汉族湘语族群成人皮褶厚度

目的:研究湘语族群成人皮褶厚度状况.方法:采用随机抽样方法,在湖南双峰县调查了730例(城市男性157例,城市女性163例;乡村男性196例,乡村女性214例)湘语族群成人的6项皮褶(面颊、肱二头肌、肱三头肌、肩胛下、髂前上棘、小腿内侧皮褶)厚度值,分析了湘语族群成人皮褶厚度值随年龄变化的特点.结果:城市男性与城市女性间、乡村男性与乡村女性间6项皮褶厚度值差异具有统计学意义.男性6项皮褶明显薄于女性;城市人皮褶厚度值大于乡村人;城市、乡村男性及乡村女性6项皮褶厚度值多在40～岁组达到最大,城市女性最大值出现的年龄组较为分散.相关分析显示,随年龄增长,湘语族群面颊皮褶、髂前上棘皮褶逐渐变厚,乡村男女性小腿内侧皮褶逐渐变薄.结论:湘语族群男性皮褶厚度具有北亚类型族群特点,女性皮褶厚度虽具有北亚类型族群特点,但却是北亚类型族群中皮褶相对较薄的族群.     

山西汉族成人皮褶厚度特点

目的 探讨山西汉族成人皮褶厚度状况。方法 采用随机取样方法,在山西祁县调查了803例(城市男性150例,城市女性153例;乡村男性251例,乡村女性249例)山西汉族成人的6项皮褶（面颊、肱二头肌、肱三头肌、肩胛下、髂前上棘、小腿内侧皮褶）厚度值,分析了山西汉族成人皮褶厚度值随年龄变化的特点。结果 女性各项皮褶厚度值均比男性高,差异具有统计学意义。城市男性皮褶厚度值高于乡村男性,城乡男性差异具有统计学意义。6项皮褶厚度值随年龄增长而变化。相关分析显示,随年龄增长,山西汉族面颊皮下脂肪逐渐增厚,小腿皮下脂肪逐渐变薄。此外女性背部的皮下脂肪亦逐渐变厚。结论 山西汉族皮褶发育具有北亚类型族群特点。     

湖南宁乡汉族成人皮褶厚度

目的:研究湖南汉族成人皮褶厚度发育状况.方法:采用随机抽样调查法在湖南调查了737例(城市男、女149、170例,乡村男、女197、221例)汉族成人的面颊部、肱二头肌、肱三头肌、肩胛下、髂前上棘、腓肠肌6项皮褶厚度值,分析了湖南汉族成人皮褶厚度值随年龄变化的特征.结果:除面颊部和髂前上棘皮褶外,女性其他皮褶厚度值均高于男性;肱三头肌、肩胛下和髂前上棘皮褶厚度的城乡差异有统计学意义;随着年龄增长,湖南汉族6项皮褶厚度值逐渐增大,多在30～49岁达最大值,之后略有下降,部分指标在60～岁组有回升趋势;聚类结果显示,湖南汉族与江西汉族等南方人群的皮褶厚度值较近.结论:湖南汉族皮褶发育具有南亚类型族群特点.     

海南临高人的皮褶厚度

目的:研究临高人的皮下脂肪发育状况。方法:采用人体测量法,在海南临高县随机测量了417例(男211例,女206例)临高人的7项皮褶厚度值。结果:临高人四肢皮褶厚度薄于躯干皮褶厚度;随年龄增长,除女性面颊皮褶、髂前上棘皮褶在年龄组间差异具有统计学意义外,女性其余5项皮褶及男性7项皮褶在年龄组间差异均无统计学意义。临高男性7项皮褶厚度与年龄无相关性,而女性面部和躯干皮褶厚度值均与年龄呈正相关。聚类结果显示,临高人男、女性均与湖南汉族最接近。结论:临高人躯干和四肢的皮下脂肪发育在15个族群中处于中等水平,低于多数北方族群,但高于南方族群。     

江苏汉族成人皮褶厚度

目的探讨江苏汉族成人皮褶厚度的特征。方法在江苏淮安调查了311例城市汉族(男157例,女154例)与421例乡村汉族(男213例,女208例)成人的6项皮褶(面颊皮褶、肩胛下皮褶、髂前上棘皮褶、二头肌皮褶、三头肌皮褶、腓肠肌皮褶)厚度值。结果城市女性各皮褶厚度值均比城市男性高,乡村女性与乡村男性相比亦如此;江苏汉族皮褶厚度存在显著性城乡差异;江苏城市汉族6项皮褶厚度值多与年龄呈正相关。结论江苏汉族成人城市男女间、乡村男女间差异极显著。     

辽宁农村汉族成人皮褶厚度的年龄变化

目的:了解辽宁农村汉族成人体脂发育水平及其年龄变化.方法:采用《人体测量手册》方法,对辽宁517名农村汉族成人进行体质测量.结果:得到了辽宁农民汉族成人6项皮褶(面颊皮褶、肱二头肌皮褶、肱三头肌皮褶、肩胛下皮褶、髂前上皮褶和腓肠肌皮褶)厚度,作出各项皮褶厚度随年龄的变化曲线.结论:辽宁农村汉族女性躯干部、四肢和面部脂肪...     

辽宁清原满族成人皮下脂肪的发育

目的:探讨辽宁省清原县满族成人体脂发育水平及年龄变化特征.方法:对390名(男192名,女198名)满族成人的6项皮褶厚度(面颊、二头肌、三头肌、肩胛下、髂前上棘、腓肠肌皮褶厚度)及体脂发育情况进行了调查研究.结果:男、女性皮褶厚度值分别在4.01～16.05mm之间和 8.15～28.96mm之间,满族成人躯干部皮下脂肪发育优于四肢,以背部皮下脂肪最厚;随年龄的增长,男性6项皮褶厚度变化不大,女性20岁组最小(腓肠肌皮褶仅次于60岁组),30岁组最大(髂前上棘皮褶40岁组最大),达到高峰后呈不同程度的下降;男、女同年龄组比较,女性皮褶厚度值和体脂百分含量均高于男性,性别间差异有统计学意义.结论:与我国部分人群皮褶厚度比较,辽宁省清原县满族成人皮下脂肪比较发达,体脂百分含量较高,身体偏胖.     

百色市壮族幼儿皮褶厚度及其年龄变化

目的:探讨壮族幼儿体脂发育水平和年龄变化.方法:测量壮族幼儿的肱三头肌皮褶、肩胛下皮褶、髂前上棘皮褶、腓肠肌皮褶4项皮褶厚度值,分析壮族幼儿皮褶厚度随年龄变化的特征.结果:男、女性幼儿四肢皮下脂肪厚于躯干;女性幼儿4项皮褶厚度值高于男性幼儿;男、女性幼儿3～岁皮下脂肪最厚,除男性髂前上棘、腓肠肌皮褶随年龄增长而下降外,各部皮褶厚度随年龄增长而下降至5～岁达最低,～岁逐渐增加;男、女性幼儿4项皮褶厚度值呈正相关;壮族幼儿皮褶厚度与年龄变化特征和新疆哈萨克族不同;壮族幼儿皮下脂肪发育逊于新疆哈萨克族、济宁市城镇和兰州市区幼儿.结论:壮族幼儿皮下脂肪发育存在性别、年龄和民族差异.     

藏缅语族6个未识别群体皮褶围度特征

目的 在四川、云南、西藏调查木雅人、尔苏人、僜人、白马人、夏尔巴人、摩梭人13项皮褶围度指标,比较这些族群皮褶围度的差异。方法 使用皮尺和皮脂厚度计进行6个未识别群体成人1222人（男性576人,女性646人）的围度和皮褶厚度测量,所得数据采用Excel 2007、SPSS 17.0统计学软件进行处理,并将这6个族群的数据与国内其他7个民族做比较。结果 随着经度的增大,男性族群肩胛下皮褶、髂前上棘皮褶值逐渐增大。女性族群髂前上棘皮褶值随着经、纬度的增高而增大。根据主成分分析,在男性族群中,木雅人、尔苏人、白马人、摩梭人的肩胛下皮褶、平静胸围和上臂最大围均较大。夏尔巴人的肩胛下皮褶和平静胸围值较小,而夏尔巴人的上臂最大围较大。僜人的肩胛下皮褶、平静胸围和上臂最大围均较小。在女性族群中,木雅人、尔苏人、白马人、摩梭人的臀围、上臂围较大,而腓肠肌皮褶、肩胛下皮褶均较小。僜人的臀围、上臂围较小,而腓肠肌皮褶、肩胛下皮褶均较大。夏尔巴人的臀围、上臂围、腓肠肌皮褶和肩胛下皮褶均较小。结论 通过聚类分析与主成分分析,木雅人与尔苏人的围度与皮褶最接近。白马人与摩梭人的皮褶围度特征接近。僜人的皮褶围度特征与佤族、独龙族最为接近。夏尔巴人与珞巴族、门巴族最为接近。     

广西苗族学生皮褶厚度的研究

目的探讨广西苗族学生皮下脂肪发育规律。方法调查了8～16岁苗族中小学生814人(男454,女360)的身高、体重、上臂围、小腿围和肱三头肌位、肩胛下角位和髂前上棘位皮褶厚度。结果身高、体重、上臂围、小腿围均随年龄增大而增大。皮褶厚度除男肱三头肌位为15～16组最小外,其余部位男女均是8,9～组最小;男11～组和女15～16组的肱三头肌位、男15～16组和女14～组的肩胛下角位、髂前上棘位、小腿腓位皮褶厚度最大。统计学分析显示性别差异有显著性。结论8～16岁学生皮褶厚度女性大于男性,各部皮褶厚度的分布规律既有相似,又有差异;与其他民族比较,体脂百分含量低。     

广西仫佬族成人皮下脂肪发育趋势的研究

目的研究广西罗城仫佬族成人皮下脂肪的发育现状及年龄变化趋势。方法采用人体测量法调查了410例(男167,女243)仫佬族成人的肱三头肌位、肩胛下位、髂前上棘位和腓肠肌位共4项皮褶厚度状况,分析了仫佬族男女皮褶厚度随年龄变化的特点。结果①仫佬族成人躯干部的皮下脂肪厚于四肢部,其中背部脂肪最厚;②4项皮褶厚度值女性均高于男性,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);③男女性皮下脂肪的发育随第二性征的发育成熟而达到高峰,女性优先于男性;④四肢的脂肪含量男女均以青年期最高,而躯干的脂肪发育略有不同,男性以中年早期含量最高,女性在青年期达到高峰后稍下降再上升并维持在较高水平;⑤仫佬族男女皮下脂肪的发育总体劣于我国的北方民族,优于侗族、壮族等南方民族。结论广西仫佬族成人皮下脂肪的发育在我国各民族中属中等水平,结果可为仫佬族的体成分研究及疾病预防提供基础数据。     

纳西族成人各项肥胖指标与体脂率的关系

目的 探讨纳西族各项肥胖指标与体脂率的关系。 方法 选取云南省丽江市玉龙县687名18~90岁成年纳西族人,运用人体测量法和生物电阻抗法测量其体重、身高、胸围、腰围、臀围、肱二头肌皮褶、肱三头肌皮褶、肩胛下皮褶、髂嵴上皮褶、髂前上棘皮褶、体质量指数（BMI）、内脏脂肪等级和体脂率等指标,并将各项指标分别与体脂率进行统计分析。 结果 纳西族成人的平均体脂率男性为正常水平,女性属于肥胖。按照内脏脂肪等级为标准,纳西族男性和女性均在正常范围内。根据腰围的判断标准,纳西族男性腰围在正常范围内,而女性腰围属于腹型肥胖。相关分析表明,纳西族成人的体重、胸围、腰围、臀围、肱二头肌皮褶、肱三头肌皮褶、肩胛下皮褶、髂嵴上皮褶、髂前上棘皮褶、BMI、内脏脂肪等级与体脂率均成正相关。纳西族男性内脏脂肪等级与体脂率相关性最强,其次是BMI;纳西族女性胸围与体脂率相关性最强,其次是腰围。 结论 纳西族成人各项肥胖指标均与体脂率成正相关,相关程度存在性别、地区和民族差异。     

Effects of training on body composition and subcutaneous fat distribution in women gymnasts

Repeated measurements of body composition and subcutaneous fat distribution were obtained in female gymnasts to test the hypothesis of a selective response from localized fat deposits to intense physical training. Repeated measurements were obtained on the members of three nationally ranked collegiate gymnastic teams: at the beginning and peak of the training season. The highest ranked team was measured a third time, three weeks after the end of the competitive season. Body composition was estimated using anthropometry and bioelectric impedance; subcutaneous fat thickness was measured using skinfold calipers and ultrasound images of adipose tissue thickness (ATT). The mean difference between baseline and peak measurements were statistically significant (P ? .05) for the triceps and suprailiac skinfolds, and for the adipose tissue thickness at the suprailiac and hypogastric sites. There were no significant changes in weight, percentage of body fat, circumferences, or subcutaneous fat thickness at the subscapular, calf or medial thigh sites. In the team with three sets of measurements, only the triceps skinfold and the suprailiac ATT showed a statistically significant effect of training. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Reference curves for biceps, triceps, subscapular and suprailiac skinfolds in Dutch children from 7-14 years

Box-Cox transformation of skinfold measurement data from the Nymegen Growth Study produced reference curves for biceps, triceps, subscapular and suprailiac skinfolds and their sums with an acceptable Gaussian distribution at all ages. The population sample, resulting in 1850 skinfold measurements for boys and 2250 for girls by a single observer, was obtained by random selection and can be considered as representative for The Netherlands. The Gaussian distribution after Box-Cox transformation allows the use of standard deviation scores. Seven percentile curves are presented for boys and girls of 7-14 years of age.     

Blood pressure in relation to skinfold thickness in the population of Andhra Pradesh

The blood pressure of 1275 subjects of both sexes in relation to four skinfolds at biceps, triceps, subscapular and supra-iliac was studied. A positive relationship is observed between these two variables. The mean systolic and diastolic pressures increase from lower to higher skinfold thickness groups in both sexes for all the four skinfolds. The sex difference is conspicuous and significant for systolic pressure. However only a few groups show significant sex difference for diastolic pressure. In males the correlations between blood pressure and skinfolds were significant, while in females it is significant between diastolic blood pressure and biceps and triceps skin thicknesses only.     

Blood pressure and adiposity: A comparative study of socioeconomically diverse groups of Andhra Pradesh,India

The effect of adiposity on blood pressures, systolic (SBP), and diastolic (DBP), was examined in a sample of 1119 individuals (456 males, 663 females), 18–75 years, from socioeconomically diverse populations from Southern Andhra Pradesh, India. The populations were graded into four socioeconomic groups, group I–seminomadic Yerukalas, group II–hard working scheduled caste Mala and the Muslims, group III–land owning agricultural castes Reddy and Balija, and group IV–sedentary urban dwelling castes such as Brahmins, Vyshyas, and Marwadis. There was a trend of increase in mean blood pressures and the frequency of hypertensives (SBP ≥160 and/or DBP ≥95) with increasing age in all groups, and the increase was more distinct from group I to group IV. Mean values of body mass index (BMI: weight/height²) and body fat (SF4: sum of biceps, triceps, subscapular, and suprailiac skinfolds) also showed an increasing trend from group I to group IV. A somewhat opposite trend was evident in two indices of fat distribution, centripetal fat ratio (CFR: ratio of subscapular to the sum of subscapular and triceps skin fold thicknesses) and the relative fat pattern index (RFPI: ratio of subscapular skinfold thickness to the sum of subscapular and suprailiac skinfold thicknesses). Step-wise regression analysis indicated that while one or the other adiposity measures along with one of the age terms significantly contributed to SBP variation among males in the affluent groups III and IV, neither any adiposity measure nor age explain the variation in group I, and only body fat, not age, in group II. A qualitatively similar pattern was observed in females, except that BMI explained a significant amount of variation in SBP in group I, and only age and not any of the adiposity measures, in group IV. Besides age, BMI and fat pattern indices accounted for a significant amount of variation in DBP, while RFPI explained a significant amount of variation in group IV. The amount of variation in SBP explained by the age and adiposity measures increased from the traditional to urbanized groups in males (2.4% to 24.8%) and females (11.4% to 43.6%). A similar trend was observed in case of DBP in both males (0.2% to 15.4%) and females (7.6% to 21.8%). Analysis of covariance of the pooled sample suggested that each of five categorical variables—physical activity, smoking, income, food habit, and group membership—independently explained a significant amount of residual variation in SBP of males, while only food habit and social status did so in females. DBP variation, however, was significantly accounted for by only three of the five (excluding food habit and smoking) categorical variables in males and by none in females. The effect of categorical variables on the residual variation in SBP becomes increasingly significant from the traditional to the urbanized groups in males, while this trend is not consistent in females. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 10:5–21, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Relationship between frame size and fatness in children and adolescents

In order to evaluate variation in body fatness by category of frame size (small, medium, and large) during growth, a sample of 7,286 Cuban children and adolescents (3,721 males, 3,565 females) 5–20 years was surveyed. Fatness was estimated from skinfold thicknesses at four sites: subscapular, triceps, suprailiac, and posterior calf. Elbow breadth was used as an estimate of frame size. Generally, the larger the frame size, the greater the amount of subcutaneous fat regardless of age and sex. The results suggest that in the assessment of obesity and its associated risk, in children and youth, frame size, given by categories of elbow breadth, should be taken into account. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.