绒毛活检应用于产前诊断36例临床分析

目的 探讨早孕期经宫颈吸取绒毛术的安全性及临床价值。方法 对36例有产前诊断指征的孕妇采用超声引导下经宫颈吸取绒毛术,取得绒毛标本送实验室进行相关检测。结果 1次取材成功为27例,2次取材成功为7例,总成功率94.4%。主要不良反应有腹痛,阴道少量流血。无1例早期发生流产。选择继续妊娠的22例孕妇中有21例足月产出正常活婴,1例于妊娠25周因胎膜早破而流产。结论 早期产前诊断手段,能避免孕中期的引产手术,减少缺陷儿的出生,有助于优生优育。     

绒毛活检应用于产前诊断36例临床分析

目的 探讨早孕期经宫颈吸取绒毛术的安全性及临床价值。方法 对36例有产前诊断指征的孕妇采用超声引导下经宫颈吸取绒毛术，取得绒毛标本送实验室进行相关检测。结果 1次取材成功为27例，2次取材成功为7例。总成功率94.4％。主要不良反应有腹痛，阴道少量流血。无1例早期发生流产。选择继续妊娠的22例孕妇中有21例足月产出正常活婴，1例于妊娠25周因胎膜早破而流产。结论 早期产前诊断手段，能避免孕中期的引产手术，减少缺陷儿的出生，有助于优生优育．     

Prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis. Amniotic cell culture versus chorionic villus sampling

Chorionic villus sampling is under evaluation throughout the world. Amniocentesis with amniotic cell culture is reliable for the diagnosis of certain types of genetic disease in the second trimester, and has been the subject of extensive clinical and laboratory audit. Chorionic villus sampling has the advantage of the early diagnosis (for example, at 10 weeks) of chromosomal abnormalities, a shorter delay with results after the diagnostic procedure, and is, for some couples, a more socially and morally acceptable method of antenatal diagnosis. In current experience, the disadvantages of chorionic villus sampling include an increased fetal loss and an increased diagnostic error rate. Another factor is the early diagnosis of fetuses with chromosomal abnormalities--a proportion of whom would have miscarried spontaneously before being detected at an amniocentesis at 16 weeks. This has implications for an increased rate of therapeutic terminations of pregnancy. Chorionic villus sampling and amniotic cell culture are discussed and comparisons are drawn that concern the clinical advantages and diagnostic issues which are inherent in each method of prenatal diagnosis.     

早期妊娠自然流产患者的超声表现与绒毛染色体核型分析

【目的】 探讨早期妊娠自然流产患者的不同超声表现与绒毛染色体异常的关系?【方法】 2008年1月至2011年12月,在我院诊治的早期自然流产患者,流产前有定期B超和人绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)测定,流产后成功行绒毛细胞培养和染色体核型分析者共183例?根据流产前的B超分为有胎心组和无胎心组,比较两组的染色体核型分析结果有无差异?【结果】 183例绒毛染色体核型分析中,检出异常核型109例(59.6%),正常核型74例(40.4%)?有胎心组102例,异常染色体发生率61.8%,无胎心组81例,异常染色体发生率56.8%,两组比较无统计学差异(P > 0.05)?有胎心组中最常见的异常染色体为(45,X)?三倍体和16三体,而无胎心组中最常见的异常染色体为16三体,无1例(45,X)和三倍体?有胎心组中可存活常染色体三体(21三体?18三体?13三体)?(45,X)?三倍体29例,占异常染色体的(46.0%),明显高于无胎心组,仅3例,占异常染色体的6.5%,(P < 0.05)?在有胎心组中,可存活常染色体三体(21三体?18三体?13三体)?(45,X)?三倍体的胚芽长度平均(17.7 ± 6.4)mm,明显大于其他异常染色体的胚芽长度(8.8 ± 5.3)mm (P < 0.05)和正常染色体的胚芽长度(11.1 ± 8.4) mm(P < 0.05)?【结论】 绒毛染色体异常是早期自然流产的主要原因,可存活常染色体三体(21三体?18三体?13三体)?(45,X)?三倍体多发生于已有胎心的自然流产者?     

SOCS3在早期流产患者蜕膜及绒毛组织中的表达

目的探讨细胞因子信号转导负调控因子3(SOCS3)在早期流产患者蜕膜及绒毛膜绒毛组织中的表达。方法选择早期流产患者40例为早期流产组,以同期非意愿条件下行人流术的正常妊娠妇女40例为正常对照组,采用免疫组化SP法和逆转录-聚合酶链反应法(RT-PCR)检测两组妊娠蜕膜及绒毛组织SOCS3蛋白及mRNA的表达水平,进行半定量分析。结果①早期流产患者组年龄、孕周与正常对照组年龄、孕周之间比较,差异无统计学意义;②SOCS3在两组蜕膜及绒毛组织中均有表达,早期流产组的蜕膜及绒毛组织中SOCS3蛋白表达量明显低于正常对照组;SOCS3 mRNA在早期流产组的蜕膜及绒毛组织中表达量明显低于正常对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论SOCS3蛋白及mRNA在早期流产组表达降低,可能与早期妊娠流产有关;SOCS3可能对早期妊娠的维持起保护作用。     

早期自然流产胎儿绒毛细胞培养及染色体核型分析

目的 探讨早期自然流的原因及流产胎儿绒毛染色体核型检查的意义.方法 应用长期培养法对60例早期自然流产的胎儿绒毛组织进行绒毛细胞培养,并对培养成功的绒毛细胞制备染色体及核型分析.结果 60例自然流产的绒毛组织中绒毛细胞培养成功56例(93.3%),56例中检出异常核型32例(57.1%),其中常染色体三体16例、多倍体...     

Outcome of 1500 consecutive chorionic villus samplings

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical complications and diagnostic problems of chorionic villus sampling. DESIGN: A pragmatic retrospective analysis. SETTING: Tertiary obstetric referrals mostly to private practice; sampling carried out at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital; diagnostic analysis usually at Oliver Latham Laboratory, or the Clinical Immunology Research Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, New South Wales. PATIENTS: 1500 women in the first trimester of pregnancy requesting prenatal diagnosis because of a risk of chromosomal or inherited genetic disorder in the fetus. INTERVENTIONS: Ultrasound-guided passage of a catheter into the chorion through the cervix. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence of unintended abortion, preterm births, low weight infants and discrepant karyotypes. RESULTS: There were 42 unintended abortions (3.0%), about 0.4% higher than the background abortion rate in women of similar age. Abortion did not occur more frequently in women with vaginal bleeding earlier in that pregnancy. Rates of preterm births and birth of low birthweight infants did not differ from the general population. A second diagnostic test was required in 68 women (4.5%). Mosaicism and tetraploidy were usually confined to the chorion. CONCLUSION: Chorionic villus sampling is an acceptable diagnostic test. Amniocentesis should be offered to patients who show mosaicism or tetraploidy.     

用免疫组织化学方法鉴别异位妊娠与正常妊娠

对57例内膜刮出组织和宫内流出组织均未检出绒毛膜绒毛。用抗血清标记绒毛滋养层的人绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)、人胎盘催乳素(HPL)和妊娠特异糖蛋白(SPI),结果18例被标记,37例未被标记。临床证明未被标记的37例为异位妊娠。表明用激素标记子宫内膜可提高异位妊娠的诊断率。     

不明原因早期自然流产患者绒毛和蜕膜组织中Bcl-2和Fas蛋白的表达

目的探讨Bcl-2和FAS蛋白在人不明原因早期自然流产绒毛和蜕膜组织中的表达及其意义。方法应用免疫组化SABC法和图像分析检测Bcl-2和FAS蛋白在孕5~9周绒毛和蜕膜组织中的分布和变化规律。结果 Bcl-2和Fas蛋白均主要分布于绒毛合体滋养层、细胞滋养层和蜕膜细胞的胞质内。Bcl-2蛋白在正常妊娠组的水平显著高于自然流产组（P（0.05）,Fas蛋白在自然流产组的水平显著高于正常妊娠组（P（0.05）。结论 Bcl-2和FAS蛋白在人不明原因早期自然流产过程中可能发挥重要作用。     

Prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis study of 2782 cases of high-risk pregnant women

Background Prenatal diagnoses are extremely advantageous for pregnant women with high-risk indicators and can help prevent the birth of malformed infants. However, no large-scale statistical study analyzing the correlation between fetal chromosome disorders and abnormal indicators during pregnancy has been done in China. The objectives of this study were to diagnose and analyze fetal chromosome abnormalities, determine the feasibility of the various prenatal test methods and establish diagnostic guidelines for the early, middle, and late trimesters. Methods From January 2004 to May 2009, 2782 pregnant women at high-risk underwent prenatal diagnoses. Categorized data expressed as either actual counts or percentages were analyzed by the chi-square or Fisher＇s exact test. Chorionic villus sampling was performed in the early-trimester （10-12 weeks of gestation）, amniocentesis in mid-trimester （16-28 weeks of gestation）, and umbilical cord blood collection in mid- or late-trimester （16-37 weeks of gestation）. In 51 cases either autopsy samples from intrauterine fetal deaths or placental tissues from aborted fetuses were tested. Results Chromosomal abnormalities were observed in 3.99% （111/2782） of the samples. Overall, the success rate of cytogenetic analysis for high-risk pregnancy groups was 98.17% （2731/2782）. It was significantly less successful when used to analyze data from the chorionic villus sampling compared with that from amniocentesis and umbilical cord blood （P=-0.000）. Abnormal chromosome carriers had the highest percentage of abnormal chromosomes （67.86%） when compared with chromosomal abnormalities in patients with ultra-sonographic ＂soft markers＂ （11.81%）, advanced maternal age （4.51%） and those who had positive serum screening results （P=-0.000）. Conclusions Invasive prenatal diagnostic techniques are feasible tools for confirming fetal chromosomal abnormalities. Abnormal chromosomes detected in one of the parents carrying abnormal chromosome, ultrasound soft markers, advanced maternal age or positive serum screening results were associated with a higher frequency of fetal genetic diseases.     

体外受精胚胎移植术后稽留流产56例胎儿绒毛染色体分析

目的探讨体外受精一胚胎移植（IVF—ET）术后稽留流产的发生与胎儿染色体核型异常的关系。方法取56例IVF—ET术后稽留流产孕妇（孕8～12周）的胎儿绒毛组织,进行绒毛染色体制备和G显带并进行核型分析。结果56例稽留流产胎儿绒毛染色体核型培养成功54例,失败2例。核型异常5例,异常率为9．26％。其中数目异常4例,染色体结构异常1例。结论染色体异常是稽留流产的重要原因之一,对IVF-ET术后稽留流产胎儿绒毛进行染色体分析可为病因诊断以及优生指导提供重要的依据。     

Chorionic villi sampling: cytogenetic and clinical findings in 500 pregnancies

The cytogenetic findings were analysed in a series of 500 pregnancies in which chorionic villi sampling was performed. In all cases a direct method was used, karyotyping being successful in 481 cases (96.2%). The main indication for sampling was maternal age over 36 (412 cases; 82.4%). Abnormal laboratory findings resulted in 24 terminations of pregnancy (4.8%); in addition five unexpected balanced chromosome rearrangements were detected. Twelve of 15 cytogenetic discrepancies were detected at amniocentesis, two after termination, and one at spontaneous abortion. Complete follow up data were available for the first 250 patients, among whom nine pregnancies (3.6%) ended in spontaneous abortion before the 20th week. There were no false negative findings. Seventy additional chromosome studies were performed because of failure of chorionic villi sampling or equivocal results, or for confirmation. Counselling before chorionic villi sampling should include the possibility that subsequent amniocentesis may be needed should mosaicism or other unexpected abnormalities be found. The success rate and accuracy of karyotyping chorionic villi samples by the direct method are acceptable but distinctly less than those of karyotyping cultured amniotic fluid cells.     

1160例孕早期绒毛染色体细胞遗传学分析

目的：评价绒毛细胞染色体核型分析在孕早期产前诊断中的应用价值。方法对有产前诊断指征的孕妇在 B 超引导下经腹绒毛穿刺抽取绒毛组织行细胞培养、染色体制备及核型分析。结果成功培养绒毛细胞1140例,成功率为98．2％（1140／1160）,共检测出62例染色体非多态性结构异常。其中包括32例染色体数目异常,5例染色体平衡易位,3例染色体缺失,22例嵌合体。同时还检测出20例染色体倒位,包括19例9号染色体倒位,1例 Y 倒位。结论孕早期绒毛细胞染色体检查能及早发现胎儿染色体异常并早期干预,对于减少染色体畸形儿的出生具有重要的意义。     

早期超声筛查在体外受精-胚胎移植妊娠中的临床应用价值

目的探讨早期超声筛查在体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)妊娠中的临床应用价值。方法对2010年1月至12月在本院生殖中心接受IVF-ET的685例孕妇于妊娠早期(11~13+6周)进行超声筛查, 内容包括胎数、多胎绒毛膜性及孕龄的确定, 胎儿早期结构异常筛查, 超声软标记(sonographic markers)检测;对异常胎儿选择性行绒毛取样或羊水穿刺术, 对确定为三胎或双胎之一致死性畸形者行减胎术;并追踪所有孕妇的妊娠过程和临床结局。结果685例受检IVF-ET孕妇中, 单胎妊娠440例, 发生率64.23%;双胎妊娠244例, 发生率35.62%;三胎妊娠1例, 发生率0.15%。单胎妊娠早期共发现7例胎儿超声异常, 临床确诊5例。双胎妊娠早期共发现6例超声异常, 临床确诊3例。除去三胎, 本组IVF-ET孕妇总的胎儿畸形发生率为0.86%(8/928), 其中2例经染色体检查确诊, 另有2例接受减胎术。结论通过对IVF-ET妊娠早期(11~13+6周)进行超声筛查, 可以提高异常胎儿早期检出率, 并对多胎及异常胎儿的早期处理有临床指导意义。     

Chorionic biopsy for prenatal diagnosis. An investigative study of 110 cases

The results of experimental chorionic villus biopsies in 100 first-trimester pregnancies in patients who were undergoing suction termination are presented, together with the results of biopsies from 10 continuing pregnancies. The trends that were observed confirm previous findings that chorionic biopsy can be employed to diagnose chromosomal, genetic and biochemical disorders in the first trimester of pregnancy. The risks surrounding the procedure and the need for continuing assessment and development are discussed.     

Low fetal loss rates after ultrasound-proved viability in early pregnancy

Once pregnancy is recognized clinically, it is accepted that 12% to 15% undergo spontaneous abortion. However, the actual time of fetal demise has not yet been determined. To address this question, the outcomes of pregnancies identified before 21 days of conception by serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin assays were studied. All subjects underwent ultrasound examinations at eight and 12 weeks' gestation. Among 220 women who had a viable pregnancy at eight weeks, only seven (3.2%) experienced a fetal loss thereafter. The results of this study suggest that most clinically recognized spontaneous abortions manifested after eight weeks actually represent pregnancies in which fetal demise occurred before eight weeks. These findings have important implications with respect to the safety of chorionic villi sampling and to the identification of exogenous agents that cause fetal wastage.     

First trimester prenatal diagnosis of congenital rubella: a laboratory investigation

Acute primary maternal infection with rubella virus during pregnancy often, but not invariably, leads to the congenital rubella syndrome. Diagnosis by detection of virus specific IgM in the mother is not always possible, and in those cases in which IgM is detected the fetus has not necessarily also been infected. A method for direct, prenatal detection of fetal infection would allow more accurate early diagnosis of congenital rubella syndrome. In this study a case of suspected preconception rubella infection that was not referred until 14 weeks after the appearance of a rash was studied to determine whether a retrospective serological diagnosis of primary rubella could be made, and whether direct evidence of fetal infection could be obtained from a chorionic villus biopsy specimen by detecting virus specific antigens or ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequences. Monoclonal antibodies and a cloned complementary deoxyribonucleic acid probe were used successfully to detect antigens to rubella virus antigens and RNA sequences in the chorionic villus biopsy specimen, which was taken at 15 weeks' gestation. This method should serve as a new approach to the diagnosis of congenital rubella syndrome in utero.     

肌肉注射氨甲喋呤治疗异位妊娠

[目的 ]探讨氨甲喋呤单次肌肉注射治疗异位妊娠的效果及适应症 .[方法 ]对 2 1例异位妊娠患者单次肌肉注射氨甲喋呤 ,剂量为 5 0mg/m2 ,每周检测绒毛膜促性腺激素水平 .[结果 ]17例 (80 % )成功 ,4例失败 ,成功与否与首次检测时的血绒毛膜促性腺激素值高低有关 .[结论 ]肌肉注射氨甲喋呤是简便而有效的治疗早期异位妊娠的方法之一 ,但应严格掌握适应症 .适用于异位妊娠包块直径小于 5cm、无内出血、血绒毛膜促性激素低于 16 0 0 μg/L者     

母血清生化二联、三联标记物筛查胎儿唐氏综合征

目的 用母血清生化标记物筛查胎儿唐氏综合征(Down’s syndrome,DS)等先天异常。方法 应用孕妇血清指标和时间分辨荧光免疫分析法对本院1996年11月-2001年3月在本科产前检查的2886例孕妇进行DS胎儿筛查。对高危孕妇作羊腹腔穿刺或早孕绒毛取材以得到胎儿染色体。对应用的指标捡出率及假阳性率进行分析。结果 共捡出11例DS,8例无脑儿;DS检出率3．8‰。结论 妊娠相关血浆蛋白A(PAPP-A)筛查胎儿DS有很好的价值并能使产前诊断时期提前,甲胎蛋白 游离人绒毛膜促性腺激素(AFP freeβ-HCG)可用于检测DS和胎儿异常。     

双酚A对人早孕绒毛组织IGF1、TGFβ31、ADAM12表达的影响

目的:研究双酚 A(BPA)水平与人早孕胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF1),转化生长因子β1(TGFβ1),以及解整合素样金属蛋白酶 12 (ADAMl2)表达的关系,探讨BPA 对绒毛组织可能带来的影响.方法:以 40 例早期妊娠 (6～8)周的新鲜绒毛组织进行体外培养,培养基中加入不同浓度的 BPA:A组为1000×1...