近年来新方法在国内古代人类遗骸研究中的应用

近10年来,在古代人类遗骸研究中,往往不再局限于传统的肉眼形态观察、二维测量及数据对比,而是更注重新技术新方法的应用,以及多学科相结合的分析视角。本文中我们重点概述了近10年来国内古代人类遗骸研究的具体案例及所采用的方法,总结了在多学科交叉融合及研究方法日新月异的背景下人类遗骸研究的特点,并对未来研究进行了展望。     

东莞新石器时代“蚝岗人”遗骸的鉴定和保存

目的　对东莞市南城蚝岗新石器时代遗址出土的一具人体遗骸进行人类学鉴定和保存。方法　依据遗骸骨块尚存的骨性标志、长骨长度和牙齿特征等参数 ,按邵象清、吴汝康等的人体测量方法 ,对遗骸的性别、年龄、身长和人种等作出鉴定 ;并因地制宜进行了原地原位封存。结果　该遗骸属男性、死前年龄约 4 0～ 4 5岁、身长约 16 6 、人种为蒙古人种南亚类型 ;原地封存至今效果良好。结论　该遗骸的鉴定和保存为距今 5 0 0 0年的广东最早人类村落遗址“珠三角第一村”提供了确凿的历史见证。     

东莞黄江出土明代遗骸鉴定和塑化保存

目的对东莞市黄江镇明代古墓出土的一具遗骸进行人类学鉴定和塑化保存。方法根据遗骸长骨的长度、牙齿磨耗程度及其它相关骨性标志等特征,按吴汝康等的人体测量方法,对其身高、年龄、性别等进行鉴定;并采用生物塑化技术对该遗骸进行塑化保存。结果该遗骸身高为167～170 cm,年龄在36～40岁的男性。经塑化保存半年来效果良好。结论遗骸的鉴定和塑化保存对研究古人类学和保护文物资源具有重要意义。     

鸦片战争将士遗骸鉴定与塑化保存研究

目的 对第一次鸦片战争期间虎门大角山炮台保卫战将士遗骸进行鉴定和塑化保存。方法 依据遗骸的骨性标志、牙齿磨耗程度等特征,应用体质人类学人体测量方法,进行人种、性别和年龄等的鉴定;采取本室获得的专利技术,对其中的25具遗骸进行塑化保存。结果 所鉴定的67例遗骸均属黄色人种,均系男性青、壮年,具有部队官兵群体特征;塑化的25具遗骸外观、颜色、光泽、质地、抗压抗碎性能明显加强。结论 此批遗骸的清理和鉴定,为第一次鸦片战争期间虎门大角山炮台保卫战鲜为人知的历史空白提供了实物见证;塑化保存的将士遗骸,将成为建设中的虎门鸦片战争(纪念馆)供后人凭吊的实物标本。     

分形几何学（Fractalgeometry）与生物医学

本文对分形几何学中的几个基本概会，特别是在生物医学中的分形现象，如树状分文与分形，细胞和组织与分形，生物大分子与分形，心脏的分形节律；以及分形几何学在解剖学研究中的应用前景，如建立人体结构的几何模型，揭示人体结构在生理和病理状态下的相关性，揭示人体结构在发生发育过程中的形态变化规律等进行综述，为同道们在研究机体的形态结构和功能，生物医学中的现象和过程；疾病发生、发展的内在规律等方面提供一个崭新的定量研究方法     

骨科诊断客观化的研究

本文对骨科诊断客观化研究的三个方面：骨病诊断，关节病诊断，骨折愈合程度估计进行了综述。主要总结了超声方法，关节声发射信号分析法，振动响应分析，机械阻抗法在研究中的应用，并对各种类型测量方法的特点与存在的问题进行了讨论。     

磁共振成像层厚测量技术及其改进

对磁共振成像设备层厚测量技术进行研究。利用Magphan体模在13台设备上对层厚的三种测量方法即单一斜面方法、交叉斜面方法和本文提出的改进方法（考虑几何畸变的交叉测量方法）进行层厚测量实验。实验结果表明（1）进行层厚测量时,应考虑影响层厚测量的因素,并选择合适的体模;（2)三种方法的测量结果存在一定差异,其中考虑几何畸变的交叉斜面测量方法是最好的方法,此方法得到结果最接近真实值。     

无创伤红外光谱脑血氧监测仪

红外光谱分光光度法应用于脑氧供需平衡的监测有着极广阔的研究及应用前景。本文全面介绍了红外光谱法用于监测脑氧供需平衡的发展概况及测量原理，概述了血氧饱和度的分光光度测量方法，比较了透射型和反射型脑血氧测量方法，重点介绍了反射型脑血氧饱和度仪，并讨论了脑血氧饱和度仪在临床中的应用和存在的局限性。     

分维(Fractaldimension)测试软件系统及其应用

分形几何（Fractalgeometry）是研究分形的非线性学科，近年已应用于生物医学领域。医学图像因其形态特殊，分维测试相当复杂，故我们研制开发了一套分维测试软件系统，已在分形应用研究中使用。简介如下：本软件系统利用MAS—l图像分析系统进行图像采集及分割，建立图像数据库。系统包括三大功能模块。（l）几何形态参数的分维测试：该模块根据分支系统的几何形态参数，利用“近似法”和welson’s法计算整个分支系统及其各级分支的分维。（2）图像的分维测试：包括图像信息处理、图像裁剪、图像特征提取、盒子法（BOX一CountinsMethod）分维m4试四个子模块。该模块的主要功能是通过对图像信息的处理、分析，求解其盒维数，并对盒子法的原理用＆。一方格覆盖图演示。拥有矩形、圆形和任意框三种图像裁剪方法。系统提供了由灰度差值提取及填充的血管树纹理提取方法。系统提供了单图、汇总图、平均图及统图四种盒维数结果显示方法。（3）分形的计算机模拟：系统根据Nelson模型，用“黑色区域的轮廓线抽出”算法行边沿提取，用速归算法实现了器官血管树分形的计算机模拟，并计算其长度分维。软件采用BorlandC“”为开发语言，系统在IBM－PC兼容机系列、中文Windows（3．1以上）环境运行，支持键盘和鼠标，     

猪升主动脉几何形态与显微结构的增龄性变化

目的:探讨猪升主动脉几何形态与显微结构成分在增龄过程中的变化规律,为猪→人异种心脏移植吻合血管提供必要的形态学基础。方法:应用组织学和计算机图像分析方法,对42例1～7月龄猪升主动脉进行计量形态学研究。结果:猪升主动脉的管径、壁厚、管腔面积、管壁面积与月龄间呈高度直线正相关关系(r分别为0.98、0.98、0.99、0.99,各P值均<0.001),它们分别以1.54mm月、0.15mm/月、28.26mm~2/月和12.28mm~2/月的速率增加。管壁中胶原纤维含量随之增加(P<0.05);弹性纤维含量以2、3月龄最高,而后维持在相对恒定水平,平滑肌的含量在增龄过程中未见明显变化(P>0.05)。结论:与人类相似,猪升主动脉几何形态、显微结构成分含量与年龄密切相关。     

A novel magnetic resonance-positive emission image registration based on morphology

Structures were obtained from images with morphological characteristics to register with voxel-based method. We applied simple morphological operations to obtain human brain cortex and chose normalized mutual information as similarity measure for the geometric alignment of PET and MR images. Evaluation used nine patients, and the results showed that sub-voxel accuracy was achieved and the registration process was significantly more rapid. Thus this new automated multi-modality registration method is more robust and has high accuracy.     

Weapon-related traumas of human skeletons from Yuigahama Chusei Shudan Bochi,Japan

The Yuigahama Chusei Shudan Bochi site (ad twelveth to thirteenth centuries), located along the seashore of the southern end of Kamakura City in Japan, and has yielded a mass grave containing hundreds of human crania. The purpose of this study is to document cut marks on crania made by an edged weapon, paying specific attention to individuals who may exhibit scratch marks, and to understand the variability of weapon-related traumas in the medieval period in Japan. The observation leads to tentative findings regarding the identification and interpretation of weapon-related traumas of human skeletal remains. From macroscopic observation, the marks display the sharpness of cut surfaces which are characteristic of unhealed cut marks. Scanning electron microscopic observation of the marks also shows that they are V-shaped in cross-section, a morphological feature that is characteristic of cut marks. This study first demonstrates that the scratches on the crania have morphological features consistent with human-induced cut marks, and that the macroscopic and microscopic approaches provide important information for identifying anthropogenic cut marks on the human skeletal remains from an archaeological site in Japan.     

利用数学形态学工具配准人脑MR-PET图像

数学形态学是以形态为基础对图像进行分析的数学工具。我们利用简单的形态学操作从PET和MR图像中提取对应的解剖结构--皮质层，以归一化互信息为相似性测度，进行医学PET/MR图像的几何对准。评估结果证明，该方法的配准精度达到亚像素精度，并能极大地节省运行时间，是一种稳健性强、精度高、全自动的多模医学图像配准新方法。     

Sexual differences in human cranial morphology: Is one sex more variable or one region more dimorphic?

The quantification of cranial sexual dimorphism (CSD) among modern humans is relevant in evolutionary studies of morphological variation and in a forensic context. Despite the abundance of quantitative studies of CSD, few have specifically examined intra-sex variability. Here we quantify CSD in a geographically homogeneous sample of adult crania, which includes Italian individuals from the 19th and 20th centuries. Cranial morphology is described with 92 3D landmarks analyzed using Procrustean geometric morphometrics (PGMM). Size and shape variables are used to compare morphological variance between sexes in the whole cranium and four individual regions. The same variables, plus Procrustes form, are used to quantify average sex differences and explore classification accuracy. Our results indicate that: (a) as predicted by Wainer's rule, males present overall more variance in size and shape, albeit this is statistically significant only for total cranial size; (b) differences between sexes are dominated by size and to a lesser extent by Procrustes form; (c) shape only accounts for a minor proportion of variance; (d) the cranial base shows almost no dimorphism for shape; and (e) facial Procrustes form is the most accurate predictor of skeletal sex. Overall, this study suggests developmental factors underlying differences in CSD among cranial regions; stresses the need for population-specific models that describe craniofacial variation as the basis for models that facilitate the estimation of sex in unidentified skeletal remains; and provides one of the first confirmations of “Wainer's rule” in relation to sexual dimorphism in mammals specific to the human cranium.     

基于数学形态学和Otsu方法的VHP数据心脏图像分割

针对可视人计划的数据提取心脏图像存在自身的多样性以及局部边界不清晰所造成的分割难问题,提出了一种分阶段的分割方法。即在第一阶段引入数学形态学的方法,提出一种基于形态重构的开闭运算与O tsu阈值分割相结合的方法,对原始图像中的感兴趣区域进行预提取,有效的解决了单一阈值分割方法中存在的缺陷;第二阶段利用形态学变换对预提取图像进行精确分割,最终得到心脏图像。实验结果表明,这种分阶段的分割方法在运算效率以及分割精度上都取到了较理想的结果,对可视人计划的实现具有较高的实用价值。     

膝关节假体置换发展及数字化成型技术的应用

背景：随着膝关节假体材料及生物力学研究的不断深入,假体设计不断更新。如何提高假体置入的几何精度,重建生物学意义上的膝关节,一直是临床关注的核心问题。 目的：总结不同膝关节假体的临床应用概况,探索膝关节三维重建个体化方案,为人工膝关节假体的设计及置换提供良好的生物力学基础。 方法：电子检索CNKI数据库、万方数据库中收录的膝关节假体设计,人工膝关节置换及数字化成型技术在人工膝关节设计中应用的相关综述、实验研究及临床论著,排除陈旧文献及置换方式保守治疗患者资料。 结果与结论：共纳入相关文献27篇。随着人们对膝关节生物力学和解剖的进一步理解,患者对人工膝关节的功能有进一步的要求,数字化重建技术为膝关节几何测量及置换的精准度提供新的思路和技术方法,为胫骨假体形态设计提供解剖数据,提高假体和截面适配度及关节稳定性,减少假体松动等并发症的发生,延长假体使用寿命。基于影像数据进行膝关节三维重建方案可行,效果肯定,可清晰、直观、多角度的观察膝关节的形态特点,既可作为骨关节局部解剖的教学方法又为临床应用提供可靠数据。     

Virtual Reconstruction of Very Large Skull Defects Featuring Partly and Completely Missing Midsagittal Planes

Despite the development of computer‐based methods, cranial reconstruction of very large skull defects remains a challenge particularly if the damage affects the midsagittal region hampering the usage of mirror imaging techniques. This pilot study aims to deliver a new method that goes beyond mirror imaging, giving the possibility to reconstruct crania characterized by large missing areas, which might be useful in the fields of paleoanthropology, bioarcheology, and forensics. We test the accuracy of digital reconstructions in cases where two‐thirds or more of a human cranium were missing. A three‐dimensional (3D) virtual model of a human cranium was virtually damaged twice to compare two destruction‐reconstruction scenarios. In the first case, a small fraction of the midsagittal region was still preserved, allowing the application of mirror imaging techniques. In the second case, the damage affected the complete midsagittal region, which demands a new approach to estimate the position of the midsagittal plane. Reconstructions were carried out using CT scans from a sample of modern humans (12 males and 13 females), to which 3D digital modeling techniques and geometric morphometric methods were applied. As expected, the second simulation showed a larger variability than the first one, which underlines the fact that the individual midsagittal plane is of course preferable in order to minimize the reconstruction error. However, in both simulations the Procrustes mean shape was an effective reference for the reconstruction of the entire cranium, producing models that showed a remarkably low error of about 3 mm, given the extent of missing data. Anat Rec, 296:745–758, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.