微量白蛋白尿不同测定方法的比较

目的：比较三种不同检测方法及不同标本留取方法对结果的影响，评价其作为临床诊断的准确性和实用性。方法：随机选取30例住院糖尿病（DM）患者用同份晨尿标本分别用免疫法半定量试纸条（STP）、免疫比浊法（ITM）及白蛋白／肌酐测定和放射免疫分析法（RIA）测定尿白蛋白浓度，并与24h尿白蛋白定量结果比较。结果：不同检测方法Pearson相关分析，P值均〈0．01，与24h尿白蛋白定量组比较，STP最低r=0．448；ITM ACR最高r=0．861。配对T检验ITM与RIA两组间；ITM ACR与24h尿白蛋白排泄量比较差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。与24h尿白蛋白定量列联表比较，ITM ACR测定的符合率82．8％、敏感性80％、特异性85．7％（P=0．001），优于RIA晨尿测定。结论：几种尿白蛋白测定方法均有较好相关性，可用于临床检测。STP敏感度较高，但特异性差，适用于筛查。ITM与RIA结果比较差异无显著性，经肌酐校正的ACR与24h尿白蛋白定量结果相关性最好，且标本留取方便，更适于临床使用。     

尿微量白蛋白与非糖尿病患者冠脉病变的相关性研究

目的 探讨非糖尿病冠心病（CHD）患者微量白蛋白尿和冠状动脉病变程度的相关性.方法 选择因疑诊CHD而行冠状动脉造影患者187例,以冠脉病变支数和Gensini评分系统评价冠状动脉病变程度,以晨尿白蛋白/肌酐比值（ACR）衡量尿微量白蛋白（MAU）.结果 MAU阴性者CHD发病率显著低于MAU阳性者（P＜0.01）,MAU阳性者出现1、2、3支冠脉病变率和冠脉病变血管支数、Gensini总积分均高于MAU阴性者（均P＜0.05） ACR值随着冠脉病变支数的增加而升高,且任意冠脉病变支数组之间ACR值的差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.Pearson相关分析表明,ACR值与Gensini总积分存在正相关（r=0.593,P＜0.01）.结论 MAU定性和定量均能反映非糖尿病CHD患者冠状动脉病变的程度.     

尿微量白蛋白检测在哮喘急性重度发作期肾损害的诊断价值

目的探讨尿微量白蛋白检测在哮喘急性重度发作期肾损害的诊断价值。方法收集34例急性重度发作期、缓解期患者晨尿、空腹静脉血，采用酶联免疫测定法测定尿微量白蛋白，并测定肌酐（Cr）、血尿素氮（BUN）。结果哮喘患者在急性重度发作期尿微量白蛋白较正常对照及缓解期显著性升高（P〈0．05），重度急性发作期Cr及BUN无明显改变（P〉0．05）。结论尿微量蛋白在急性重度发作期肾功能受损时较肾功能指标Cr，BUN改变出现早，是诊断肾功能早期损害的敏感指标。     

尿微量白蛋白与冠心病的关系

目的：探讨尿微量白蛋白与冠心痛的关系。方法：选择体重指数无统计学差别的正常对照组及冠心病组[其中包括：急性心肌梗死组（AMI），不稳定心绞痛组（UAP）和稳定心绞痛组（SAP）]，分别测定其尿微量白蛋白（MAU）、尿白蛋白排泄率（UAER）、甘油三脂（TG）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）及空腹血糖（FBG）等指标。结果：与对照组比较，SAP组和UAP组UAER差别有显著性（P〈0．05）；与SAP组比较，UAP组差别无显著性（P〉0．05），AMI组UAER差别有显著性（P〈0．05）；与UAP组比较，AMI组UAER差别有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论：尿微量白蛋白可以作为判断心血管事件发生及严重程度的指标之一。     

冠心病患者血清sCD40 L水平与尿微量白蛋白的关系

目的：探讨冠心病（CHD）患者血清sCD40L水平与尿微量白蛋白（MAU）的关系。方法将CHD患者60例按尿微量白蛋白含量分为MAU组和尿正常白蛋白（NMAU）组,将两组患者血清sCD40L水平与MAU进行比较并与对照组对比分析。结果 CHD两组血清sCD40L水平显著高于对照组（P＜0．05）;CHD两组血清sCD40L水平比较：MAU组高于NMAU组（P＜0．05）;比较两组尿蛋白排泄量（UAE）的含量：NMAU组明显低于MAU,对照组明显低于NMAU组,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0．05）;观察组血清sCD40L水平与尿白蛋白排泄量（UAE）正相关。结论 CD40－CD40L系统参与CHD的发病过程;CHD患者早期肾损害与sCD40L密切相关。     

冠心病患者颈动脉内膜-中层厚度及微量白蛋白尿与冠状动脉病变的关系

目的探讨冠心病患者冠状动脉病变程度与颈动脉内膜-中层厚度（IMT）及尿微量白蛋白（MAU）的相关性。方法选择2009年10月～2011年11月我院行冠状动脉造影者82例,根据血管病变程度分为冠状动脉造影正常组（n=24）、单支病变组（n=22）、双支病变组（n=16）、三支及多支病变组（n=20）,Gensini法计算冠状动脉病变程度积分：在冠状动脉造影前及冠状动脉造影后1周进行颈动脉超声,检查患者双侧颈动脉IMT及斑块情况,同时测定MAU,分析冠心病病变程度和颈动脉粥样硬化及MAU水平的相关性。结果与冠状动脉正常组比较,单支病变组、双支病变组和二三支及多支病变组的颈总动脉IMT明显增厚,而且随着冠状动脉病变程度的加重,其颈动脉IMT、斑块发生率、斑块积分及MAU亦随之增加,差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0．05）。MAU与Gensin-S呈正相关（r：0．54,P〈0．05）,与颈动脉IMT亦呈正相关（r=0．57,P〈0．05）。结论颈动脉IMT及MAU水平同冠状动脉病变程度具有相关性,通过测定颈动脉IMT及MAU含量可预测冠状动脉的病变程度。     

2型糖尿病踝肱指数和尿白蛋白肌酐比关系

目的观察2型糖尿病患者踝肱指数（ABI）和尿白蛋白肌酐比（尿ACR）关系。方法对487名2型糖尿病患者采用Es1000SPM多普勒血流探测仪测定ABI,并依据ABI分组,周围动脉病变（PAD）组（ABI〈0．9）,非血管病变组ABI≥0．9,同时检测所有患者尿ACR,进行组间比较,并对二者进行线性相关分析。结果ABI〈0．9者72例,占14．78％,与非血管病变组比较,PAD组尿ACR异常率显著增高,P〈0．01;相关分析显示,2型糖尿病患者ABI与尿ACR呈显著负相关（r=-0．327,P〈0．01）。结论ABI和尿ACR检查可作为筛查2型糖尿病患者周围血管病变与糖尿病肾病的方法,二者存在一定的关联。     

上海真如社区2型糖尿病患者尿白蛋1h／肌酐比值现况调查

目的：调查分析上海真如社区2型糖尿病患者尿白蛋白／肌酐比值（ACR）、白蛋白尿患病率及其影响因素,为社区糖尿病慢性并发症防治工作提供方向和方法。方法：检测真如社区糖尿病门诊建档的824名2型糖尿病患者尿微量白蛋白和尿肌酐并计算尿ACR,同时收集患者的年龄、糖尿病病程、血压、体质量指数（BMI）、血肌酐（cr）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）等基本情况,通过简化MDRD公式计算肾小球滤过率（GFR）。结果：在824名糖尿病患者中,微量白蛋白尿和大量白蛋白尿患病率分别为24．15％和3．03％。按年龄分组,白蛋白尿患病率与年龄呈正相关（P〈0．05）。异常白蛋白尿组的GFR〈60ml/（min·1．73m-2）的比例较之正常白蛋白尿组显著升高（23．2％：9．5％,P〈0．05）。按性别分层,在男性患者中,HbA1c、Cr、病程、收缩压和舒张压是影响尿ACR的独立危险因素;而HbA1c、Cr及收缩压是影响女性尿ACR的独立危险因素。结论：糖尿病患者白蛋白尿与HbA1C、血压等可控因素相关,在男性患者中亦与糖尿病病程相关。对于社区糖尿病医务工作者来说,要严格控制患者的血糖和血压,并要早期开展慢性并发症的筛查工作,真正做到早诊断早治疗。     

依那普利联合美托洛尔治疗老年慢性充血性心力衰竭的临床观察

目的：XE察常规治疗基础上联合应用依那普利和美托洛尔治疗老年慢性充血性心力衰竭的疗效。方法：选择60例老年慢性充血性心力衰竭（CHF）患者，随机分为对照组（n=30）和观察组（n=30）。观察组在常规治疗的基础上，加用依那普利和美托洛尔，比较两组疗效。结果：观察组28例有效，总有效率93．33％，对照组21例有效，总有效率70．00％，两组间差异有显著性（P〈0．05），且观察组心率明显下降，左宣射血分数明显上升（P〈0．05）。结论：依那普利和美托洛尔联合应用能有效改善老年慢性CHF患者的心功能，提高患者的生活质量，降低死亡率。     

非糖尿病老年高血压人群动态血压与尿微量白蛋白关系探讨

目的探讨非糖尿病老年高血压人群24h动态血压和尿微量白蛋白的关系。方法住院老年高血压患者100例,排除糖尿病,按照尿微量自蛋白（MAU）水平分为MAU〈30mg／24h组和MAU／〉30mg／24h组,观察两组之间动态血压、血肌酐水平等情况。结果MAU／〉30mg／24h组血肌酐水平、夜间收缩压、24h平均血压和夜间平均血压均高于MAU〈30mg／24h组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。多元逐步logistic同归分析显示,血肌酐和夜间平均血压是高尿微量白蛋白的独立预测因子。结论对非糖尿病的老年高血压人群,动态血压监测尤其是夜间血压变化对高血压所致肾损害的严重程嚏有预测价值。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.