内镜经鼻入路视神经管和眼眶的解剖学

目的通过研究对视神经管和眼眶的解剖研究,为内镜经鼻入路视神经管减压和治疗眼眶内病变提供解剖基础。方法国人尸头5例,采用大体解剖和内镜下经鼻入路两种方法,观察重要的解剖标志;使用内直肌内移技术,观察视神经管和眼眶内结构的暴露情况以及重要结构的位置、毗邻、走行等。结果钩突位于中鼻甲的前下方;筛泡在钩突的后方,切开筛泡可进入筛窦;筛前后动脉是筛窦内的重要解剖标志;视神经管隆突、颈内动脉隆突和视神经管颈内动脉隆突(OCR)是蝶窦内重要的解剖标志;纸样板位于筛窦的外侧壁,切开纸样板可暴露眶内容物;在眶内,可从内直肌与下直肌之间的通路暴露视神经。在本次10侧标本中,9侧眼动脉起自于颈内动脉的床突上段;1侧眼动脉起自于颈内动脉海绵窦段。7侧眼动脉在视神经管内走行于视神经的下外侧;2侧走行于视神经的正下方;1侧走行于视神经的下内侧。结论内镜下经鼻入路可以进行视神经管和眼眶内侧部分的暴露。钩突、筛泡、筛前后动脉及后组筛窦是本入路重要解剖标志。视神经管隆突、颈内动脉隆突及视神经管颈内动脉隆突(OCR)是进行视神经管减压的重要标志。眼动脉及其眼眶内分支、筛前后动脉和颈内动脉是重要的血管结构。眼内直肌内移技术可以有助于暴露眶内解剖结构。     

经颅开眶球后入路的应用解剖

目的：给眶内手术入路提供详细的形态学依据和显微解剖参数，分析经颅手术入路的优势及其易损伤结构。方法：用32例(64侧)成人头颅湿性标本，通过模拟额颞眶颧手术入路，在放大5—25倍手术显微镜下，运用显微解剖方法，通过颅前窝眶板开眶，观测开眶后球后结构在不同手术视野下的位置、毗邻、走行、变异、分支、分布等关系。结果：上内侧入路是经上斜肌与上睑提肌之间的问隙入路，暴露从球后到视神经管之让的视神经。上中央入路是经上直肌与上睑提肌之间的间隙入路，根据不同情况向内侧或外侧牵开额神经，暴露视神经眶内段的中部。上外侧入路是通过上直肌与外直肌之让的肌间膜入路，对眶尖深部上外侧区的暴露效果与经眼眶外侧壁的外上方入路基本相同，但前者能兼顾眶上裂与海绵窦，而后者则不能。经外下方入路可暴露肌锥间隙的下外侧区。结论：对于眶内肿瘤应根据病变在眶内的具体位置选择相应的最佳手术入路，有助于克服盲目的破坏性手术。     

神经内镜扩大经鼻入路中的几个重要解剖标志及其临床意义

目的　观察扩大经鼻手术入路中的几个重要解剖标志,为经鼻颅底外科手术入路方案的制定提供形态学依据。 方法　对10 例尸头标本进行扩大经鼻入路神经内镜解剖, 操作方法为双鼻孔入路,颅底开放范围包括后组筛窦、蝶窦及中上斜坡,外侧完整暴露两侧颈内动脉海绵窦\斜坡段。 结果　确认了筛前、筛后动脉的正常解剖位置,探明了视神经-颈内动脉隐窝(OCR)的解剖构成,内镜下观察重新对海绵窦进行解剖分区,并从经鼻内镜视角对展神经进行解剖分段。 结论　熟悉上述经鼻入路重要解剖标记,对于提高该手术入路的有效性及安全性具有重要意义。     

神经内镜经鼻经斜坡入路切除脑干腹侧肿瘤的解剖学研究

目的　探索内镜经鼻入路切除脑干腹侧肿瘤的解剖可行性。 方法　采用内镜扩大经鼻经斜坡入路,解剖5具成人尸头标本,观察暴露的骨窗范围及血管、神经。 结果　所有标本可暴露中脑、脑桥和延髓;暴露中脑受到蝶鞍限制,需要移位垂体才能显露中脑。骨窗外侧边界是颈内动脉和岩下窦;切除寰椎前弓和枢椎齿突可暴露延髓及延颈髓交界区。暴露的主要血管、神经包括：基底动脉及其分支、椎动脉及其分支、Ⅲ至Ⅶ脑神经以及颈神经。 结论　内镜经鼻经斜坡入路可暴露全部脑干腹侧区域及相应的血管、神经,采用该手术入路切除脑干肿瘤在解剖学上具有可行性。     

神经内镜经鼻经斜坡入路切除脑干腹侧肿瘤的解剖学研究

目的　探索内镜经鼻入路切除脑干腹侧肿瘤的解剖可行性。 方法　采用内镜扩大经鼻经斜坡入路,解剖5具成人尸头标本,观察暴露的骨窗范围及血管、神经。 结果　所有标本可暴露中脑、脑桥和延髓;暴露中脑受到蝶鞍限制,需要移位垂体才能显露中脑。骨窗外侧边界是颈内动脉和岩下窦;切除寰椎前弓和枢椎齿突可暴露延髓及延颈髓交界区。暴露的主要血管、神经包括：基底动脉及其分支、椎动脉及其分支、Ⅲ至Ⅶ脑神经以及颈神经。 结论　内镜经鼻经斜坡入路可暴露全部脑干腹侧区域及相应的血管、神经,采用该手术入路切除脑干肿瘤在解剖学上具有可行性。     

内镜下经鼻蝶入路视神经管减压术应用解剖

目的　为内镜下行经鼻蝶入路视神经管减压术提供解剖学依据。 方法 选用12例成人尸颅标本,模拟内镜下经鼻蝶入路,观察视神经管及其周围结构。磨除视神经管,暴露并打开管内视神经鞘膜,观察鞘膜内视神经及眼动脉。 结果 视神经隆突是蝶窦内相对恒定的解剖标志,通过它可以确定视神经管眶口;眼动脉多走行于视神经的腹内侧,切开视神经鞘膜时应在外上壁进行。 结论 视神经隆突是重要的解剖标志;应在外上壁切开视神经鞘膜。     

内镜经眉弓上锁孔入路的解剖学研究

目的 探索内镜经眉弓上锁孔入路暴露颅底中线区域的解剖结构,为临床该术式切除颅底中线区域肿瘤提供解剖学基础。 方法 内镜经眉弓上锁孔入路解剖5具成人尸头标本,观察该入路暴露的颅底中线区域脑组织、血管及神经。 结果 内镜经眉弓上锁孔入路可充分暴露前床突及其内侧前颅底硬脑膜、嗅沟及嗅神经;蝶鞍区可显露视神经、视交叉、视交叉前间隙、垂体上动脉、眼动脉、颈内动脉及其周围间隙;上斜坡区域可显露鞍背硬脑膜、乳头体、基底动脉末端、小脑上动脉、大脑后动脉、后交通动脉、动眼神经、滑车神经、三叉神经、面神经、前庭蜗神经及脑桥腹侧。 结论 内镜经眉弓上锁孔入路切除颅底中线区域肿瘤在解剖学上可行,临床上可作为常规显微镜手术及经鼻内镜入路手术的有效补充。     

经鼻内镜颅底手术的常用路径及解剖学标志

目的:探讨鼻内镜颅底手术适应范围、常用路径及其解剖标志.方法:复习相关文献,对经鼻内镜颅底手术各种入路及相关解剖标志的研究成果加以分析、总结.结果:鼻内镜颅底手术常用入路有经鼻中隔旁入路、经中鼻道入路及经中鼻甲切除入路3种,入路涉及的重要解剖学标志有筛前动脉、筛后动脉、中鼻甲、筛窦、蝶骨翼突、蝶筛隐窝、视神经-颈内静脉隐窝及球形鞍底.结论:熟练掌握鼻内镜颅底常用路径及其解剖标志,能够提高手术质量,减少并发症的发生.     

导航辅助下扩大经鼻蝶入路斜坡区的内镜解剖学研究

目的　研究导航辅助内镜下扩大经鼻蝶入路斜坡区的显露,为经鼻蝶入路切除斜坡中线区域病变提供显微解剖学资料。 方法　10例成人头颅湿性标本,导航辅助模拟内镜下扩大经鼻蝶入路,观测斜坡中线区域重要解剖结构暴露情况。 结果　打开蝶窦前下壁,磨除鞍背及斜坡骨质,剪开硬膜,可显露双侧动眼神经、三叉神经节、展神经,基底动脉及分支,小脑下后动脉及后组脑神经;导航辅助下可精确行数据测量及定位,扩大经鼻蝶入路可完全暴露斜坡,最短距离为(88.90±2.62) mm;蝶窦前下壁和下斜坡磨除范围分别以两侧翼管和破裂孔为界,各自距中线距离为(9.22±0.48) mm和(10.60±0.82) mm。 结论　斜坡中线区的病变,内镜下扩大经鼻蝶入路是一个适当的方法。导航辅助有助于对重要结构的定位,可提高安全度。     

眶内眼神经的断层解剖学研究及其临床意义

目的：为影像检查和眶内手术提供断层解剖学资料。方法：应用50侧成人头颅湿标本制成0．5mm的火棉胶连续切片，对额神经、鼻睫神经、泪腺神经的位置、走行和毗邻进行观测。结果：眼神经的分支额神经、鼻睫神经和泪腺神经均经眶上裂人眶。额神经发出滑车上神经和眶上神经内外支，鼻睫神经与眼动脉伴行，泪腺神经在外直肌上方前行。结论：火棉胶连续切片能够准确显示眶内眼神经的分支、走行，对影像诊断和避免手术损伤均有重要参考价值。     

Microsurgical anatomy of the ocular motor nerves

This study was designed to provide anatomic data to help surgeons avoid damage to the ocular motor nerves during intraorbital operations. The microsurgical anatomy of the ocular motor nerves was studied in 50 adult cadaveric heads (100 orbits). Dissections were performed with a microscope. The nerves were exposed and the neural and muscular relationships of each portion of the nerve were examined and measured. The superior division of the oculomotor nerve coursed between the optic nerve and the superior rectus muscle after it left the annular tendon, and its branches entered into the superior rectus muscle and levator muscle. A mean of five fibers (range 3–7) innervated the superior rectus muscle, and a mean of one fiber (range 1–2) followed a medial direction (84%) or went straight through the superior rectus muscle (16%). The inferior division of the oculomotor nerve branched into the medial rectus, inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles. The trochlear nerve ended on the orbital side of the posterior one-third of the superior oblique muscle in 76 specimens. The abducens nerve ended on the posterior one-third of the lateral rectus muscle in 86 specimens. If the belly of the lateral rectus muscle was divided into three superior–inferior parts, the nerve commonly entered into the middle one-third in 74 specimens. Based on the observed data, microanatomical relationships of the orbital contents were revised.     

内镜经翼突及上颌窦前壁上咽旁间隙的解剖

目的 研究内镜下经翼突联合上颌窦前壁上咽旁间隙的解剖,为临床上内镜经鼻处理上咽旁间隙的病变提供解剖学标志。 方法 在新鲜头颅标本上进行内镜经翼突联合上颌窦前壁入路暴露上咽旁间隙,测量翼内板、翼外板与茎突之间的距离;测量蝶骨棘、翼外板与颈动脉管入口之间的距离。 结果 共完成10例（20侧）新鲜头颅标本的内镜下上咽旁间隙的解剖,翼内板与茎突之间的距离为（28.1±3.3）mm, 翼外板后缘距离茎突的距离为（18.9±4.9）mm;翼外板与蝶骨大翼交界处距离颈内动脉管入口的距离为（14.1±3.7）mm,蝶骨棘位于颈动脉入口的前方为（6.7±1.5）mm。咽颅底筋膜、腭帆张肌和翼内肌是上咽旁间隙重要的软组织标志。 结论 内镜下经翼突联合上颌窦前壁入路处理上咽旁间隙病变中,可使用骨性标志翼外板根部和蝶骨棘协助定位颈动脉管外口,从而有助于咽旁段颈内动脉的定位。     

The malaris muscle: its morphological significance for sustaining the intraorbital structures

The orbicularis oculi muscle, an important mimetic muscle, was investigated to ascertain its anatomical relation to facial aging—especially its orbital part (Oo). Previous studies of the distinct muscle bundles frequently found inferior to the Oo have provided various definitions, including that of the malaris muscle. This study aimed to examine these muscle bundles and clarify their function in facial aging. Twelve heads of Japanese cadavers (average age: 82.5 years old) were dissected to observe the muscles, focusing in particular on those in the periorbital region. Six specimens were further dissected from the inner surfaces to examine the patterns of facial nerve branches under the operating microscope. Histological examinations of two head halves were carried out to investigate the relationship between the muscle bundles and the intraorbital structures. Muscle bundles consisting of lateral, medial, and U-shaped suspending bundles were observed in the region inferior to the Oo. Lateral and suspending bundles were found in all specimens, while the medial bundles were noted in only 9 of 22 specimens. Some branches of the facial nerve penetrated through the lateral, medial, and suspending bundles. The relationship between the suspending bundles and the protruding orbital fat was assessed. The muscle bundles found in this study were regarded as the malaris muscle—a transitional muscle between the superficial and deep facial layers. The suspending bundle may play a role in sustaining the intraorbital structures.     

内镜经鼻、上颌窦、翼突入路至Meckel囊区的解剖

目的通过解剖学研究,探讨内镜经鼻、上颌窦、翼突入路至Meckel囊区的解剖特点和方法,寻找手术入路中的重要解剖标志点,测量相关解剖数据,为内镜经鼻入路处理Meckel囊区病变提供解剖学依据。方法 5例共10侧新鲜成人头颅标本,采用内镜经鼻、上颌窦、翼突入路解剖和暴露Meckel囊区,寻找该手术入路中重要的解剖标志,研究具体的解剖方法,测量相关的解剖数据,解剖过程中使用导航。结果鼻小柱下缘至后鼻孔上缘为(66.5±3.3)mm,至蝶窦口下缘为(61.2±1.6)mm,至腭蝶管前口下缘为(64.6±1.4)mm,至蝶腭孔下缘为(62.8±2.3)mm,至翼管前口下缘的距离为(75.4±3.3)mm,翼管前口下缘与腭蝶管前口上缘距离为(2.1±0.7)mm,与圆孔下缘距离为(7.5±0.7)mm,腭蝶管长度为(6.4±0.5)mm,翼管长度为(13.3±1.2)mm。以腭蝶管为解剖标志可以寻找到翼管前口;以翼管为解剖标志可以寻找到岩骨段颈内动脉前膝部,以斜坡旁颈内动脉隆突可以寻找到斜坡旁颈内动脉,以圆孔可以寻找到上颌神经。导航能够准确定位上述解剖标志。结论运用内镜经鼻、上颌窦、翼突入路可以解剖和暴露Meckel囊区。此入路是由Meckel囊前方四边形区域暴露该区域,此四边形内侧为斜坡旁段颈内动脉,下方为岩骨段颈内动脉,上方为展神经,外侧方为上、下颌神经;实验数据和导航可以辅助定位重要的解剖结构和标志。     

An anomalous muscle linking superior and inferior rectus muscles in the orbit

Dissections of the bilateral orbits in a 45-year-old female cadaver, who had no ocular movement disorders in her lifetime, revealed anomalous muscles linking the superior and inferior rectus muscles. The muscles, situated between the optic nerve and the lateral rectus muscle, originated from the annulus of Zinn and branched off two heads; one inserted into the medial inferior side of the superior rectus muscle and the other inserted into the central superior side of the inferior rectus muscle. Each insertion was located on a distal site of the myoneural junction of each rectus muscle. Histological investigations showed that the muscles had a striated muscle structure. No definite nerve insertion was observed in the muscles. Although this type of anomalous muscle has been reported in a few Caucasian cases, the present study is the first report in an Asian person. Anomalous orbital structures, which are a rare cause of strabismus, are important in the differential diagnosis of intra-orbital space-occupying lesions, rather than the differential diagnosis of strabismus.     

Type-specific changes in fiber morphometry following denervation of canine extraocular muscle.

To investigate the changes that occur in extraocular muscle morphometry following denervation, 12 beagles were subjected to intracranial section of the left oculomotor nerve. The inferior and medial rectus muscles were removed from both orbits of four dogs killed at each 4-week postoperative interval. Fiber diameters and fiber-type ratios of denervated muscles were compared with those from paired muscles in the normal orbit. We found significant, persistent atrophy of the singly innervated fibers in both the global and orbital layers of denervated extraocular muscle. The multiinnervated fibers were predominantly spared from denervation atrophy. We also found a significant increase in the proportion of multiinnervated fibers in the orbital layer only. These results suggest a relative neurotrophic independence of multiinnervated fibers in extraocular muscle.     

三种鼻内镜手术径路暴露翼腭窝的解剖研究及其临床意义

目的：研究三种鼻内镜手术径路暴露翼腭窝的解剖方法。方法：通过解剖成人尸体头部标本15例（30侧）,采用手术显微镜及鼻内镜观察暴露翼腭窝的三种径路。结果：①中鼻道经腭术式可以暴露翼腭窝内侧的蝶腭动脉、腭神经、翼管神经,沿腭神经可确认翼腭神经节;②中鼻道经上颌窦术式能很好地暴露翼腭窝内、外侧壁,眶下神经是手术的重要标志;③下鼻甲切除经上颌窦术式比鼻内镜下中鼻道经上颌窦术式更广泛地暴露翼腭窝的内、外侧,提供宽阔的视野和较大的手术操作空间。结论：三种手术径路均能暴露翼腭窝的结构,具体术式需根据病变范围及手术要求而决定。     

经鼻内窥镜翼腭窝手术的应用解剖学基础

目的通过对翼腭窝骨性标志的测量和尸体解剖为经鼻内窥镜翼腭窝手术提供形态学资料。方法对40例干性颅骨进行了骨性标志的观察,同时对10例20侧成人尸头标本按中线锯开后进行解剖,观察翼腭窝周围组织结构及毗邻关系,并测量了有关的数据。结果蝶腭孔、圆孔、翼腭裂距离前鼻嵴的距离分别为(62.3±2.7)、(64.2±4.8)、(51.5±0.6)mm,翼腭窝内的结构可以分为在后内的神经层和在前外的血管层,颈内动脉与蝶腭孔之间的距离为(16.4±3.3)mm。结论经鼻内窥镜翼腭窝手术可以获得相对安全的范围,圆孔可以作为手术中重要的标志结构。