视神经与蝶窦解剖关系及其临床意义的CT研究

目的:通过CT观察并探讨视神经与蝶窦关系的变化规律,为视神经管减压术提供依据.方法:随机选择鼻窦无明显异常的成人头部CT扫描350例,观察视神经隆凸的出现率,根据蝶窦内有无隆凸,将其分为视神经隆凸组和非隆凸组,各组随机选择30例进行蝶窦体积测量,比较两组之间体积的差异.在计算机上用Mimics软件勾画蝶窦、视神经等结构的轮廓,软件自动给出蝶窦的体积和三维重建图.结果:蝶窦腔内有视神经隆凸56例(16%),其中24侧的视神经直接裸露在蝶窦内,35例伴前床突气化.后者中有21侧气化的前床突腔隙与蝶窦腔融合,视神经游离于蝶窦腔内;19侧气化的前床突腔隙与后筛窦融合,视神经行走于筛窦内.无视神经隆凸组的蝶窦体积为(15.26±11.22)cm3,有视神经隆凸的蝶窦体积为(26.72±5.77)cm3.两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).通过蝶窦、视神经的三维立体重建模型的观察,其有48%的视神经主要与蝶窦相邻,有52%的视神经主要与后筛窦相邻.结论:视神经隆凸与蝶窦体积相关,体积越大,视神经隆凸的出现率就高,从而提示是否实施经蝶窦的视神经减压术等内镜手术蝶窦体积是其考虑的主要因素之一.部分受试者的视神经与蝶窦接触较少,如经蝶窦入路有可能难以寻找视神经.     

内窥镜神经经管减压术应用解剖

观察了１０７具成人尸标本视神经管及其与蝶窦和筛窦的毗邻关系，所有标本中，视神经管在蝶筛窦外侧壁形成隆起者为７２．４％，视神经管与毗邻关系的关系复杂，但其内壁与后筛窦或／和蝶窦相毗邻最为多见，内壁长１０．２ｍｍ厚０．４ｍｍ是内窥镜下行视神经管减压术的关键部位，文中讨论了内窥镜下行视神经管减压时值得注意的一些问题。     

视神经管手术入路断层与应用解剖学研究

目的为开展视神经管新型手术提供精细的解剖学基础。方法在大体解剖学研究基础上,应用改进的火棉胶包埋技术对前颅底区域进行连续的三维薄切片,通过两者的有机结合,深入研究视神经管区域精细的解剖结构与复杂的毗邻关系。结果对视神经管区域解剖结构与毗邻关系显示良好精确。中鼻甲根部上缘至视神经管距离左侧为(28.0±5.0)mm,右侧为(29.0±6.0)mm。蝶窦下壁厚度左侧为(3.0±0.9)mm,右侧为(2.7±0.9)mm,视神经管与蝶窦或(和)筛窦间壁厚度左侧为(1.0±0.3)mm,右侧为(1.0±0.4)mm。结论经鼻、蝶窦或(和)筛窦入路行视神经管手术安全可行。     

外伤性视神经病变的CT表现

目的探讨外伤性视神经病变的CT影像特征及临床意义。方法对52例外伤性视神经病变患者的CT影像学资料进行回顾性分析。结果52例57眼中,视神经管骨折37眼,其中线型12眼,嵌入型10眼,粉碎型7眼,凹陷型5眼,混合型3眼。后组筛窦和/或蝶窦积血33眼。伴有眶壁复合型骨折者47例,颅底复合型骨折者20例。结论视神经管骨折是严重视神经损伤的表现;蝶窦、后组筛窦积血可作为视神经管骨折的可靠佐证。     

经鼻内镜下视神经管减压术的应用解剖

目的 通过对视神经管及其毗邻结构的研究,为临床视神经管减压术提供解剖学依据.方法 结构完整的成人头颈部标本12例,经红色乳胶灌注、10％的福尔马林固定,观察和测量如下指标:①观察视神经管的形态;②视神经管隆突的类型;③视神经管颅口、眶口及管中部的横径、纵径及横截面;④测量视神经管上、下、内、外侧壁的厚度;⑤视神经管内侧壁毗邻关系;⑥视神经管内眼动脉与视神经的位置关系.结果 视神经管由两口(颅口、眶口)和四壁(上壁、下壁、内侧壁、外侧壁)组成,其横截面积在眶口最大,管中部最窄;视神经管的内侧壁最薄,内侧壁的毗邻结构主要有3种类型:①前为同侧后筛窦、后为同侧蝶窦;②全为同侧蝶窦;③全为同侧后筛窦,眼动脉在视神经管的颅口、眶口分别以视神经的内下方和外上方多见.结论 本研究结果为经鼻内镜视神经管减压术提供了解剖学参数;当打开视神经管骨壁,鞘膜的切开选择内侧壁稍上方.     

最后筛房的解剖学研究及其临床意义

目的:了解最后筛房的解剖发育情况及其解剖毗邻关系对临床开展蝶鞍区域手术的指导意义。方法:对50具成人头颅进行鼻窦冠状位及水平位薄层CT扫描,重点观测后筛窦最后筛房的影像解剖形态及其毗邻关系。结果:测得其矢状径位于5.76～21.48mm之间。其中,最后筛房大于或等于同侧蝶窦腔的有23侧(23％)。最后筛房与蝶窦、视神经管之间的解剖关系的不同形成蝶上筛房的有28侧,(28％),形成蝶旁筛房的有5侧(5％),形成Onodi窦的有24侧(24％)。结论:鼻窦冠状位及水平位CT扫描在最后筛房的影像解剖研究及临床手术中具有实际的指导作用。最后筛房与蝶窦、视神经管之间的解剖关系可形成蝶上筛房、蝶旁筛房或Onodi窦对临床开展蝶鞍区域手术具有一定的影响。     

最后筛房的影像解剖学研究

目的 :为临床开展鞍区手术提供一组最后筛房的影像解剖学资料。方法 :取 5 0具成人头颅标本 ,行鼻窦冠状位及水平位薄层CT扫描 ,重点观测后筛窦最后筛房的影像解剖形态及其毗邻关系。结果 :测得其矢状径位于 5 .8～ 2 1.5mm之间 ;垂直径位于 9.4～ 2 6 .0mm之间 ;左右径位于 5 .9～ 2 3 .6mm之间。其中 ,最后筛房大于或等于同侧蝶窦腔的有 2 3 % ( 2 3侧 )。结论 :最后筛房与蝶窦、视神经管之间的解剖关系可形成蝶上筛房、蝶旁筛房或Onodi窦。冠状位及水平位鼻窦CT扫描在后筛窦最后筛房的影像解剖研究及临床手术中具有实际的指导作用     

内镜经鼻入路视神经管和眼眶的解剖学

目的通过研究对视神经管和眼眶的解剖研究,为内镜经鼻入路视神经管减压和治疗眼眶内病变提供解剖基础。方法国人尸头5例,采用大体解剖和内镜下经鼻入路两种方法,观察重要的解剖标志;使用内直肌内移技术,观察视神经管和眼眶内结构的暴露情况以及重要结构的位置、毗邻、走行等。结果钩突位于中鼻甲的前下方;筛泡在钩突的后方,切开筛泡可进入筛窦;筛前后动脉是筛窦内的重要解剖标志;视神经管隆突、颈内动脉隆突和视神经管颈内动脉隆突(OCR)是蝶窦内重要的解剖标志;纸样板位于筛窦的外侧壁,切开纸样板可暴露眶内容物;在眶内,可从内直肌与下直肌之间的通路暴露视神经。在本次10侧标本中,9侧眼动脉起自于颈内动脉的床突上段;1侧眼动脉起自于颈内动脉海绵窦段。7侧眼动脉在视神经管内走行于视神经的下外侧;2侧走行于视神经的正下方;1侧走行于视神经的下内侧。结论内镜下经鼻入路可以进行视神经管和眼眶内侧部分的暴露。钩突、筛泡、筛前后动脉及后组筛窦是本入路重要解剖标志。视神经管隆突、颈内动脉隆突及视神经管颈内动脉隆突(OCR)是进行视神经管减压的重要标志。眼动脉及其眼眶内分支、筛前后动脉和颈内动脉是重要的血管结构。眼内直肌内移技术可以有助于暴露眶内解剖结构。     

内镜视神经管减压的解剖与影像学研究

目的　为经鼻内镜视神经减压术临床应用提供影像解剖学依据。 方法　对20侧尸头视神经管及其毗邻结构进行解剖和测量,并用多层螺旋CT扫描和影像工作站测量,将两者结果进行对比分析。 结果　视神经管的类型：管型5％（1侧）,半管型10％（2侧）,压迹型55％（11侧）,无压迹型30％（6侧）。视神经管的毗邻关系：筛窦型15％（3侧）,蝶窦型35％（7侧）,蝶筛窦型45％（9侧）,蝶鞍型5％（1侧）,60％（12侧）与后筛窦相关。眼动脉在颅口80％（16侧）走行于视神经内下方,在眶口85％（17侧）走行于外下方。70％（14侧）颈内动脉管在蝶窦外壁隆起,而95％（19侧）与视神经管存在隐窝。视神经管内壁长度（10.23±1.31）mm。解剖测量视神经管眶口、颅口、视神经与颈内动脉隐窝到鼻小柱-鼻翼交界点的距离及夹角的结果与影像测量结果的差异没有显著性（P>0.05）。 结论　本研究结果为经鼻内镜神经管减压术提供了解剖学参数。采用CT影像工作站能对视神经管重要解剖标志进行准确的测量。     

鼻旁窦毗邻与临床的研究

目的：整体观察鼻旁窦形态的相互关系,为鼻旁窦手术入路提供形态学基础。方法：选用４５具成人矢状切面和横切面的头部标本及头部磁共振片,观察与测量额窦、筛窦和蝶窦的形态。结果：额、筛、蝶窦位置是相互延续的,其间以薄板分界,额窦与筛窦隔板厚度为０．３４±０．１４ｍｍ,上下径为７．２６±１．５６ｍｍ;筛窦与蝶窦隔板厚度为０．１６±０．０５ｍｍ,上下径为１６．３０±２．５１ｍｍ。结论：从形态、毗邻关系来看,额窦、筛窦、蝶窦几乎是一个相互延续的复合体,手术由内窥镜从额窦进入筛窦或蝶窦具有可行性     

蝶筛窦外侧壁应用解剖

观察５７具成人尸头标本蝶、筛窦外侧壁，以及同视神经管和颈内动脉的毗邻关系。眶板前下宽，后上窄，平均厚度为０．２ｍｍ。９３．８６％的视神经管内壁与蝶、筛窦外侧壁毗邻，且视神经管内蝶、筛窦内突出形成隆起的找率和程度同蝶、筛窦气代程度呈正相关。     

Sphenoid sinus: an anatomic and endoscopic study in Asian cadavers

An anatomic and endoscopic study of 48 cadaveric heads (96 sphenoid sinuses) was undertaken to describe the anatomy of the sphenoid sinus in Asians. Sellar type of sphenoid sinus is the most common, present in 53 out of 96 sides (55%). Forty-five of the 48 heads had a dominant sphenoid cavity, of which 11 contained vital structures from both sides of the sphenoid sinus. The incidence of accessory septae, carotid artery, optic nerve, maxillary nerve, and vidian nerve bulges were 70.8%, 67.7%, 69.8%, 61.5%, and 64.6%, respectively. There is a significantly higher number of overriding ethmoid sinuses in Asian cadavers (46/96 sides) compared to western studies (P < 0.0005). Seven (15%) of these 46 sides were also Onodi positive. The rest of the overriding ethmoid cells were Onodi negative. Surgeons should be aware of the significantly higher number of overriding posterior ethmoid cells in Asian populations during functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). The optic nerve is at risk during FESS surgery if the sphenoid sinus is sought behind the deepest point of these posterior ethmoid cells. These overriding posterior ethmoid cells may also confuse the unwary surgeon that he has entered the sphenoid sinus where in fact he is still operating in the posterior ethmoid cells.     

内窥镜下与颅底相关的鼻腔鼻窦解剖标志的研究

目的：研究内窥镜下鼻颅底相关的解剖标志及其在手术中的意义。方法：观测4例尸体标本和术时179个病例与颅底相关的鼻腔鼻窦解削结构。结果：(1)筛前动脉位于额隐窝后隆突或其后2～3mm范围;筛前动脉骨管可呈管状或管状悬空占58．2％,呈嵴状或半管状占41．8％。(2)纸样板与筛顶的连接方式有直角为3％,钝角44％,锐角53％．(3)蝶窦前壁位于后鼻孔上缘上,鼻中隔和中鼻甲后缘之间。(4)蝶窦外侧壁视神经管隆起呈管型或半管型为15．4％,压迹型35.3％。颈内动脉隆起60％。(5)蝶骨嵴延长线为鞍底中线。结论：(1)作为判断筛顶或蝶窦侧壁重要标志的额隐窝、筛前动脉或视神经管隆起、颈内动脉隆起是有一定的解剖变异．(2)中鼻甲前后附着缘、上颌窦口、后鼻孔上缘和纸样板是可供参照的相对恒定标志。(3)蝶骨嵴可作为判断鞍底中线的标志。     

蝶窦的CT与断层解剖比较研究

目的：为有关蝶窦手术提供解剖学和影像学资料。方法：采用CT技术和断层解剖方法对15例尸头和50例颅骨标本蝶窦的形态、类型、径线、毗邻等进行了观察。结果：蝶窦的前后径大于上下径，上壁和前壁较苤，下壁和后壁较厚。在蝶窦CT水平层面上可清楚显示其气化类型，前、后壁，两侧壁及中隔的位置、厚度、毗邻；在冠状层面上可显示上、下壁的厚度及上壁与垂体、颈内动脉的关系。蝶窦内可见管型视神经管隆起和管型颈内动脉隆起，其出现率分别为23.8％和21.9％。视神经管隆起仅见于发育良好的鞍前型和全鞍型蝶窦。发育良好的枕鞍型和全鞍型蝶窦的后壁较薄，最苤者仅为0.6mm。结论：蝶窦的气化程度差异较大，视神经、颈内动脉可向窦腔内突入。发育良好的枕鞍型和全鞍型蝶窦与脑干间仅隔以纸样薄骨板。经蝶窦入路手术，应控制手术操作范围，避免损伤毗邻结构。     

A case of a mucocele in an Onodi cell.

Onodi cells have been defined as posterior ethmoid cells that have pneumatized laterally and superiorly to the sphenoid sinus. They are often close to the optic nerve or the internal carotid artery. A patient complained of a sudden decrease in left eye visual acuity and left eye pain due to formation of a primary mucocele in an Onodi cell. A coronal computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging were useful for diagnosing the mucocele.     

Risky anatomic variations of sphenoid sinus for surgery

We searched for the surgically risky anatomic variations of sphenoid sinus and aimed to compare axial and coronal tomography in detection of these variations. Fifty-six paranasal tomography images (112 sides) were evaluated for coronal, axial and both coronal and axial images. Tomographic findings including bony septum extending to optic canal or internal carotid artery; protrusions and dehiscences of the walls of internal carotid artery, optic nerve, maxillary nerve and vidian nerve; extreme medial course of internal carotid artery; patterns of aeration of the anterior clinoid process; and Onodi cells were evaluated. The results were classified as “present, absent, suspicious-thin (only for dehiscence) or no-consensus”. The results of each plane were compared with that of the result of the both planes together. Kappa coefficient and Chi-square tests were used to compare both planes. Twelve cadaveric dissections were performed to reveal the proximity of sphenoid sinus to surgically risky anatomic structures. Endoscopy was applied to five cadavers. 18 evaluations were classified as ‘no-consensus’. We detected 34, 35, 34 and 40 protrusions of internal carotid artery, optic nerve, maxillary nerve, vidian nerve, respectively. Dehiscences were present in 6, 9, 4 and 8, and suspicious-thin in 8, 10, 16 and 25 in canals of internal carotid artery, optic nerve, maxillary nerve and vidian nerve, respectively. Bony septum to internal carotid artery and optic nerve was observed in 30 and 22 cases. We observed 9 extreme medial courses of internal carotid artery, 27 aerated clinoid process and 9 Onodi cells. Axial images were superior in detection of bony septum to internal carotid artery and Onodi cells; while the coronal images were more successful in detection of protrusion of optic nerve and vidian nerve, and dehiscense of maxillary nerve and vidian nerve (P<0.05). In cadaveric dissections, the septa were inserted into the bony covering of the carotid arteries in two sinuses (8.3%). Detailed preoperative analysis of the anatomy of the sphenoid sinus and its boundaries is crucial in facilitating entry to the pituitary fossa and reducing intraoperative complications. Coronal tomography more successfully detects the sphenoid sinus anatomic variations.     

Numerical flow simulation in the post-endoscopic sinus surgery nasal cavity

In this study we utilized computational fluid dynamic (CFD) techniques to construct a numerical simulation of nasal cavity airflow pre and post virtual functional endoscopic surgery (FESS). A healthy subject was selected, and CFD techniques were then applied to construct an anatomically and proportionally accurate three-dimensional nasal model based on nasal CT scans. A virtual FESS intervention was performed numerically on the normal nasal model using Fluent software. Navier-Stokes and continuity equations were used to calculate and compare airflow, velocity, distribution and pressure in both the pre and post FESS models. In the post-FESS model, there was an increase in airflow distribution in the maxillary, ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses, and a 13% increase through the area connecting the middle meatus and the surgically opened ethmoid. There was a gradual decrease in nasal resistance in the posterior ethmoid sinus region following FESS. These findings highlight the potential of this technique as a powerful preoperative assessment tool to aid clinical decision-making.