累及脑、心脏、肾脏、脾脏和下肢静脉的Trousseau综合征1例

正肿瘤患者由于高凝状态,易发生血栓和栓塞。Trousseau综合征是指肿瘤患者反复发生的不明原因的动脉或静脉血栓栓塞事件,目前已成为肿瘤患者的第二位死因,仅次于肿瘤本身。本文报道1例罕见的全身多处动、静脉血栓栓塞(急性多发性脑梗死,双下肢深静脉血栓形成、肾脏多发性梗死、脾脏多发性梗死、急性心肌梗死)的肺癌合并Trousseau综合征病例。     

高凝状态相关性非单一动脉供血区多发急性脑梗死的临床特点和微栓子监测

目的 研究高凝状态相关性非单一动脉供血区多发急性脑梗死的临床和影像学特点、微栓子监测,探讨其可能的发病机制。方法 收集就诊于我院神经内科的高凝状态相关性非单一动脉供血区多发急性脑梗死患者的临床资料、实验室检查、头MRI、TCD微栓子监测,总结分析其特点。结果 共收集22例患者。均以局灶性神经功能缺损急性起病,包括偏瘫、失语、偏身感觉障碍、构音障碍、偏盲、皮质盲。高凝状态相关性基础疾病如下:系统性恶性肿瘤10例,高同型半胱氨酸血症(中重度,HCY50μmol/L)5例,肾病综合征2例,抗磷脂综合征2例,溃疡性结肠炎1例,真性红细胞增多症1例,阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿症1例。18例在卒中发病后高凝状态相关性基础疾病才被首次确诊。DWI示多发急性梗死灶,不符合单一动脉供血区,累及双侧前循环或前后循环,病灶累及大脑半球脑叶皮层/皮层下22例,深部12例,小脑10例,脑干2例。22例行微栓子监测者10例阳性。结论 对于非单一动脉供血区多发急性脑梗死,要注意筛查高凝状态相关性基础疾病,高凝状态和微栓塞可能都参与其发病机制。     

儿童结节性硬化症合并癫临床特点分析

目的探讨儿童结节性硬化症合并癫的临床特征。方法对36例结节性硬化症合并癫患儿的临床资料进行分析。结果所有患儿均以癫发作为首发症状,发病年龄1岁23例(63.89%)、1~3岁8例(22.22%)、3岁5例(13.89%);发作类型以部分性发作[12例(33.33%)]、全面性发作[5例(13.89%)]、痉挛发作[7例(19.44%)]和混合性发作[12例(33.33%)]为主,其中伴智力低下或发育落后者19例(67.86%)。MRI可见室管膜下结节(30例),部分病例[26例(86.67%)]伴皮质和皮质下结节、室管膜下巨细胞型星形细胞瘤2例(6.67%)或巨脑回畸形1例(3.33%)。脑电图显示发作间期样放电[34例(94.44%)],表现为多灶性放电[12例(35.29%)]、广泛性放电[8例(23.53%)]、局限性放电[7例(20.59%)]和高度失律[7例(20.59%)];其中8例监测到临床发作,包括痉挛发作(4例)、局灶性发作(3例)、肌阵挛发作(1例)。17例患儿(47.22%)服用1种抗癫药物、12例(33.33%)服用2种药物、7例(19.44%)服用3种药物,其中手术治疗1例;随访0.50~10年,无发作7例(19.44%),有效16例(44.44%),无效13例(36.11%)。结论癫发作是儿童结节性硬化症最常见的神经系统表现,多在婴儿期发病,主要发作类型为部分性发作和痉挛发作,多数患儿抗癫药物治疗有效。     

以脑梗死为首发表现的Trousseau综合征1例报告

<正>肿瘤并发各种血栓事件称为Trousseau综合征。癌症患者最常见的中枢神经系统并发症是脑梗死和脑出血~([1]),大约15%的癌症患者合并脑血管疾病~([2]),但是以脑梗死为首发表现的隐匿性肿瘤临床少见,诊断困难。本文报道1例以精神行为异常为首发表现的卒中患者最终诊断为Trousseau综合征,总结分析以脑梗死为表现的Trousseau综合征的临床特点,提高临床认识。     

以多灶性脑梗死为首发表现的Trousseau’s综合征(附12例病例分析)

目的探讨以脑梗死为首发表现的Trousseau’s综合征患者的临床特点、诊疗及预后。方法回溯南京医科大学附属南京医院(我院) 2019年1月至2020年12月收治12例以脑梗死为首发表现的Trousseau’s综合征患者的相关临床特点,详述1例以脑梗死为首发表现的典型Trousseau’s综合征患者治疗过程,并复习相关文献进行讨论。结果 12例患者中有8例病理确诊为腺癌,D-二聚体平均值为(12.53±12.00)mg·L-1,梗死灶均累及多个血管供血区域,Trousseau’s综合征评分均≥3分。典型病例为女性,71岁,因"左侧肢体乏力10h"入院。入院后实验室检查:血小板降低,D-二聚体升高;头颅MRI示多灶性脑梗死;FDG-PET/CT示胰腺恶性肿瘤。诊断考虑以脑梗死为首发表现的Trousseau’s综合征。予低分子肝素治疗后症状渐好转。结论以脑梗死为首发表现的Trousseau’s综合征治疗不同于常规脑梗死,预后极差。对于Trousseau’s综合征评分≥3分者应考虑Trousseau’s综合征相关脑梗死可能,以免延误原发病的诊治。     

Trousseau综合征的研究进展

在恶性肿瘤患者中存在2%～5%动脉血栓形成。Trousseau综合征包括恶性肿瘤患者因凝血和纤溶机制异常而在其发病过程中出现的所有临床表现。目前认为Trousseau综合征所致缺血性脑卒中的主要发病机制是恶性肿瘤存在使凝血系统与纤溶系统之间失衡所致的高凝状态。其主要临床特点包括D-二聚体、肿瘤标志物水平明显升高,以及累及多血管分布区的MR多发弥散加权成像(DWI)高信号表现。主要治疗手段是抗肿瘤治疗及抗凝治疗,溶栓治疗的安全性和有效性仍存在一定争议。     

脑血管疾病合并下肢深静脉血栓形成的临床研究

目的 探讨脑血管疾病合并下肢深静脉血栓形成的病因。临床表现及防治方法。方法 将我院近2年间住院的20例本病患分成脑出血组与脑梗死组，就其发病及防治方法做了对照比较。结果 静脉壁损伤。血流缓慢和高凝状态是脑血管疾病易发生下肢深静脉血栓形成的因素。结论 早期预防至关重要，早期尿激酶溶栓是治疗脑梗死合并下肢深静脉血栓形成的良策。     

视神经脊髓炎谱系病患者疼痛的初步研究

目的初步探讨视神经脊髓炎谱系病(NMOSD)患者相关的疼痛问题。方法收集57例NMOSD患者和51例多发性硬化(MS)患者的临床资料,采用数字疼痛强度量表(NRS)对患者疼痛程度及部位进行评估,对比分析两组疼痛发生情况、严重程度、部位及治疗情况。结果 NMOSD组患者疼痛发生率明显高于MS组患者(63.16%vs.35.29%,χ2=8.359,P=0.004)。NMOSD组患者痛性痉挛发生率与MS组差异无统计学意义(24.56%vs.11.76%,χ2=2.921,P=0.087)。NMOSD组患者的疼痛评分在0~8分,以中度疼痛为主[20例(55.56%)],MS组患者的疼痛评分在0~7分,以轻度疼痛为主[11例(61.11%)],但两组间轻度疼痛与中重度疼痛患者比例差异无统计学意义(36.11%vs.61.11%,63.89%vs.38.89%,χ2=3.038,P=0.081)。NMOSD组[16例/36例(44.44%)]及MS组[6例/18例(33.33%)]患者的疼痛部位均以躯干部位最常见。Logistic逐步回归分析显示NMOSD患者的疼痛程度与患者的性别、年龄、病程、发作次数、NMO-IgG及EDSS评分无相关性。结论疼痛在NMOSD患者中十分常见,其疼痛应受到重视,并应积极对症治疗。     

血栓心脉宁治疗脑梗死临床随机对照试验的系统评价

目的系统评价血栓心脉宁胶囊治疗脑梗死的临床疗效。方法检索CNKI等电子数据库并筛选出符合纳入标准的随机对照试验(RCT),提取包括样本量、疗程在内的RCT基本特征和以总体疗效为治疗指标的数据。取优势比(OR)和95%可信区间(CI)衡量效应值,进行Meta分析。结果纳入8个RCT,合计1 024例患者。在总体疗效"有效"定义下OR为3.19[95%CI(1.92,5.29)],在"显效"定义下OR为2.15[95%CI(1.45,3.17)],在"基本痊愈"定义下OR为1.80[95%CI(1.37,2.38)]。结论分析结果表明血栓心脉宁胶囊对脑梗死具有较好的治疗效果。     

急性双侧前后循环脑梗死与恶性肿瘤

目的通过对表现为急性脑梗死且双侧、前后循环均受累的Trousseau综合征的分析,探讨其与恶性肿瘤的关系。方法收集并分析首发表现为急性双侧前后循环脑梗死的Trousseau综合征3例,并进行相关文献复习。结果 3例均以单纯急性脑卒中起病,头部MRI显示为急性双侧前后循环脑梗死,伴凝血功能异常和肿瘤标记物增高。肿瘤诊断分别为胆管细胞癌、肺癌和乳腺癌。结论本研究首次报道了表现为急性双侧前后循环脑梗死的Trousseau综合征。结合影像学和实验室检查,推测3例脑梗死的形成主要与肿瘤造成的高凝状态有关。当老年患者以急性卒中起病,影像学检查提示特征性的急性双侧前后循环脑梗死时,要高度警惕存在恶性肿瘤的可能。     

以急性多发性脑梗死为首发表现的隐匿性躯体恶性肿瘤12例报告

目的研究以急性多发脑梗死为首发表现的隐匿性躯体恶性肿瘤患者的临床表现、实验室检查、影像学、微栓子监测检查特点,探讨其可能的发病机制。方法纳入以急性多发性脑梗死为首发表现的隐匿性躯体恶性肿瘤患者12例,收集其临床资料,分析其实验室血液学、头颅MRI、微栓子监测结果及其治疗和预后。结果所有患者均以局灶性神经功能缺损为主要表现,包括偏瘫、失语、偏身感觉障碍、构音障碍、眩晕、肢体抽搐等。头颅DWI示急性多发脑梗死,病灶播散性分布,不符合单支动脉供血区,同时累及双侧前循环或前后循环。11例行D-dimer检查者8例升高。7例行微栓子监测有5例阳性。隐匿性躯体恶性肿瘤包括:肺癌5例,胰腺癌3例,胃癌、结肠癌、子宫内膜癌、转移性低分化粘液腺癌原发肿瘤部位不明各1例;诊断时就已有远处转移者10例。病程中缺血性卒中复发者7例,急性心肌梗死4例,住院期间死亡3例,预后差。结论对于不符合单支动脉供血区的多发急性脑梗死,需要考虑可能合并隐匿性躯体恶性肿瘤,凝血功能筛查高凝状态和微栓子阳性可能是诊断提示线索。     

A Novel Risk Haplotype of ALOX5AP Gene is Associated with Ischemic Stroke in Chinese Han Population

Previous studies have implicated that two at-risk haplotypes (HapA and HapB) of gene-encoding 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (ALOX5AP) were significantly associated with stroke. The aim of this study was to explore the association between haplotypes of ALOX5AP gene and risk for ischemic stroke (IS) in Chinese Han population. A total of 492 patients with IS and 490 matched control subjects were recruited. Six ALOX5AP SNPs (SG13S377, SG13S114, SG13S41, SG13S89, SG13S32 and SG13S35) were genotyped by SNaPshot minisequence technique. A common genetic variant SG13S114/AA in the ALOX5AP gene was associated with IS in this Chinese cohort (OR?=?2.514, 95 % CI?=?1.667?~?3.790). HapA (TGA) and HapB (AAAG) had no significant difference in the patients (36.3 and 18.5 %, respectively) and controls (37.6 and 16.3 %, respectively) (P?=?0.631 and P?=?0.375, respectively). But, the frequency of Hap (GAAG) was significantly higher in the patients than that in the controls after Bonferroni's adjustment (P?=?0.006). To conclude, SG13S114/AA of the ALOX5AP gene was associated with an increased risk for IS. A novel risk haplotype, Hap (GAAG) was a genetic risk factor for IS in this Chinese population.     

成人贫血并发急性脑梗死的临床特点分析

目的 探讨成人贫血并发急性脑梗死的临床特点。方法 回顾性分析2014年1月～2015年12月本院神经内科收治的18例成人贫血并发急性脑梗死患者的临床资料,总结其贫血特点、脑卒中危险因素、临床表现和脑MRI特点。结果 成人贫血并发急性脑梗死患者占同期所有住院急性脑梗死患者(205例)的比例为8.78%。其中男11例,女7例,平均年龄(60.56±12.50)岁(35～87岁),平均血红蛋白浓度(74.06±14.95)g/L(52～102 g/L); 轻度贫血3例(16.66%),中度贫血12例(66.67%),重度贫血3例(16.66%); 平均血小板计数(311.33±101.48)×10⁹/L(136～455×10⁹/L); 小细胞低色素性贫血14例(77.78%)(9例确诊为缺铁性贫血),缺铁性贫血患者平均血小板计数(375±73.78)×10⁹/L(251～455×10⁹/L)。无脑卒中危险因素者6例(33.33%),脑卒中危险因素1～2项者7例(38.89%),3项以上危险因素者5例(27.78%); 5例有意识障碍(27.78%); 12例病灶累及前循环(66.67%),14例累及分水岭区(77.78%),10例累及放射冠及半卵圆中心(55.56%); 13例为多发性脑梗死(72.22%),15例为小梗死(83.33%)。18例患者均行扩容治疗,4例输注红细胞; 临床治愈及好转者12例(66.67%)。结论 成人贫血并发急性脑梗死患者多为中度贫血,缺铁性贫血占多数,多伴有继发性血小板增多; 患者多缺乏脑血管病危险因素; 病变多位于脑前循环分布区,分水岭区多见,病灶以多发性小梗死灶为主,且多累及放射冠及半卵圆中心。治疗应以扩容及纠正贫血为主。     

Frequency, etiology, and prevention of stroke in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

We retrospectively and prospectively reviewed the incidence of stroke in 105 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Stroke occurred in 14 (15%) of 91 consecutive patients with documented SLE; nine (64%) of the 14 had multiple cerebral infarcts. Factors associated with stroke and the frequency of stroke were systemic thrombosis (30%), elevated partial thromboplastin time (36%), spontaneous abortion (50%), age over 60 years (57%), transient ischemic attacks (57%), previous stroke (64%), and cardiac valvular disease (86%). The major period of risk for the first stroke was during the first 5 years of SLE. The most frequent etiology was a cardiogenic embolus or an antibody-mediated hypercoagulable state, with cerebral vasculitis occurring only in association with infection. Because of the decreased fibrinolysis seen in patients with SLE, anticoagulant therapy may be the most effective preventive treatment currently available. Anticoagulant therapy seemed to prevent recurrent focal cerebral ischemia in our patients and was associated with relatively few and minor complications. Patients with a history of transient ischemic attacks or cardiac valvular lesions are at high (57% and 87%, respectively) risk of stroke. Patients who have had a stroke are at high (64%) risk for a recurrent stroke. Anticoagulant therapy is recommended for all of these patients.     

Stroke as the first manifestation of concealed cancer

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Trousseau's syndrome (TS) is defined as a malignancy-related thromboembolism occurring in patients with an underlying or undiagnosed malignancy. Stroke seldom occurs as the first manifestation of a cancer. We investigated the clinical and radiological features of patients with TS. METHODS: We reviewed the clinical, pathologic, and radiological records of consecutive stroke patients, whose cancers were diagnosed at stroke presentation. Cancer-related stroke was defined if no definite cause was confirmed and malignancy was detected within 6 months of first stroke onset without cancer-related treatment. All patients underwent brain diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI), MR angiography, and echocardiography. The sizes, numbers, and locations of all hyperintense lesions in the DWI were noted. RESULTS: Ten patients were finally analyzed. Histologically, cancers were often proven to adenocarcinomas (50%, 5/10) of advanced stage. Six of 10 patients tested (60%) had elevated D-dimer. Seven of the 10 patients (70%) showed bihemispheric anterior and posterior involvement. DWI features showed numerous small and medium or large lesions in multiple territories in 9 patients (90%). CONCLUSIONS: The authors emphasize that when presented with multiple bihemispheric infarctions on DWI and an unknown etiology, the neurologist must consider the existence of a concealed cancer.     

Clinical Characteristics and Analysis of Lung Cancer- Associated Acute Ischemic Stroke

IntroductionThe incidence of lung cancer and acute ischemic stroke remains high in recent years, both of which occur mostly in people over 60 years old. In the present study, we aimed to further clarify the pathogenesis of lung cancer-associated acute ischemic stroke (LCA-AIS) by comparing and analyzing clinical characteristics of stroke patients with or without lung cancer.MethodsA total of 51 patients with lung cancer were selected as the case group (LCSG), and 78 patients without cancer history were adopted as the control group (SG). The data collected in this study included sex, age, traditional cerebrovascular disease risk factors (TCDRFs), blood test index, imaging findings, etiological typing, and prognosis evaluation. SPSS21.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Normally distributed data were analyzed by t-test, and count data were analyzed by chi-square test or exact probability method. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsIn the case group, the levels of plasma D-dimer, fibrinogen degradation products (FDPs) and NIHSS, as well as the mRS score and mortality of patients, were higher, while the levels of RBC, Hb and Hcy were lower compared with the control group. Imaging findings showed that multivessel involvement was more common in the case group, and the infarcts were more likely to be multiple and involved in both the anterior and posterior circulations. The TOAST classification of LCSG was dominated by stroke of undetermined etiology (SUE) and stroke of other determined etiology (SOE). Statistical analysis showed that the patients were more likely to suffer from acute ischemic stroke within 1 year after the diagnosis of lung cancer (41 cases, 80.39%).ConclusionsHypercoagulability and acute multiple brain infarcts were more common in patients with LCA-AIS, and hypoproteinemia and hyponatremia were more likely to occur in these patients, leading to worse prognosis. Patients were most likely to have a stroke within 1 year after the diagnosis of lung cancer.     

Elevated CA125 is Related to Stroke Due to Cancer- Associated Hypercoagulation

BackgroundCancer-associated hypercoagulation is one of the major pathophysiological mechanisms of stroke in cancer patients. Carcinomatous mucins are considered to play an important role in cancer-associated hypercoagulation. Therefore, carbohydrate antigen-125 (CA125), which is a typical mucin molecule and mucin-producing tumor marker, may be related to stroke due to cancer-associated hypercoagulation.AimsWe aimed to clarify the association of CA125 with a hypercoagulable state in acute stroke patients with active cancer.MethodsWe studied 77 acute ischemic stroke patients with active cancer who had undergone CA125 measurement. The study patients were categorized into hypercoagulation or non-hypercoagulation groups. The hypercoagulation group was defined as stroke patients with a D-dimer value exceeding 3 µg/mL and multiple vascular territory infarcts. Elevation of tumor markers was defined as values more than twice the upper limit of the normal range.ResultsForty-five (58%) and 32 (42%) patients were classified into hypercoagulation and non-hypercoagulation groups, respectively. The hypercoagulation group showed elevated CA125 and CEA levels, no history of hypertension, and pancreatic cancer more frequently, and higher CRP values, lower hemoglobin values, longer prothrombin time and lower platelet counts than the non-hypercoagulation group. In multivariable analysis, only elevation of CA125 was independently associated with the hypercoagulation group (adjusted odds ratio: 5.59 [95% confidence interval]: 1.33-26.41).ConclusionsCA125, a tumor marker for mucin-producing tumors, was related to stroke due to cancer- associated hypercoagulation. CA125 may be a potential biomarker for cancer-associated hypercoagulation.     

Ictus isquémico e infección por SARS-CoV-2, ¿asociación casual o causal?

IntroductionIschaemic stroke has been reported in patients with COVID-19, particularly in more severe cases. However, it is unclear to what extent this is linked to systemic inflammation and hypercoagulability secondary to the infection.MethodsWe describe the cases of 4 patients with ischaemic stroke and COVID-19 who were attended at our hospital. Patients are classified according to the likelihood of a causal relationship between the hypercoagulable state and ischaemic stroke. We also conducted a review of studies addressing the possible mechanisms involved in the aetiopathogenesis of ischaemic stroke in these patients.ResultsThe association between COVID-19 and stroke was probably causal in 2 patients, who presented cortical infarcts and had no relevant arterial or cardioembolic disease, but did show signs of hypercoagulability and systemic inflammation in laboratory analyses. The other 2 patients were of advanced age and presented cardioembolic ischaemic stroke; the association in these patients was probably incidental.ConclusionsSystemic inflammation and the potential direct action of the virus may cause endothelial dysfunction, resulting in a hypercoagulable state that could be considered a potential cause of ischaemic stroke. However, stroke involves multiple pathophysiological mechanisms; studies with larger samples are therefore needed to confirm our hypothesis. The management protocol for patients with stroke and COVID-19 should include a complete aetiological study, with the appropriate safety precautions always being observed.     

血红蛋白水平与缺血性脑卒中患者复发和复合血管事件风险的相关性

目的 探究不同血红蛋白(Hb)水平与缺血性脑卒中(CIS)患者卒中复发和复合血管事件风险的相关性.方法 将2016年1月至2018年12月于延安大学附属医院及延安市中医医院神经内科诊治的358例急性脑卒中患者纳入研究,在患者出院后对其进行为期1年的随访,随访过程中有34例患者失访,20例患者非心血管死亡,共304例患者...     

上矢状窦血栓的病因及诊断

目的 探讨上矢状窦血栓的病因及诊断方法。方法 分析34例上矢状窦血栓患者的病因、临床表现、影像学特征，其中3例无明确诱因所致上矢状窦血栓患者，利用化学分光法检测其血清中的雌二醇（E2）、睾酮（T）水平。结果 上矢状窦血栓最常见的病因是产褥期血液高凝状态。3例未查到明确诱因的青年男性患者，血清中E2↑、E2／T↑。上矢状窦血栓的临床表现以头痛最常见，在意识清楚的30例患者中发生率为100％。影像学检查：CT检出率仅为65．4％，磁共振成像（MRI）、磁共振静脉血管造影（MRV）检出率为100％。结论 各种原因造成的血液凝固性增高是上矢状窦血栓最常见的病因，男性高雌激素血症是其发病的一个重要的危险因素。MRI和MRV技术相结合是诊断上矢状窦血栓的最佳方法。