超声心动图对心律失常胎儿预后的预测价值

胎儿心律失常是一种较常见的胎儿疾病。超声心动图能在产前对胎儿心律失常进行分类和诊断已早有报道,为探讨超声心动图对提示胎儿心律失常预后的预测价值,我们对134例行超声心动图检查发现心律失常的胎儿进行了随访(死胎经尸检证实),将结果报道如下。     

胎儿心律失常的临床意义及预后的研究

目的 总结胎儿心律失常原因，进一步探讨其临床意义及对胎儿预后的影响。方法 采用回顾性分析方法，对26例胎儿心律失常孕妇的情况、胎儿心律失常的临床表现、诊断方法及长期随诊结果进行总结。结果 胎儿心律失常的发生率为0．2％。26例胎儿心律失常中，3例为胎儿心动过速(11．5％)，4例为胎儿心动过缓(15．4％)，19例为不规则胎儿心律(73．1％)；胎儿心律失常平均诊断孕周为35托周(15～41^ 1周)。26例中22例为产前胎心听诊时发现胎儿心律失常；1例为妊娠15周超声检查时发现胎儿心律失常；3例胎心监测发现胎儿心律失常。17例产前进行了胎儿超声心动检查，心脏结构未见异常，其中6例胎儿超声心动检查提示胎儿房性早搏，占35．3％，余未见异常。产后新生儿均存活，随诊24例(92．3％)，16例新生儿进行了超声心动检查，其中2例诊断为先天性心脏病，均为房间膈缺损。先天性心脏病新生儿在心律失常胎儿中发生率为7．7％。结论 大多数心律失常的胎儿预后是好的，心脏畸形的发生率很低。对于持续性心率慢的胎儿，需注意心脏结构异常的存在；对于心律失常胎儿的处理采用期待疗法，根据产科指征决定终止妊娠的方式。     

胎儿心律失常的诊断和治疗进展

胎儿心律失常发病机制尚未明确.通过胎心听诊、超声检查、连续胎心监护以及胎儿超声心动图检查,可准确地诊断胎儿心律失常,并进行相应处理.对于胎儿心动过速者,行胎儿超声心动图检查后,通常可继续监测;药物可用于控制持续性胎儿心动过速.对出现持续心动过缓胎儿,免疫抗体检测阳性妊娠妇女应进行密切监测,需要除外胎儿心脏畸形;对出现不规则心律胎儿,可临床随诊,药物治疗效果有限.大多数心律失常胎儿预后好,心脏畸形发生率很低.     

胎儿心律失常的临床诊断与治疗

随着胎儿心血管系统临床监护日趋被重视 ,以及医疗检查设备的改善 ,近年来 ,关于胎儿及新生儿心律失常的报道逐渐增多。胎儿时期发生心律失常可导致宫内死亡和新生儿死亡率增加 ,尤其是伴有非免疫性水肿的胎儿[1] 。目前 ,胎儿心律失常的诊断主要依靠Ｍ型超声心动图 (Ｍ ＵＣＧ)及脉冲多谱勒频谱诊断 ,发生的心律失常种类主要为室上性心动过速 (室上速 )及心房扑动 (房扑 )。但仍无理想的治疗药物及给药途径[1,2 ] 。现就目前有关胎儿心律失常的诊断与治疗方法介绍如下。一、发病机理胎儿心律失常较成人相对少见 ,但可引起胎儿非免疫性水肿 …     

胎儿心律失常的超声心动图检测及其临床意义

目的 探讨超声心动图检测对胎儿心律失常的诊断价值及临床意义。方法 采用超声心动图对725例胎龄16-41周临床疑诊为心律失常或存在其他异常的胎儿进行检测。结果 共检出胎儿心律失常90例。其中,期前收缩72例(房性期前收缩65例,室性期前收缩7例),心动过缓9例,心动过速6例,2:1房室传导阻滞2例,心房扑动1例。4例心动过缓胎儿并发先天性心血管畸形患者,2例在随访过程中死于宫内(尸体解剖证实为单心室伴肺动脉瓣狭窄1例,心脏横纹肌瘤1例),2例终止妊娠(尸体解剖证实为二尖瓣闭锁1例,共同房室通道1例)。1例胎龄38周心房扑动胎儿经吸氧及严密监护24h后,心律失常无缓解,立即行剖宫产术,出生后应用西地兰后心律转为窦性。其余85例胎儿心律失常均为阵发性,不伴有胎儿心脏形态、结构畸形及胎儿水肿,均足月出生,出生后听诊均未闻及心脏杂音及心律失常。结论 胎儿超声心动图是产前检查胎儿心律失常的可靠的无创性影像技术,其应用有助于早期检出并指导心律失常胎儿的处理。     

不同类型胎儿心律失常的临床近远期预后分析

目的:对胎儿心律失常孕妇进行随访,分析其近远期预后,为临床工作提供参考。方法:回顾性分析2004年4月至2010年12月于中国医科大学附属盛京医院进行胎儿心脏超声检查诊断为胎儿心律失常的541例孕妇的临床资料,并进行追踪随访。结果:①541例胎儿心律失常孕妇中,胎儿期前收缩303例(56.01%);快速胎儿心律失常196例(36.23%),其中窦性心动过速92例,室上性心动过速101例,心房扑动3例;胎儿心动过缓42例(7.76%),其中房室传导阻滞8例,窦性心动过缓34例。②共随访391例,失访150例,随访时间1～5年。其中合并胎儿心脏结构异常18例(3.33%),随访15例,有14例终止妊娠放弃胎儿;未合并胎儿心脏结构异常孕妇中有3例因出现胎儿水肿、心力衰竭终止妊娠;不愿承担风险自愿选择终止妊娠10例,分别为室上性心动过速1例,心房扑动2例,房室传导阻滞4例,严重窦性心动过缓3例。产前给予药物治疗共10例,8例有效,2例无效出现胎儿水肿终止妊娠。③共计364例患者继续妊娠,其中期前收缩的胎儿211例,后随访仅1例转归异常;快速胎儿心律失常中窦性心动过速65例和室上性心动过速67例均无转归异常;胎儿心动过缓21例,仅1例于新生儿期死亡。转归正常的患儿生长发育情况等同于正常同龄儿,预后良好。结论:胎儿心律失常类型多样,预后不同,应根据具体类型决定个体化治疗和临床处理方案。发生胎儿心力衰竭、水肿和合并有心脏畸形时,提示预后不良,需要积极进行临床干预,必要时终止妊娠放弃胎儿。胎儿期前收缩临床上最常见,其和胎儿窦性心动过速、室上性心动过速的预后较好。     

胎儿心律失常治疗进展

胎儿心律失常是引起胎儿和新生儿死亡的重要原因.随着超声技术的进展,胎儿心律失常的产前诊断和治疗进展迅速.本文就胎儿心律失常的发病情况,宫内治疗及相关问题进行综述.     

胎儿心律失常的多普勒频谱特征

应用脉冲多普勒超声心动图仪对临床检查发现有心律失常的妊娠２４～４０周的胎儿的８２例，进行检测，同时获取胎儿左室流入道和流出道血流频谱。通过分析房室激动顺序、频谱特征和时相关系，分类诊断胎儿心律失常，其中窦性心动过缓１７例，窦性心动过速１６例，房性早搏２８例，室性早搏１６例，２：１ ＩＩ型二度房室传导阻滞３例，心房颤动２例。常见胎儿心律失常频谱特征为新生儿多普勒与心电图同步检查所证实。表明脉冲多普勒     

胎儿心律失常的诊断和治疗

胎儿心电监护及胎儿超声心动图是发现胎心律异常的主要检查手段。频发严重的胎心律异常,尤其伴心脏畸形或心脏器质性病变的胎心律异常可导致不良围产儿结局。早期诊断、及时治疗严重的胎心律异常可明显改善围产儿预后,减少围产儿不良结局的发生。     

Clinical spectrum of fetal long QT syndrome: a single-center experience

Objective: A considerable proportion of unexplained intrauterine fetal deaths are attributed to long QT syndrome (LQTS) susceptibility. Additionally, the estimated prevalence of LQTS in newborns is 1 in 2000. Still, prenatal diagnosis of LQTS is very rare. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of prenatal diagnosis of LQTS at our institution, present the cases, compare our findings with the existing literature and propose a possible screening approach.

Methods: We searched our fetal database between 2006 and 2013 for cases with suspected diagnosis of LQTS.

Results: During the investigation period around 26?000 fetuses were evaluated and three cases of suspected fetal LQTS identified. Two cases of familial LQTS had no or mild intrauterine manifestation of the condition, the third fetus had a de-novo mutation with severe, early-onset disease.

Conclusions: LQTS continues to be a challenging prenatal diagnosis. In fetuses who present with complex arrhythmias, a high degree of suspicion is required, and close surveillance and timely delivery in the presence of a multidisciplinary team are necessary. For asymptomatic cases or screening purposes, routine fetal heart rate registration and detailed assessment of cases with a low for gestational age baseline may be an option.     

Sinusoidal fetal heart rate

Two cases with sinusoidal fetal heart rates (SHR) with good perinatal outcome are reported. Since nonstress tests, oxytocin challenge tests and serum free estriols were normal, SHR was considered not indicative of fetal compromise. A SHR can occasionally be found in connection with reactive nonstress test. In those cases it may be of minor importance when compared to the situations when the tracing also shows a nonreactive nonstress test and the perinatal outcome is often poor.     

Antepartum fetal heart rate monitoring: I. A semi-quantitative evaluation of the ‘non-stressed’ fetal heart rate

1964 recordings (from 246 patients) were analysed on the basis of a semi-quantitative evaluation of base-line heart rate variability. All the tracings were obtained in the antepartum period, between the 20th wk of pregnancy and prior to the onset of labour. None of the recordings were made during labour or after induction of uterine activity so that a ‘non-stressed’ fetal heart rate test was obtained in every case. The percentage of flat tracing in each recording and the presence of sinusoidal patterns were compared with the neonatal outcome. When the tracings included a more than 50% flat pattern, 81.8% of the babies were distressed at birth. When a less than 50% flat recording was present only 11.4% of the neonates were distressed. Sinusoidal patterns were more frequently associated with abnormal tracings including those with more than 50% flat recordings. The presence of sinusoidal features did not significantly influence the neonatal outcome for tracings with a less than 50% anomaly: conversely sinusoidal patterns superimposed on a more than 50% flat tracing were predictive of fetal compromise and neonatal distress in 100% of the cases. These results allow to advocate the use of ‘non-stressed’ antepartum fetal heart rate monitoring, as a reliable test in the management of high risk pregnancies.     

胎儿心律失常的诊疗进展

胎儿心律失常的性质与类型预示胎儿的转归并影响临床处理及预后。频发严重的胎儿心律失常或伴心脏结构缺陷的胎儿心律失常,可致不良围产儿结局。因此,早期发现、诊断高风险的胎儿心律失常并正确进行宫内干预,可改善胎儿预后。     

Experimentally produced sinusoidal fetal heart rate pattern in the chronically instrumented fetal lamb

A sinusoidal fetal heart rate and elevated fetal arginine vasopressin levels were found in two bled fetal lambs. Arginine vasopressin was continuously infused intravenously in chronically instrumented fetal lambs at rates ranging between 1.0 and 90 mlU/kg/min. No sinusoidal heart rate occurred in 21 experiments on six control animals with intact vagal nerves. Atropine at doses less than 0.4 mg had no effect (six experiments on three animals). Higher doses of atropine (greater than 1.2 mg) resulted in sinusoidal heart rate (24 experiments on six animals). Twenty-three infusions were performed in five bilaterally vagotomized fetuses, and the sinusoidal heart rate was successfully induced in 17 experiments. The arginine vasopressin infusion rate was less than 1.5 mlU/kg/min on the six occasions in which the sinusoidal heart rate did not appear. All sinusoidal heart rate patterns were associated with fluctuation of fetal arterial pressure at the same frequency. There was a linear correlation between the amplitude of sinusoidal heart rate and magnitude of arterial blood pressure fluctuation. The amplitude of sinusoidal heart rate increased with the concentration of arginine vasopressin infused. Modification of sinusoidal heart rate pattern was attempted with use of sympathetic agonists and antagonists. The possible etiology and mechanisms of sinusoidal heart rate pattern are discussed.     

胎动监测意义的再评估

胎动计数是常用的胎儿产前监测方法之一,胎动正常模式的改变预示着胎儿宫内状态异常。研究发现,胎动减少常是胎儿窘迫的首要征象,与死胎、胎盘功能不全、胎儿生长受限等不良妊娠结局相关;妊娠32周后胎动增加是正常的胎动规律,但单次过度运动与死胎有关。临床上通过孕妇自数胎动的方式初步评估胎儿宫内安危以便早期发现胎儿异常,减少不良妊娠结局的发生,这种方法具有经济、方便、简单、能反映部分问题的特点,但是较为主观,孕妇个体感受的胎动差异较大。     

胎心中央监护及远程监护的评价

胎心中央监护及远程监护是胎儿电子监护和计算机网络技术相结合的结晶,通过网络将医院监护仪与家庭监护仪连接到产科中央监护站,经电脑处理后进行信息贮存和分析,以便更方便、更完善地评价胎儿状况,有效改善胎儿预后。