北京海淀区五年出生缺陷状况分析

目的 掌握海淀区地区性出生缺陷状况及变化趋势，为制定有效措施提供依据。方法对1998年2002年海淀区户口产妇分娩的孕满28周至产后7天围产儿进行监测，出生缺陷填写“出生缺陷登记卡”，用SPSS10．0进行数据的录入和分析。结果海淀出生缺陷发生率为10．14‰，孕妇城镇居民、文化程度低、年龄≥35岁、胎儿男性为出生缺陷的高危因素。围产儿死亡出生缺陷构成比为43．7％。出生缺陷发生率前三位为先大性心脏病、肢体缺陷、唇腭裂。结论海淀区5年出生缺陷发生率维持在一个稳定的状念，稍高于北京市同期水平。要降低围产儿死亡率必须降低出生缺陷发生率，必须抓好孕前检查、产前诊断和孕前健康教育工作。     

2001～2008年成都市青白江区出生缺陷监测结果分析

目的：了解成都市青白江区出生缺陷的发生率、疾病顺位及影响因素,制定相应干预措施,降低出生缺陷率,提高人口素质。方法：按照全国出生缺陷监测中心制定的监测方案,采用流行病学前瞻性研究方法,对2001～2008年围产儿出生缺陷情况进行分析。结果：22406例围产儿出生缺陷242例,出生缺陷发生率10．80‰,出生缺陷前3位依次为多（并）指（趾）、总唇裂、耳部畸形;出生缺陷发生率呈逐年上升趋势,乡村明显高于城镇（P〈0．05）,产母年龄≥35岁者出生缺陷发生率明显增高（P〈0．05）,出生缺陷发生率与新生儿性别无相关性（P〉0．05）。结论：广泛开展优生优育宣传教育,加强婚前及孕期保健工作,提高产前检查技术,降低出生缺陷发生率和围产儿死亡率。     

5281例围产儿出生缺陷监测结果分析

目的降低出生缺陷率,提高人口素质。方法对2008年10月1日至2010年9月30日于本院分娩的5281例围产儿出生缺陷情况及其相关危险因素进行统计、分析,为开展出生缺陷的预防和干预提供依据。结果3年来同产儿出生缺陷率平均为16．10％。,呈逐年上升趋势。先天性心脏病以及四肢骨骼肌肉系统缺陷为最常见的出生缺陷,分列l、2位。孕母年龄对围产儿出生缺陷有重要影响,〉35岁组出生缺陷率明显高于其他各年龄组。出生缺陷的性别、产母居住地城乡差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论加强孕前、孕早期预防以及产前诊断,可减少出生缺陷的发生;需进一步加强胎儿心血管系统、四肢等超声产前检查;高龄孕妇孕中期应常规行产前诊断。     

产前诊断对3125例围生儿出生缺陷干预的影响

目的探讨分析产前诊断对围生儿出生缺陷的干预效果。方法对我院孕妇进行产前诊断,分析影响出生缺陷的相关因素以及产前诊断对围生儿出生缺陷发生率的影响。结果在我院出生的3125例中,出生缺陷儿有50例,占比16．00％。经产前诊断,共终止妊娠17例;足月活产婴儿出生缺陷率为10．56‰,与前者相比,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。产妇居住地、产妇年龄以及胎数与出生缺陷的发生率的关系较密切（P〈0．05）。结论对预产孕妇进行产前诊断,有利于早期发现严重出生缺陷性疾病,为孕妇进行终止妊娠做出决定依据,提高社会人口素质,值得临床上进一步推广与研究。     

围产儿出生缺陷回顾性分析

目的分析围产儿出生缺陷发生的情况,提出干预措施,为早期发现缺陷儿,提高产前诊断技术提供参考。方法对2009年1月1日~2013年12月30日,孕28周至产后7 d住院分娩的6182例围产儿进行监测。结果 5年间监测围产儿,出生缺陷85例,出生缺陷发生率为13.75‰;出生缺陷位于前5位的是肢体畸形、唇颚裂、先天性心脏病、神经管畸形、外耳畸形;产前B超诊断率为51.76%;男性出生缺陷发生率高于女性,乡村出生缺陷率明显高于城市。结论加强优生优育宣教,做好产前检查,提高产前诊断技术,减少出生缺陷,提高人口素质。     

拉萨地区4655例围产儿出生缺陷分析

目的了解拉萨地区住院分娩围产儿出生缺陷的发生率和种类,探讨高原地区发生出生缺陷的相关因素。方法回顾性分析我院2003~2007年所出生的4655例围产儿的临床资料,对其中妊娠满28周~产后7天的出生缺陷围产儿进行分类和统计学处理。结果检出出生缺陷46例,出生缺陷总发生率为9.88‰,其中农村出生缺陷率为12.83‰,城市出生缺陷发生率为7.45‰。大部分在出生后做出诊断。前5位依次为:单发唇裂、脑积水、多指并指少指(趾)、唇裂合并腭裂、无脑畸形。结论拉萨地区总出生缺陷率与全国水平基本接近,监测到的出生缺陷种类很少,而很多出生缺陷在孕晚期和产后才能发现和诊断,说明我区的产前诊断工作的滞后,值得高度重视。     

出生缺陷儿临床分析

目的 了解石家庄市的出生缺陷发生情况,为进一步制订出生缺陷防治对策提供科学依据.方法 对2005至2009年在石家庄市第四医院住院分娩的围生儿出生缺陷监测资料进行分析.结果 2005至2009年平均出生缺陷发生率为17.12‰,各年分别为15.65‰、14.76‰、14.62‰、18.87‰、20.55‰（P〉0.05）.584例出生缺陷儿中,前5位分别是先天性心脏病、肢体畸形、外耳畸形、泌尿系畸形、脑积水脊柱裂,分别占23.12%、15.07%、14.73%、12.50%、7.88%.结论 2005至2009年石家庄市出生缺陷发生率仍然较高,先天性心脏病位居首位,开展广泛健康教育,做好三级预防工作,从产前-围产保健预防模式向孕前-围产保健预防模式转变,确定重点保健人群,是降低出生缺陷发生率必要措施.     

围生儿6 940名出生缺陷监测结果分析

为了更好地贯彻中国提高人口素质,减少出生缺陷和残疾行动计划,对我院1996年1月至2004年6月分娩的围生儿6940名进行出生缺陷监测分析。1资料与方法1.1对象:为我院1996年1月至2004年6月住院分娩的孕满28周至出生后7d的围生儿(包括死胎、死产及出生后7d内死亡者)。1.2方法:由我院接受培训的妇产科专业人员对围生儿性别、孕母年龄、孕母文化程度、出生缺陷诊断情况及围生儿转归等资料进行汇总分析。1.3统计学处理:采用字2检验进行统计学处理。2结果2.1出生缺陷发生率及出生缺陷儿病死率:围生儿共有6940名,出生缺陷儿为101例,出生缺陷发生率为14…     

宁波市江东区2006—2011年围生儿出生缺陷监测分析及干预措施

目的回顾性分析宁波市江东区近5年来围生儿出生缺陷的现状,探讨其影响因素,为围生儿保健工作提供参考依据。方法根据中国出生缺陷监测方案,对2006年10月至2011年10月本区围生儿出生缺陷资料进行分析。结果 5年新生儿出生数为13 334人,围生儿出生缺陷376例（28.2‰）;其中本地户籍的出生缺陷儿发生率22.0‰（245/11 123）,异地户籍的出生缺陷儿发生率为59.3‰（131/2211）,本地出生缺陷发生率明显低于异地户籍者。出生缺陷前5位是先天性心脏病、总唇裂、脑部缺陷（无脑儿、脑积水、脑发育不良）、外耳畸形、多指。结论重视孕产妇的一级预防,加强对流动人口育龄妇女保健知识宣教、提高参与孕前及孕期保健人数,是降低出生缺陷发生率的重要环节。     

广州市海珠区2004—2008年围产儿死亡出生缺陷监测结果分析

目的了解广州市海珠区围产儿死亡病例中发生出生缺陷的种类及分布情况,探讨出生缺陷对围产儿死亡的影响。方法数据来源于广州市各医院逐季上报的《围产儿数季报表》及汇总至省妇幼保健院的《出生缺陷登记卡》,本研究监测了2004年第四季度-2008年第三季度海珠区各所医院住院分娩孕28-W产后7d的围产儿死亡率和死亡围产儿中出生缺陷发生率。结果监测广州市海珠区5年中围产儿48268例,围产儿死亡病例555例,围产儿死亡率为11．5‰,同产儿死亡中发生出生缺陷的220例,出生缺陷发生率为36．64％,其中胎儿水肿综合征、唇腭裂、脑积水、先天性心脏病和四肢畸形排在死亡围产儿出生缺陷发生的前5位。结论出生缺陷是导致围产儿死亡的重要原因之一,应加强婚前生殖健康教育和医学检查,做好婚前保健,优生及孕产期保健,尽可能减少出生缺陷的发生。     

Effects of air pollution on birth weight among children born between 1995 and 1997 in Kaohsiung,Taiwan

Recent studies have suggested that exposure to air pollution might be associated with low birth weight. The effects of sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) and particulate matter less than 10 microm (PM(10)) were examined on birth weight in each trimester of pregnancy. The study group included all full-term singleton live births during 1995-1997 to women living within about 2 km of an air pollution monitoring site in Kaohsiung. Measurements of SO(2) and PM(10) collected at six air quality monitoring stations were used to estimate the influence of exposures on different pregnancy trimesters. This was done by averaging daily ambient air pollution concentrations during the corresponding days based on the birth date and gestational age of each child. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to estimate the effects of air pollution on birth weight adjusting for possible confounders including maternal age, season, marital status, maternal education, and infant gender. The estimated reduction in birth weight was 0.52 g for 1 microg/m (3) increase in either SO(2) or PM(10) in the first trimester of pregnancy. Data provide further support for the hypothesis that air pollution can affect the outcome of pregnancy.     

Air pollution and postneonatal mortality in a tropical city: Kaohsiung, Taiwan

With growing evidence of the association between daily mortality and air pollution in adults, it is important to investigate whether infants are also susceptible to the adverse health effects of ambient air pollutants. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between air pollution and postneonatal mortality in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, a large industrial city with a tropical climate, during the period 1994-2000, using a case-crossover analysis. Case-crossover analysis provides an alternative to Poisson time-series regression for studying the short-term adverse health effects of air pollution. The air pollutants examined included particulate matter (PM(10)), sulfur dioxide (SO(2)), ozone (O(3)), nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)), and carbon monoxide (CO). The risk of postneonatal deaths was estimated to increase by 4.0% per 67 microg/m(3) (the interquartile range in daily ambient concentration of PM(10)) for PM(10), 1.8% per 17.84 ppb for NO(2), 5.1% per 0.31 ppm for CO, and 4.6% per 19.20 ppb for O(3). Although positive, none of these associations achieved statistical significance. The established link between air pollution levels and infant mortality may not be as strong in cities with tropical climates, although other factors such as differences in pollutant mix or the underlying health of the postneonates may explain the lack of a strong association in this study. Further studies of this type in cities with varying climates and cultures are needed.     

Relationship between air pollution and daily mortality in a tropical city: Kaohsiung,Taiwan

Air pollution has been associated with daily mortality in numerous studies over the past decade. However, most of these studies were conducted in the United States and Europe, with relatively few done in Asia. In this study, the association between ambient air pollution and daily mortality in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, a large industrial city with a tropical climate, was investigated for the period 1994-2000 using a case-crossover analysis. This design is an alternative to Poisson time-series regression for studying the short-term adverse health effects of air pollution. The air pollutants examined included particulate matter (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and carbon monoxide (CO). No significant effects were found between PM10 and SO2 exposure levels and respiratory-related mortality. The well-established link between air pollution levels and daily mortality may not be as strong in cities in tropical areas, although other factors such as differences in pollutant mixtures or underlying health of the population may explain the lack of a strong association in this study. Further studies of this type in cities with varying climates and cultures are needed.     

Correlation between air pollution and postneonatal mortality in a subtropical city: Taipei, Taiwan

With growing evidence of the association between daily mortality and air pollution exposure in adults, it is important to investigate whether infants are also susceptible. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between air pollution exposure and postneonatal, defined as infant of more than 27 d and less than 1 yr old, mortality in Taipei, Taiwan's largest city, which has a subtropical climate, for the period 1994-2000, using a case-crossover analysis. This design is an alternative to Poisson time-series regression for studying the short-term adverse health effects of air pollution. The air pollutants examined included particulate matter (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and carbon monoxide (CO). The risk of postneonatal deaths was estimated to increase by 3.1% for PM10, 4.1% for SO2, 1.7% for NO2, 3.8% for CO, and 0.1% for O3 for each interquartile range change, respectively. However, the associations were without statistical significance. The established link between air pollution levels and infant mortality may not be as strong in cities with subtropical climates, although other factors such as differences in pollutant component composition or the underlying health of the postneonates may explain the lack of a strong association in this study. Further studies of this type in cities with varying climates and cultures are needed.     

山西省居民平均寿命及影响因素分析

目的分析影响山西省居民平均寿命的因素。方法以山西省第3次至第5次人口普查资料为基础,采用SPSS 11.5软件编制简略寿命表,进行Spearman等级相关分析。结果1982—2000年山西省人口平均寿命随着人均国内生产总值及成人识字率的增加而延长;随着婴儿死亡率及总和生育率的下降而增加。Spearman等级相关分析显示,11个地区人口平均寿命与标化死亡率之间存在负相关关系;部分城镇人口平均寿命与空气污染指数之间也存在负相关关系。结论提高山西省人口平均寿命的关键是加快相对落后地区经济、文化等方面的发展;同时要保护人类自身的生存环境。     

Concentration of air pollutants as toxic matter in urban and rural areas of Ahvaz

The aim of this study is to survey the concentrations of air pollutants in rural and urban areas in Ahvaz city during two seasons. We used ANOVA to determine the differences between the areas. Paired t-test was used to compare the concentrations of the air pollutants in cold season and hot season. The concentration of the air pollutants in cold season was higher than warm season except for O₃. Mobile vehicles represent the major source of air pollution in many areas, and the concentrations of traffic pollutants are greater near urban areas. The trend of changes in PM concentration in cold and warm seasons depends on dust storms occurrence.     

The relationship between air pollutants and heart-rate variability among community residents in Korea

Air pollution, both particulate and gaseous, is known to cause adverse health effects and is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. With a growing recognition in the importance of the autonomic nervous system in air pollution, we examined the effects of air pollutants, namely, particulate matter (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitric dioxide (NO2), on cardiac autonomic function by measuring heart-rate variability (HRV) among community residents. This study was conducted at Taein Island, located off the southern coast of South Korea; 1349 subjects (596 males and 753 females) were included in this analysis. Subjects responded to the interview about general characteristics and an HRV examination was conducted. Exposure data were collected from the Environmental Management Corporation during the same period of HRV measurement. Linear regression analyses were carried out to evaluate the association over 72 h, and the parameters of HRV indices were presented as the percentage change. The exposures to PM(10), SO(2), and NO2 were associated with reduced HRV indices, and significant decreases in the standard deviation of the normal to normal interval (SDNN) and low frequency (LF) domain effect, and the effect was largely continued until 12 h. Our results suggest that air pollutants stimulate the autonomic nervous system and provoke an imbalance in cardiac autonomic control. Thus, these subclinical effects may lead to pathological consequences, particularly in high-risk patients and susceptible subjects.     

2001-2010年广西壮族自治区围生儿出生缺陷分析

目的 分析广西壮族自治区2001-2010年围生儿出生缺陷特征及变化趋势.方法 按照国家出生缺陷监测方案,对2001-2010年广西壮族自治区围生儿出生缺陷监测医院的围生儿进行出生缺陷监测,统计分析出生缺陷的发生率、类别和相关因素.结果 10年共监测围生儿540 449例,其中出生缺陷儿10 897例,发生率为201.63/万.出生缺陷主要为胎儿水肿综合征、多指(趾)、先天性心脏病、总唇裂、外耳其他畸形等;出生缺陷发生率男性高于女性;城镇高于乡村,其差异均有统计学意义(x2=43.71、4.04,均P＜0.05).35～岁产妇组中围生儿出生缺陷发生率最高,且高于＜20岁组、20～岁组、25～岁组、30～岁组,其差 异均有统计学意义(x2 =9.17、41.33、58.77、29.10,均P＜0.05).2001-2005年围生儿出生缺陷发生率呈上升趋势,2005-2010年呈下降趋势.结论 加强三级预防措施、提高产前诊断技术水平是降低围生儿出生缺陷发生率的有效手段.