症状性良性前列腺增生患者的性功能调查

目的:调查伴有下尿路症状(LUTS)的良性前列腺增生(BPH)患者治疗前性功能障碍的程度,并分析性功能障碍与LUTS、年龄的相关性。方法:88例具有典型LUTS的BPH患者,年龄49~86(67.90±7.59)岁。所有患者均进行了国际前列腺症状评分(IPSS)、勃起功能障碍国际问卷-5(IIEF-5)、简明性功能问卷(BSFI)调查,并同时检测尿流率、前列腺总体积和血清睾酮。应用多元逐步回归分析方法和一元相关回归分析评价各检测变量间的相关性。结果:本组患者IPSS评分2~33(18.4±7.79)分。IIEF-5评分1~25(8.50±8.98)分,其中勃起功能障碍(ED)患者76例(86.36%)。BSFI中性欲部分评分0~8(1.92±2.21)分,其中性欲低下患者65例(72.86%);勃起功能部分评分0~16(4.18±4.96)分,其中ED患者70例(79.55%);射精部分评分0~8(2.55±3.57)分,其中射精障碍患者60例(68.18%);问题部分评分0~12(10.44±3.57)分;满意度部分评分0~4(1.90±1.37)分。统计学分析表明:年龄只与BSFI中勃起功能有显著的相关性(γ=-0.552,P=0.000),同样IIEF-5与年龄有显著的相关性(γ=-0.567,P=0.000),IPSS评分与年龄有显著的相关性(γ=0.213,P=0.047)。IPSS评分与BSFI中勃起功能和满意度有显著的相关性(γ=-0.332,P=0.002;γ=-0.302,P=0.005)。IIEF-5与BSFI中性欲、勃起功能和射精部分评分具有一致的相关性(P<0.05)。血清睾酮与年龄、IIEF-5和BSFI评分间无明显相关性(P>0.05),同样最大尿流率和前列腺总体积与IPSS、IIEF-5和BSFI评分间无明显相关性(P>0.05)。结论:年龄和LUTS是性功能障碍的危险因素,LUTS的严重程度与性功能障碍的发展密切相关。     

龙金通淋胶囊治疗慢性前列腺炎/慢性骨盆疼痛综合征的初步研究

目的:探讨龙金通淋胶囊治疗慢性前列腺炎/慢性骨盆疼痛综合征(CP/CPPS,III型前列腺炎)的疗效。方法:选择符合美国国立卫生研究院(NIH)诊断标准的III型前列腺炎患者136例,其中IIIA型84例,IIIB型52例。口服龙金通淋胶囊,3粒/次,3次/d,疗程3个月。以NIH-慢性前列腺炎症状指数(NIH-CPSI)和前列腺按摩液(EPS)白细胞计数为疗效指标,进行治疗前后疗效比较。结果:完成治疗的131例患者(IIIA型81例,IIIB型50例)中,NIH-CPSI总评分治疗前后分别为(24.8±5.6)分和(13.3±6.8)分(P<0.01),平均降低11.5分;症状评分治疗前后分别为(15.4±4.3)分和(8.7±3.9)分(P<0.01),平均降低6.7分;生活质量评分治疗前后分别为(9.4±3.7)分和(4.6±2.7)分(P<0.01),平均降低4.8分。IIIA型患者EPS中白细胞计数治疗前后分别为(21.7±14.5)个/HP和(8.8±12.6)个/HP。治愈者24例(18.3%),显效者41例(31.3%),有效者40例(30.5%),无效26例(19.8%)。总显效率49.6%,总有效率80.1%。未见肝肾功能异常及不良事件发生。结论:龙金通淋胶囊治疗慢性非细菌性前列腺炎安全、有效,无明显不良反应。     

合肥地区中老年男性更年期综合征样症状初步调查

目的:了解合肥地区中老年男性更年期综合征样症状发生率及其影响因素。方法:共入选健康体检门诊1 026例45岁以上接受检查的男性,调查采用个人信息、整体健康状况、中老年男性症状问卷(AMS量表)进行自我评估。结果:合肥地区中老年男性更年期综合征样症状总发生率为64.7%,AMS评分为(31.2±6.8)分,其中轻度58.1%,中度30.9%,重度11.0%,与年龄具有明显相关性(P<0.05)。评分分量中的精神心理症状、躯体症状及性功能症状评分分别为(8.3±2.1)分、(12.4±4.8)分、(9.3±4.5)分,精神心理症状及躯体症状评分与年龄无明显相关性(P>0.05)。各个年龄组性功能症状评分随年龄增加而明显增加(P<0.05)。统计分析显示,年龄、吸烟、糖尿病、心血管疾病、肥胖是影响男性更年期综合征样症状的重要危险因子,而体育锻炼是男性更年期综合征样症状的重要保护因子。结论:随着年龄的增长,男性更年期综合征样症状的发生率逐渐增高,性功能出现下降,但精神心理及躯体评分并不受年龄的影响。年龄、整体健康状况及生活方式是影响男性更年期综合征样症状的重要因素。     

复方玄驹胶囊对慢性前列腺炎合并勃起功能障碍的疗效观察

目的:观察复方玄驹胶囊对慢性前列腺炎合并勃起功能障碍(ED)的治疗效果及安全性。方法:132例慢性前列腺炎伴发ED患者,治疗前行NIH慢性前列腺炎症状评分(NIH-CPSI)及国际勃起功能指数问卷5(IIEF-5)评分。根据治疗方式不同,将患者分为对照组(70例)及治疗组(62例)。对照组使用左氧氟沙星0.2 g,口服,2/d,连续服用4～6周,及特拉唑嗪2 mg,口服,1/晚,连续服用2个月。治疗组在上述治疗的基础上,同时使用复方玄驹胶囊2粒,口服,3/d,连续服用2个月。结果:所有患者均无严重不良反应出现,能坚持服药。治疗后2个月重新评分,对照组NIH-CPSI平均(16.5±5.9)分,较治疗前(25.1±5.5)分显著改善(P<0.05),IIEF-5平均(13.1±5.2)分,较治疗前(11.3±4.5)分有所增加,但差异无显著性(P>0.05);治疗组NIH-CPSI平均(13.4±5.7)分,IIEF-5平均(17.5±6.5)分,与治疗前比较,均改善显著(P<0.05)。对照组ED总有效率为20%,治疗组ED总有效率为74.2%,其差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论:复方玄驹胶囊治疗慢性前列腺炎伴发ED,既可明显改善慢性前列腺炎症状,同时,对伴发的ED也有较好的疗效,无严重不良反应,值得推广使用。     

醋酸泼尼松联合左氧氟沙星治疗Ⅲ型前列腺炎临床研究

目的:评价肾上腺皮质激素与抗生素联合用药治疗慢性非细菌性前列腺炎的有效性及耐受性。方法:采用随机、双盲、平行对照临床试验研究方法,通过Stamey试验、前列腺按摩液(EPS)常规及美国国立卫生研究院慢性前列腺炎症状评分(NIH-CPSI),筛选出160例慢性非细菌性前列腺炎患者,随机分为试验组(80例,脱落2例)和对照组(80例)。试验组前2周合用肾上腺皮质激素和左氧氟沙星,后2周单用左氧氟沙星,醋酸泼尼松片15mg/次,1次/d,口服,连续2周后停药;左氧氟沙星0.1mg/次,2次/d;对照组方法同上,仅将醋酸泼尼松片换为安慰剂。所有患者均行入组前、治疗第2周和第4周随访并行NIH-CPSI评分、EPS等检查及药物不良反应的评估。结果:治疗后2周和4周,试验组NIH-CPSI总分、疼痛评分、排尿评分和生活质量评分降低分别为(9.56±2.05)、(4.59±1.18)、(2.38±1.24)、(2.59±1.20)分和(11.72±2.41)、(5.51±1.42)、(2.92±1.17)、(3.33±1.08)分;对照组NIH-CPSI总分、疼痛评分、排尿评分和生活质量评分降低分别(6.53±2.70)、(3.20±1.30)、(1.40±1.05)、(1.80±1.15)分和(8.53±2.91)、(3.88±1.44)、(2.08±1.11)、(2.55±1.33)分。两组治疗前后的自身对比差异均有显著性(P<0.01);组间比较,试验组较对照组第2周和第4周NIH-CPSI总分、疼痛、排尿和生活质量评分差异均有显著性(P<0.01)。两组治疗前后EPS中WBC计数差异有显著性(P<0.01)。组间比较,试验组较对照组第2周和第4周WBC计数差异均有显著性(P<0.01)。对药物的耐受性差异无显著性(P>0.05),无严重不良反应事件发生。结论:泼尼松联合左氧氟沙星能更有效地缓解慢性非细菌性前列腺炎患者的疼痛不适症状和排尿症状、改善患者的生活质量和减少EPS中WBC,耐受性好,但长期疗效及耐受性尚待进一步的临床研究。     

慢性前列腺炎疗效与患者精神状况及相关因素Cox回归分析

目的:筛选验证与慢性前列腺炎/慢性骨盆疼痛综合征(CP/CPPS)相关的精神心理因素,采用Cox回归分析方法研究这些精神心理因素及其他相关因素对CP/CPPS治疗效果的影响,为CP/CPPS治疗过程中有针对性的精神心理干预提供科学依据。方法:连续调查于我院就诊的291名CP/CPPS患者(病例组)的年龄、文化程度、职业、性格类型、焦虑自评量表(SAS)评分、抑郁自评量表(SDS)评分、病程、NIH慢性前列腺炎症状指数(NIH-CP-SI)和前列腺液白细胞计数,同时选择相同年龄阶段的健康男性100名(对照组)进行病例对照研究,筛选验证与CP/CPPS相关的精神心理因素。调查结束后,病例组所有患者均接受为期6周的统一方案治疗并进行随访(6周),以治疗是否有效为终结事件,以治疗见效时间为时间变量,采用单因素和多因素Cox回归分析研究与CP/CPPS相关的精神心理因素及其他可能影响CP/CPPS治疗效果的因素,筛选能够影响CP/CPPS治疗效果的相关因素。结果:病例组回收有效问卷258份,对照组回收有效问卷87份。病例组SAS和SDS评分分别为(42.8±11.43)分和(48.15±11.49)分,均显著高于对照组[SAS(32.12±9.68)分,SDS(35.12±10.81)分,P<0.01]。病例组焦虑、抑郁以及焦虑或/和抑郁障碍的检出率分别为25.97%、21.71%和34.50%,均显著高于对照组(P<0.01);内向性格和外向性格的检出率亦分别高于和低于对照组(P<0.01);提示焦虑、抑郁和内向性格与CP/CPPS具有正联系,而外向性格与CP/CPPS具有负联系。病例组接受为期6周统一治疗后的总有效率达70.54%,Cox回归分析显示,在上述与CP/CPPS相关的4个因素(焦虑、抑郁、内向性格、外向性格)和另外可能影响CP/CPPS治疗效果的4个因素(年龄、病程、前列腺液中白细胞计数、CPSI)中,对CP/CPPS治疗效果有确切负性影响的危险因素有焦虑、抑郁和病程。结论:焦虑和抑郁等精神心理障碍在CP/CPPS发生、发展及治疗转归过程中具有重要作用;在CP/CPPS治疗过程中,应充分重视患者的精神心理状况,必要时应有针对性地给予适当的精神心理干预。     

慢性前列腺炎患者生活质量临床调查

目的调查慢性前列腺炎(chronic prostatitis,CP)患者生活质量及性生活质量状况并分析影响生活质量及性生活质量的相关因素;方法随机选择CP患者,无记名填写CP症状评分量表(NIH-CPSI)、性功能评价表及年龄、病程等,并进行统计分析。结果CP总症状评分5~35分,平均(20.69±7.02)分;生活质量评分2~12分,平均(8.47±2.49)分;性生活质量总分18~53分,平均(38.79±7.55)分;生活质量评分与前列腺炎症状总分、疼痛及排尿症状评分之间有显著相关性;与性功能总评分、射精潜伏期、射精控制能力、性生活满意度、性生活自信度及性生活焦虑评分之间有显著相关性,与年龄、病程、前列腺液内白细胞及卵磷脂数量无显著相关性。结论CP导致生活质量、性生活质量下降,生活质量下降与患者CP症状、性功能下降、性生活满意度降低及配偶性生活满意度降低有关,生活质量及性生活质量下降与年龄、病程及前列腺液内白细胞及卵磷脂数量无明显相关性。     

前列腺液白细胞计数与临床症状的相关分析

目的分析慢性前列腺炎(CP)患者前列腺液(EPS)中白细胞(WBC)计数与症状严重程度的关系。方法调查2004年9月至2005年4月CP患者1426例。年龄14~68岁,平均33岁。病程3个月~20年,平均20个月。应用国际前列腺炎症状评分表(NIH-CPSI)测评症状严重程度,EPS常规化验计数WBC数目。对EPS中WBC计数、有无脓细胞与CPSI评分的关系进行统计学分析。结果1426例中非炎症组(EPS中WBC<10个/HP)357例,炎症组1069例(EPS中WBC≥10个/HP),2组的CPSI总评分分别为20.55±6.17和19.89±7.26,P>0.05。炎症组1069例按EPS中WBC计数又分为4组,分别为10~20、21~30、31~40、>40个/HP,4组分别377、392、240、60例,CPSI评分分别为19.40±7.59、20.04±7.14、20.68±7.20、18.82±6.05,P>0.05。EPS中有脓细胞者CPSI评分为20.77±6.98,无脓细胞者为19.40±7.00,P>0.05。结论CP患者前列腺内炎症程度与临床症状无平行关系,CP的各种症状表现是多种致病因素、多种发病机制作用的结果。     

α_1肾上腺素能受体阻滞剂萘哌地尔治疗慢性非细菌性前列腺炎的临床研究

目的:探讨α1肾上腺素能受体阻滞剂萘哌地尔(Naftopidil)治疗慢性非细菌性前列腺炎的有效性及安全性。方法:采用开放、自身对照、多中心的临床试验方法,应用萘哌地尔25mg,每日1次,对106例慢性非细菌性前列腺炎(NBP)患者进行了为期4周的治疗。以美国国立卫生院慢性前列腺炎症状评分(NIHCPSI)、前列腺液(EPS)WBC计数及最大尿流率(MFR)为疗效指标,对其有效性及安全性进行观察。结果:服药4周后,可评价病例105例。全组患者NIHCPSI总评分治疗前后平均减低12.0分(P<0.001),症状评分平均减低7.9分(P<0.001),生活质量评分平均减低4.1分(P<0.001)。EPS中WBC计数治疗前及治疗后分别为(15.2±15.1)、(9.5±12.0)个/HP(P<0.01)。MFR治疗前及治疗后分别为(19.2±4.8)、(22.7±4.9)ml/s(P<0.01)。按症状改善评价,治愈2例(1.9%),显效32例(30.5%),有效55例(52.4%),无效16例(15.2%)。总显效率为32.4%,总有效率为84.8%。3例有轻度头晕,1例食欲不佳,不良事件发生率3.81%。结论:萘哌地尔治疗慢性非细菌性前列腺炎安全、有效。     

慢性前列腺炎患者1426例精神障碍调查分析

目的了解慢性前列腺炎(CP)患者精神障碍的患病情况及其相关因素,探讨精神心理因素在CP发病中的作用。方法应用Zung焦虑量表(SAS)和抑郁量表(SDS)、国际前列腺炎症状指数表(NIH-CPSI)、勃起功能指数表(IIEF-5)及自制相关因素调查表对1500例CP患者精神心理状况进行调查。SAS、SDS评分结果与国内正常人测试结果相比较,并分析其与病程、CPSI积分、症状存在时间、性功能状况、年龄、职业、文化程度、前列腺液(EPS)中白细胞数等因素的相关性。结果回收有效问卷1426份(95．07％)。SAS评分42．90±9．67,SDS评分44．24±10．20,均显著高于国内1340名正常人即常模测试结果(SAS 37．23±12．59,SDS 41．88±10．57)(P=0．000)。按SAS≥50、SDS≥53划界,有焦虑症状者337例(23．60%),有抑郁症状者309例(21．7％)。SAS、SDS得分和检出率与病程、CPSI积分、症状存在时间、性功能状况等有相关性(P=0．000),而与年龄、职业、文化程度、EPS中白细胞数无相关性。结论CP患者存在精神心理障碍,并与多种因素有关,精神心理因素在CP发病中具有重要作用。     

Prevalence of prostatitis-like symptoms in a population based study using the National Institutes of Health chronic prostatitis symptom index

PURPOSE: The National Institutes of Health (NIH) chronic prostatitis symptom index was used to determine the prevalence of prostatitis-like symptoms among men (age 20 to 74 years) at risk in a community based study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was a cross-sectional postal survey of men age 20 to 74 years in Lennox and Addington counties, which included a large rural area, 1 major town and a suburban area with a stable population of men representative of Canadian demographics. The questionnaire collected information on 2 domains of chronic prostatitis identified in the NIH chronic prostatitis symptom index, including pain (location, severity and frequency), voiding function (irritative, obstructive), demographics, quality of life, general health and health seeking behavior. The self-reported pain score was used to identify prostatitis-like symptoms in the most discriminating domain. Based on analysis of the index final validation study comparing patients with prostatitis to normal controls and those with benign prostatic hyperplasia, the 2 questions most specific for prostatitis, including perineal and/or ejaculatory pain/discomfort, and a total pain score (0 to 21) 4 or greater were used to identify men with significant prostatitis-like symptoms. RESULTS: A total of 2,987 eligible men received the survey, and it was completed by 868 (29%). Of the men 84 (9.7%) were identified as having chronic prostatitis-like symptoms (mean NIH chronic prostatitis symptom index pain score 9.1 +/- 0.3). The average age of the prostatitis population was 50 years compared with 52 years for men without prostatitis-like symptoms. Prevalence was 11.5% in men younger than 50 years and 8.5% in men 50 years or older. Of the sampled population 57 (6.6%) men had prostatitis-like symptoms and an index pain score 8 or greater (moderate to severe). The index voiding score (0 to 10) was 4.1 +/- 0.5 in men younger than 50 years compared with 1.5 +/- 0.1 for normal controls, and 4.7 +/- 0.4 in those 50 years or older compared with 1.9 +/- 0.1 for normal controls. Of the prostatitis group 60% sought medical help for their symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: In our opinion this community based study using the new prostatitis symptom index confirms that chronic prostatitis-like symptoms are common.     

Influence of environmental factors on chronic prostatitis-like symptoms in young men: results of a community-based survey

Objectives. To investigate the influence of environmental factors on chronic prostatitis-like symptoms among young men in a community.Methods. Of 28,841 men aged 20 years dwelling in the community, a total of 16,321 men (response rate 56.6%) were included in this study. The National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index was used to identify men with chronic prostatitis-like symptoms. The questionnaire also queried sociodemographic characteristics. The Korean Meteorological Administration provided information on the weather of the community. We determined the risk factors of chronic prostatitis-like symptoms among these environmental factors using univariate and multivariate analyses.Results. Six percent of the men were identified as having significant prostatitis-like symptoms (perineal and/or ejaculatory pain and a total pain score of 4 or greater). The univariate logistic regression analysis indicated that education level, average duration of sunlight, and average temperature were risk factors for chronic prostatitis-like symptoms. As these variables increased, the scores of chronic prostatitis-like symptoms decreased. In the multivariate model used, the likelihood of chronic prostatitis-like symptoms varied by the final educational level, with middle school and high school graduates having 1.8 and 1.4-fold higher odds, respectively, than men attending college. In the same model, the average duration of sunlight was also an independent risk factor of chronic prostatitis-like symptoms (odds ratio 0.85; 95% confidence interval 0.77 to 0.95; P = 0.003), but the average temperature lost statistical significance.Conclusions. Our findings suggest that the community-based prevalence of chronic prostatitis-like symptoms may be high in young men. Higher education and a longer time in sunlight were associated with a decreased likelihood of chronic prostatitis-like symptoms.     

Psychological problems in young men with chronic prostatitis-like symptoms

OBJECTIVE: To take a different perspective in assessing young men with chronic prostatitis-like symptoms, this study was designed since few prospective studies are available to survey a population of young men. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred and fifty men aged 20 years dwelling in the community were randomly selected. Chronic prostatitis-like symptoms were measured by the National Institutes of Health-Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index and the selfreported scores for pain and urinary symptoms were used to identify chronic prostatitis-like symptoms. The psychological methods used were the Beck Depression Inventory, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Bem Sex Role Inventory. A total of 87 men (a response rate 58%) completed self-administered questionnaires. RESULTS: As the scores for pain and urinary symptoms increased, those for depression increased (p < 0.001 and p = 0.01, respectively). However, the mean scores for state and trait anxiety were not different according to the scores for pain and urinary symptoms. The mean masculinity scores were not different according to the scores for pain but those were significantly different according to the scores of urinary symptoms (p = 0.042). The mean femininity scores were not different according to the scores of pain and urinary symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that psychological factors, especially depression and weak masculine identity may be associated with an early stage of chronic prostatitis-like symptoms. Young men with chronic prostatitis-like symptoms also have psychological problems.     

Prevalence of prostatitis-like symptoms in Japanese men: Population-based study in a town in Hokkaido

AIM: To determine the prevalence of prostatitis-like symptoms in Japanese men living in one town. METHODS: A cross-sectional and population-based study was performed in a town that had 6385 men aged from 20 to 79 years. We sent two questionnaires, the validated Japanese version of the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index and the International Prostate Symptom Score (I-PSS) with questions about individual medical information, to 1424 randomly selected community-indwelling men. Subjects were defined as having prostatitis-like symptoms if they complained of perineal and/or ejaculatory pain or discomfort and their total pain score was four or greater. RESULTS: A total of 512 men (36%) responded completely to the questionnaires. Of the 512 responders, 25 men (4.9%) were identified as having prostatitis-like symptoms. Prevalence of symptoms was the same in men aged younger than 50 years (5.0%) as those 50 years and older (4.8%). The I-PSS score was 10.8 in men with prostatitis-like symptoms, which was higher than in those without symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of prostatitis-like symptoms was 4.9% in randomly selected men. International comparison of prevalence of the symptoms may contribute to further understanding of chronic prostatitis.     

Influence of pain and urinary symptoms on quality of life in young men with chronic prostatitis-like symptoms

BACKGROUND: Our aims in the present study were to estimate the influences of pain and urinary symptoms on quality of life, and to determine which of these two variables has the most predictive power with respect to quality of life in young men with chronic prostatitis-like symptoms. METHODS: Chronic prostatitis-like symptoms were measured by the National Institutes of Health-Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index. Of the 28,841 men aged 20 years who lived in the study community, 18,495 men (a response rate 64.1%) agreed to participate in the study. A total of 1057 men who complained of symptoms indicative of chronic prostatitis were included in the study. The influences of pain and urinary symptoms on quality of life were determined using logistic regression analysis. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to estimate the predictive ability of each of these variables with respect to quality of life. RESULTS: Results from multivariate analysis showed that both pain and urinary symptoms were associated with an increased likelihood of impaired quality of life, although pain contributed more to a reduced quality of life than urinary symptoms. Relative to men who experienced mild pain, men who experienced moderate pain had a 3.9-fold risk of poor quality of life (odds ratio [OR], 3.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.86-5.23; P < 0.001) and those who experienced severe pain had a 15.7-fold risk of reduced quality of life (OR, 15.68; 95% CI, 6.59-37.35; P < 0.001). Moderate urinary symptoms were associated with a 1.4-fold risk of bother (OR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.01-1.99; P < 0.001) and severe urinary symptoms were associated with 2.4-fold risk (OR, 2.39; 95% CI, 1.37-4.12; P < 0.001), relative to mild urinary symptoms. Comparison of the effects of pain and urinary symptoms showed that pain severity had the most predictive power for bother, quality of life, and quality-of-life impact. The areas under the ROC curves for bother, quality of life, and quality-of-life impact were 71.3%, 69.3% and 72.5%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Urinary symptoms and pain might be associated with an increased likelihood of impaired quality of life in young men with chronic prostatitis-like symptoms. In addition, our findings suggest that pain severity is the most influential variable for determining quality of life in this population.     

Prevalence of prostatitis-like symptoms in a community based cohort of older men

PURPOSE: We describe a community based study to estimate the prevalence of prostatitis-like symptoms using questions similar to the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Study subjects were a randomly selected sample of Olmsted County, Minnesota white men 40 to 79 years old in January 1990 who participated in a longitudinal study of lower urinary tract symptoms. Subjects were evaluated biennially using self-administered questionnaires. In 2000 questions similar to the NIH-CPSI were incorporated into the questionnaire and questionnaire responses were used to categorize men as having prostatitis-like symptoms. RESULTS: Of 1,541 men 182 (12%) had at least 1 urogenital pain symptom. Pubic (76 men, 4.9%) and testicular (73, 4.7%) pain were the most frequent pain symptoms. A total of 34 men with prostatitis-like symptoms (2.2%) had higher mean pain (6.7 versus 0.5), urinary symptom (3.5 versus 2.1) and quality of life impact (3.7 versus 1.9) scores compared to men who did not (all p <0.001). Pain frequency (OR 39.2, 95% CI 18.8, 81.9) and pain intensity (OR 21.5, 95% CI 8.7, 52.9) were more strongly associated with prostatitis-like symptoms than urinary symptom score (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.4, 5.6) or quality of life impact score (OR 4.5, 95% CI 1.9, 10.7). CONCLUSIONS: Although urogenital pain is common among community dwelling men, prostatitis-like symptoms based on the modified questions from the NIH-CPSI are less common. While pain measures may be useful in distinguishing between men with and without prostatitis-like symptoms, the urinary symptom and quality of life impact scores could partly reflect benign prostatic hyperplasia.     

Prostatitis-like symptoms: one year later

OBJECTIVES: To re-survey (after 1 year) men identified in 1999 as having perineal and/or ejaculatory pain/discomfort severe enough to suggest a clinical diagnosis of chronic prostatitis (using the National Institutes of Health-Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index, NIH-CPSI), and to compare them with an age-matched population of men who had no prostatitis-like symptoms in the initial survey, to determine the effect of time on specific symptoms associated with the diagnosis of chronic prostatitis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A comprehensive questionnaire incorporating the pain and voiding domains of the NIH-CPSI, and data on demographics, medical history, socio-economic status, health-seeking behaviour and a quality of life assessment, was sent to 67 men who had reported prostatitis-like symptoms in the 1999 survey, and to 202 age-matched controls (1 : 3) who reported no prostatitis-like symptoms in the same survey. RESULTS: Forty men (60%) with previous prostatitis-like symptoms, i.e. a mean (sd) 1999 NIH-CPSI pain score of 8.8 (0.4), and 119 (59%) of the control population completed and returned the survey. There was no difference in the 1999 demographics (P = 0.82) or NIH-CPSI pain score (P = 0.49) between patients who returned the recent questionnaire and those who could not be located or declined to complete the survey. Fifteen men (38%) identified with prostatitis in 1999 did not report similar symptoms in 2000. The initial mean NIH-CPSI pain score (0-21) for the men who had resolution of their prostatitis-like symptoms was 7.5 (0.6); 1 year later it was 0.73 (0.3). Their mean age was 51.1 (3.9) years and mean duration of symptoms 1.1 (0.3) years. Those with persistent symptoms had an initial NIH-CPSI pain score of 9.6 (0.5); 1 year later it was 8.68 (0.4), at mean age of 51.4 (2.5) years and duration of symptoms 2.2 (0.3) years. Four men (3%) in the control group who had no symptoms in 1999 reported prostatitis-like symptoms in 2000; these men had a mean age of 52.5 (5.9) and NIH-CPSI pain score of 7.0 (0.9). CONCLUSION: About a third of men reporting prostatitis-like symptoms in the general population had resolution of their symptoms (usually those with a shorter duration and less severe symptoms) 1 year later. The severity of symptoms of men with persistent chronic prostatitis remained relatively unchanged over the year.     

Prevalence of prostatitis-like symptoms in a managed care population

PURPOSE: We calculated the prevalence of symptoms typically associated with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome in men in a managed care population in the Pacific Northwest. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A questionnaire mailing to 5,000 male enrollees 25 to 80 years old in the Kaiser Permanente Northwest (Portland, Oregon) health plan was performed. The questionnaires included screening questions about the presence, duration and severity of pelvic pain, and the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index. Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome symptoms were defined in 2 ways: 1) presence of any of the following for a duration of 3 or more months: pain in the perineum, testicles, tip of penis, pubic or bladder area, dysuria, ejaculatory pain; and 2) perineal and/or ejaculatory pain, and a National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index total pain score of 4 or more. Prevalence estimates were age adjusted to the total Kaiser Permanente Northwest male population. RESULTS: A total of 1,550 questionnaires were returned. The prevalence of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome symptoms was 7.5% for definition 1 and 5.9% for definition 2. Mean National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index scores were 17 for definitions 1 and 2. Of those with prostatitis-like symptoms, 30% met criteria for having both definitions present. The prevalence of prostatitis-like symptoms using either of the 2 diagnoses was 11.2%. CONCLUSIONS: This population based study indicates that approximately 1 in 9 men have prostatitis-like symptoms. Application of 2 different definitions for prostatitis-like symptoms identified unique groups of men, with limited overlap in the groups.     

The prevalence of chronic prostatitis-like symptoms in young men: a community-based survey

We surveyed the prevalence of chronic prostatitis-like symptoms in young men using the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (CPSI) and determined the clinical validity of the NIH-CPSI among men in the community. Of 29,017 men aged 20 years dwelling in the community, 8,705 men were randomly selected at a 30.0% sampling fraction and a total of 6,940 men (a response rate 79.7%) completed a self-administered questionnaire. Six percent reported having pain or discomfort in more than one area . About 5% did not feel that the bladder emptied fully after urinating more than 1 time in 5 and 10.5% had to urinate again within 2 h more than 1 time in 5. As the scores for pain or discomfort increased, those for urinary symptoms and impact on quality of life increased (P < 0.001; Armitage test). As the scores for urinary symptoms increased, those for pain or discomfort and impact on quality of life also increased (P < 0.001; Armitage test). The community-based prevalence of chronic prostatitis-like symptoms were found to be high in young men as well as in older men. Our findings indicate that men with pain or urinary symptoms experience a negative impact on their quality of life and the NIH-CPSI provides a valid measure for the general population. Received: 19 September 2000 / Accepted: 23 November 2000     

Symptoms suggestive of chronic pelvic pain syndrome in an urban population: prevalence and associations with lower urinary tract symptoms and erectile function

PURPOSE: We determined the prevalence of symptoms suggestive of chronic pelvic pain syndrome in an urban population and assessed associations with lower urinary tract symptoms and erectile dysfunction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Men participating in a voluntary health examination free of charge that was organized by the Department of Preventive Health of the City of Vienna were analyzed. All participants completed 3 validated questionnaires on chronic pelvic pain syndrome (National Institutes of Health-Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index), lower urinary tract symptoms (International Prostate Symptom Score) and erectile dysfunction (International Index of Erectile Function-5). RESULTS: A total of 1,765 men with a mean +/- SD age of 46.3 +/- 0.3 years (range 20 to 79) entered this study. The mean National Institutes of Health-Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index score increased from 4.0 +/- 0.3 in the youngest age group of 20 to 29-year-old men to 6.3 +/- 0.6 in those 70 to 79 years old. The overall prevalence of symptoms suggestive of chronic pelvic pain syndrome, defined by a pain score of 4 or greater and perineal/ejaculatory pain, was 2.7% and it revealed no age dependence, such as the pain score. In contrast, urinary symptom and quality of life scores increased with age. International Index of Erectile Function-5 score was 20.6 +/- 0.3 for men without chronic pelvic pain symptoms vs 18.3 +/- 0.7 for men with mild symptoms and 16.5 +/- 1.1 for men with moderate/severe symptoms. A National Institutes of Health-Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index score in the upper quartile was associated with 8.3-fold increased odds of erectile dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of symptoms suggestive of chronic pelvic pain syndrome in this large cohort of men participating in a health screening project was 2.7% and it revealed no age dependence. Our study suggests that chronic pelvic pain syndrome has a negative impact on erectile function.