe in terms of prealbumin levels, temperature, the duration of fever and virus shedding. Oseltamivir was effective for H1N1, but more effective in the adults than in the children.     

2009年新型甲型H1N1流感病毒神经氨酸酶基因进化分析

目的:探讨2009年新型甲型H1N1流感病毒神经氨酸酶(NA)基因的进化及NA基因编码蛋白抗原性、酶活性位点、糖基化位点变异情况。方法:从NCBI基因库检索获得43株不同年代不同地域甲型流感病毒NA基因序列,用Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 4.0（MEGA 4.0）软件进行基因进化分析和氨基酸序列分析。结果:2009年新型甲型H1N1流感病毒与禽H5N1流感病毒NA基因的同源性达到85％,潜在抗原位点氨基酸分布相同;所有毒株的酶活性中心位点高度保守,但糖基化位点有变异。结论:2009年新型甲型H1N1流感病毒的NA基因可能来源于禽H5N1流感病毒;神经氨酸酶抑制剂治疗有效。