Breaking bad news in spinal cord injury; a qualitative study assessing the perspective of spinal cord injury survivors in Turkey

Prior abstract publication: 2^nd Medical Rehabilitation Congress; Nov 4–7, 2010; Ankara, Turkey

Objective: This study aims to investigate the process of breaking bad news from the perspective of spinal cord injury survivors.

Design: A cross sectional, qualitative study.

Setting: Community.

Participants: Fourteen spinal cord injury survivors.

Interventions: Subjects participated in a semi-structured interview about ‘when’, ‘where’ ‘by whom’ and ‘how’ they received and ‘would’ prefer to receive bad news.

Outcome measures: Answers to ‘how’ questions were coded according to SPIKES protocol (Setting, Perception, Invitation, Knowledge, Empathizing, Summary).

Results: Eight participants (57%) reported that they received bad news from a physician, mostly during rehabilitation. All would prefer to be informed by a physician and majority preferred to be gradually informed during rehabilitation. Half were not satisfied with the content of information. Only half felt that his/her physiatrist understood his/her emotional distress. Majority of participants who received bad news from physicians reported that the setting was private and their family members accompanied them.

Conclusion: Most spinal cord injury survivors were unsatisfied with knowledge and emotional support provided by rehabilitation physicians. Participants would prefer to receive bad news by a senior physiatrist in a planned meeting during rehabilitation.     

Trunk muscle activity patterns and motion patterns of patients with motor complete spinal cord injury at T8 and T10 walking with different un-powered exoskeletons

Objective: The aim of this study was to explore how neurological injured levels of spinal cord affect the performance of patients walking with different un-powered exoskeletons.

Study design: Case series observational study.

Setting: Gait and Motion Analysis Laboratory at the National Research Center Rehabilitation Technical Aids.

Methods: Electromyography and motion data from two subjects with complete spinal cord injury at T10 and T8 walking with un-powered exoskeletons were collected simultaneously.

Outcome measures: Surface electromyography of trunk muscles and motion data including joint angle and center of mass (COM).

Results: Compared to T10 subject, T8 subject activated trunk muscles in higher levels walking with all tested un-powered exoskeletons and had greater pelvic obliquity walking with reciprocating gait orthosis (RGO) and energy-stored exoskeleton (ES-EXO). ES-EXO can redistribute muscle forces, recruit trunk muscles evenly, increase walking speed and improve COM trajectory in frontal plane.

Conclusion: This study revealed differences in kinematics and muscle activities in walking with three un-powered exoskeletons between two patients with different neurological injured levels. ES-EXO had advantages over conventional un-powered exoskeletons on recruiting muscles evenly and improving walking speed, step length and COM trajectory.     

Personal identity narratives of therapeutic songwriting participants following Spinal Cord Injury: A case series analysis

Context/Objective: Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) patients face unique identity challenges associated with physical limitations, higher comorbid depression, increased suicidality and reduced subjective well-being. Post-injury identity is often unaddressed in subacute rehabilitation environments where critical physical and functional rehabilitation goals are prioritized. Therapeutic songwriting has demonstrated prior efficacy in promoting healthy adjustment and as a means of expression for post-injury narratives. The current study sought to examine the identity narratives of therapeutic songwriting participants.

Design: Case-series analysis of the individual identity trajectories of eight individuals.

Setting: Subacute rehabilitation facility, Victoria, Australia.

Participants: Eight individuals with an SCI; 7 males and 1 female.

Intervention: Six-week therapeutic songwriting intervention facilitated by a music therapist to promote identity rehabilitation.

Outcome Measures: Identity, subjective well-being and distress, emotional state.

Results: Three participants demonstrated positive trajectories and a further three showed negative trajectories; remaining participants were ambiguous in their response. Injury severity differentiated those with positive trajectories from those with negative trajectories, with greater injury severity apparent for those showing negative trends. Self-concept also improved more in those with positive trajectories. Core demographic variables did not however meaningfully predict the direction of change in core identity or wellbeing indices.

Conclusion: Identity-focused songwriting holds promise as a means of promoting healthy identity reintegration. Further research on benefits for those with less severe spinal injuries is warranted.     

The effect of behavioral intervention and nutrition education program on serum lipid profile,body weight and blood pressure in Iranian individuals with spinal cord injury: A randomized clinical trial

Objective: The efficacy of nutrition education on body weight and serum lipids has not yet been described in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). In the present study, we examined the effect of a 7-month nutrition education program on lipid profile and body weight in individuals with SCI.

Design: Randomized clinical trial.

Setting: A tertiary rehabilitation center.

Participants: Patients with SCI who were referred to Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center.

Intervention: The nutrition education program consisted of 5 education sessions during a period of 7 months.

Outcome measures: Body weight and serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were measure at the beginning of the trial and after 7 months. Two-way repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used.

Results: Total of 57 patients (27 in control group and 30 in education group) participated. Nutrition education program showed no significant effect on the levels of TC, TG, LDL-C and HDL-C (P: 0.224, 0.172, 0.107 and 0.081, respectively). No significant changes in weight and waist circumflex have been observed as well (P: 0.970 and 0.361, respectively).

Conclusion: Our findings do not support a significant influence of nutrition education program on weight and lipid profile. It seems that the nutrition education program alone is not adequately effective to have beneficial influence on weight and lipid profile.

Clinical trial registration No.: IRCT201406215968N3     

Myositis ossificans of the longus coli muscle following cervical spine fracture-dislocation

Background: Upper cervical spine fractures are traumatic injuries typically associated with high-energy trauma and have a high morbidity and mortality rate. We describe a case of upper cervical spine fracture occurring due to high-energy trauma that resulted in significant myositis ossificans (MO) of the longus coli muscle.

Study Design: Case Report and literature review.

Methods: Retrospective review of medical records.

Results: The patient was treated non-operatively for the neck rotation and MO of his longus coli muscle and had gradual improvement of symptoms.

Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first report of symptomatic MO of the longus coli following traumatic cervical spine fracture in an adult. Treatment with supportive measures appears to achieve satisfactory outcome.     

A rare cause of severe epigastric pain,emesis and increased lipase

Introduction: Gastric volvulus is an uncommon, but severe pathology requiring early diagnosis and urgent treatment. Its atypical symptoms and rarity make it difficult to diagnose, possibly leading to delayed treatment and fatal complications.

Patients and methods: We present a case of a 73-year–old patient with Parkinson’s disease with complaints of severe epigastric pain, emesis and an increased lipase.

Results:

Diagnosis of an organo-axial gastric volvulus was made. Treatment consisted of reduction of the volvulus by decompression via nasogastric tube. The underlying cause was a para-esophageal hernia that was repaired by Nissen-fundoplication later on.

Conclusions: We describe symptomatology, diagnostic and therapeutic options of gastric volvulus.     

Potential of personal health record portals in the care of individuals with spinal cord injuries and disorders: Provider perspectives

Context/Objective: Although personal health record (PHR) portals are designed for patients, healthcare providers are a key influence in how patients use their features and realize benefits from them. A few studies have examined provider attitudes toward PHR portals, but none have focused on those who care for individuals with spinal cord injuries and disorders (SCI/D). We characterize SCI/D provider perspectives of PHR portals, including perceived advantages and disadvantages of PHR portal use in SCI/D care.

Design: Cross-sectional; semi-structured interviews.

Setting: Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) Centers in the Veterans Health Administration.

Participants: Twenty-six SCI/D healthcare providers.

Interventions: None.

Outcome Measures: Perceived advantages and disadvantages of PHR portals.

Results: The complex situations of individuals with SCI/D shaped provider perspectives of PHR portals and their potential role in practice. Perceived advantages of PHR portal use in SCI/D care included the ability to coordinate information and care, monitor and respond to outpatient requests, support patient self-management activities, and provide reliable health information to patients. Perceived disadvantages of PHR portal use in SCI/D care included concerns about the quality of patient-generated health data, other potential liabilities for providers and workload burden, and the ability of individuals with SCI/D to understand clinical information accessed through a portal.

Conclusion: Our study highlights advantages and disadvantages that should be considered when promoting engagement of SCI/D healthcare providers in use of PHR portals, and portal features that may have the most utility in SCI/D care.     

Availability and need of home adaptations for personal mobility among individuals with spinal cord injury

Objective: To identify the availability and unmet need of home adaptations (HAs) among the Swiss population with spinal cord injury (SCI).

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Setting: Swiss Spinal Cord Injury Community Survey 2012.

Participants: Individuals aged 16 or older with chronic SCI living in Switzerland.

Interventions: Not applicable.

Outcome measures: The availability of ten HAs (self-report) was analyzed by sex, age, living situation, indoor mobility, SCI severity, SCI etiology and time since SCI. The unmet need (self-report of not having a HA but needing it) of HAs was analyzed by financial hardship.

Results: Among the 482 study participants (mean age 55.2 years, standard deviation 15.0 years, 71.6% males), 85.1% had at least one HA. The most frequent HA was a wheelchair accessible shower (62.7%). Availability of HAs markedly varied with indoor mobility (e.g. 38.4% of participants using a wheelchair had a stair lift compared to 17.4% of those walking) and with SCI severity (e.g. 54.8% of those with complete paraplegia had a wheelchair accessible kitchen worktop compared to 26.0% of those with incomplete paraplegia). Unmet need was highest for adjustable kitchen worktops (78.7% of those with a need) and adjustable kitchen cabinets (75.7%) and lowest for wheelchair accessible showers (9.4%) and grab bars next to the toilet (8.5%). No significant differences in unmet need were found when stratifying for financial hardship.

Conclusion: Availability of HAs is dependent on indoor mobility and SCI severity. There is a considerable degree of unmet need for selected HAs, which couldn't be explained by financial hardship.     

Bladder-emptying methods,neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction and impact on quality of life in people with long-term spinal cord injury

Objectives: To describe bladder-emptying methods used by people with long-term spinal cord injury (SCI) and to determine usage differences in relation to time since injury, sex, lesion level and completeness of lesion. Furthermore, to evaluate the relationship between bladder-emptying methods and the impact of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD) on quality of life (QoL).

Design: Cross-sectional multicenter study.

Setting: Dutch community.

Participants: Persons dependent on wheelchairs (N?=?282) with traumatic or non-traumatic SCI for ≥10 years and age at injury of 18–35 years.

Interventions: Not applicable.

Outcome measures: The International Lower Urinary Tract Function Basic SCI Data Set and the Short-Form Qualiveen (SF-Qualiveen).

Results: Median time since injury was 22.0 years (IQR: 16.8–30.3). Clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) was most commonly used (42.6%). Longer time since injury was associated with fewer continent urinary diversions and more transurethral catheter use. Transurethral catheter use and continent urinary diversions were more prevalent among women. Participants with tetraplegia were more likely to use reflex voiding or a suprapubic catheter, and participants with paraplegia were more likely to use CIC. Transurethral catheter users reported the highest impact of NLUTD on quality of life (SF-Qualiveen score: 1.9; SD?=?0.8). Participants with a continent urinary diversion reported the lowest impact (SF-Qualiveen score: 0.9; SD?=?0.6). Higher age and indwelling catheter use versus CIC were associated with a higher impact of NLUTD on QoL.

Conclusions: CIC is the most common bladder-emptying method in Dutch people with long-term SCI. Clinicians should be aware of the impact of NLUTD on QoL, especially for those using an indwelling catheter.     

An investigation of the relationship between autonomic dysreflexia and intrathecal baclofen in patients with spinal cord injury

Objective: To study the relationship between autonomic dysreflexia and intrathecal baclofen in patients with spinal cord injury.

Design: Retrospective chart review.

Setting: Inpatient and outpatient acute rehabilitation facility.

Participants: Thirty-four subjects.

Interventions: We reviewed patients’ medical records to ascertain the presence of symptomatic autonomic dysreflexia (AD) prior to and after implantation of an intrathecal baclofen (ITB) pump for spasticity in spinal cord injury patients. We recorded risk factors for autonomic dysreflexia including kidney and bladder stones, heterotopic ossification (HO), and ischial / sacral pressure ulcers.

Outcome Measures: Presence of autonomic dysreflexia pre and post-intrathecal baclofen pump placement, presence of risk factors associated with autonomic dysreflexia including (1) kidney or bladder stones, (2) heterotopic ossification, and (3) pressure ulcers.

Results: Of the 34 subjects, 25 (73.5%) experienced AD prior to ITB pump placement and only 2 (5.9%) after placement. Four subjects (11.8%) had kidney or bladder stones, of which, all had AD prior to placement and none had AD afterwards. Twenty-six subjects (76.5%) had pressure ulcers, of which, all experienced AD prior to placement and only one (0.02%) afterwards. Six patients (17.6%) had HO, of which 5 (83%) had AD prior to placement and none afterwards. Additionally, three patients (8.8%) had at least 2 of the above risk factors, of which, all had AD prior to ITB placement and none afterwards.

Conclusion: This study showed a significant reduction of symptomatic episodes of autonomic dysreflexia after spinal cord injury, even in those with additional risk factors for development of autonomic dysreflexia.     

Factors associated with upper extremity contractures after cervical spinal cord injury: A pilot study

Objective: To examine the prevalence of joint contractures in the upper limb and association with voluntary strength, innervation status, functional status, and demographics in a convenience sample of individuals with cervical spinal cord injury to inform future prospective studies.

Design: Cross-sectional convenience sampled pilot study.

Setting: Department of Veterans Affairs Research Laboratory.

Participants: Thirty-eight participants with cervical level spinal cord injury.

Interventions: Not applicable.

Main Outcome Measures: Contractures were measured with goniometric passive range of motion. Every joint in the upper extremity was evaluated bilaterally. Muscle strength was measured with manual muscle testing. Innervation status was determined clinically with surface electrical stimulation. Functional independence was measured with the Spinal Cord Independence Measure III (SCIM-III).

Results: Every participant tested had multiple joints with contractures and, on average, participants were unable to achieve the normative values of passive movement in 52% of the joints tested. Contractures were most common in the shoulder and hand. There was a weak negative relationship between percentage of contractures and time post-injury and a moderate positive relationship between percentage of contractures and age. There was a strong negative correlation between SCIM-III score and percentage of contractures.

Conclusions: Joint contractures were noted in over half of the joints tested. These joint contractures were associated with decreased functional ability as measured by the SCIM-III. This highlights the need the need for detailed evaluation of the arm and hand early after injury as well as continued monitoring of joint characteristics throughout the life course of the individual with tetraplegia.     

Breaking bad news to patients with spinal cord injury in Turkey – physiatrists’ perspective

Objective: To explore Turkish physiatrists’ experiences and opinions about breaking bad news (BBN) to patients with spinal cord injury (SCI).

Design: A cross sectional study.

Setting: Turkey.

Participants: Sixty-nine physiatrists completed a questionnaire about experiences and opinions regarding BBN and self-assessment of communication skills (CS).

Results: Eleven percent of specialists and 53% of residents were trained on basic CS. All participants believed that physiatrists should play a role in BBN and the majority reported that they delivered the bad news in their clinic. Sixty-seven percent believed that the primary responsibility belongs to physiatrists. Sixty-eight percent reported that the most appropriate time for BBN is during rehabilitation. Self-assessments of CS were considered satisfactory in most steps of SPIKES protocol. Twenty percent told absolute truth to patients while 80% stated that they did so sometimes or partially. Only 41% confirmed that they do not use unrealistic statements to comfort patients. Fewer than 60% stated that they performed the most appropriate and excellent behaviors for items in “empathy” section.

Conclusion: Physiatrists had different opinions about the style of BBN. Self-assessments of CS were optimistic, however physiatrists were not fully satisfied with their empathy skills.     

Unusual presentations of enlarged parathyroid cysts: two case reports

Introduction: Parathyroid cysts are infrequently encountered and have a variable presentation pattern depending on their size, location and secreting character.

Patients and methods: We report two cases of parathyroid cysts characterized by their uncommon clinical presentation.

Results: In the first case the patient presented with a large cervical cystic mass without hypercalcemia, while in the second case, the patient experienced a hypercalcemic crisis associated with acute renal failure. The variable pattern of clinical manifestations is discussed.

Conclusion: Parathyroid cysts are a rare entity. Surgical resection is the key to therapy when hyperparathyroidism or local compression are identified.     

The impact of acute management on the occurrence of medical complications during the specialized spinal cord injury acute hospitalization following motor-complete cervical spinal cord injury

Context/Objective: Determine the impact of early admission and complete perioperative management in a specialized spinal cord injury (SCI) trauma center (SCI-center) on the occurrence of medical complications following tetraplegia.

Design: A retrospective comparative cohort study of prospectively collected data involving 116 individuals was conducted. Group 1 (N=87) was early managed in a SCI-center promptly after the trauma, whereas Group 2 (N=29) was surgically and preoperatively managed in a non-specialized (NS) center before being transferred to the SCI-center. Bivariate comparisons and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to assess the relationship between the type of acute care facility and the occurrence of medical complications. Length of stay (LOS) in acute care was also compared.

Setting: Single Level-1 trauma center.

Participants: Individuals with acute traumatic motor-complete cervical SCI.

Interventions: Not applicable

Outcome measures: The occurrence of complications during the SCI-center stay.

Results: There was a similar rate of complications between the two groups. However, the LOS was greater in Group 2 (p=0.04). High cervical injuries (C1-C4) showed an important tendency to increase the likelihood of developing a complication, while high cervical injuries and increased trauma severity increased the odds of developing respiratory complications.

Conclusion: Although complication rates were similar in non-specialized and specialized centers, peri-operative management in a non-specialized center required a longer length of stay. Prompt transfer to a SCI-center may optimize the care trajectory by favoring earlier transfer to rehabilitation.     

Measuring pain phenomena after spinal cord injury: Development and psychometric properties of the SCI-QOL Pain Interference and Pain Behavior assessment tools

Objective: To develop modern patient-reported outcome measures that assess pain interference and pain behavior after spinal cord injury (SCI).

Design: Grounded-theory based qualitative item development; large-scale item calibration field-testing; confirmatory factor analyses; graded response model item response theory analyses; statistical linking techniques to transform scores to the Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) metric.

Setting: Five SCI Model Systems centers and one Department of Veterans Affairs medical center in the United States.

Participants: Adults with traumatic SCI.

Interventions: N/A.

Outcome Measures: Spinal Cord Injury - Quality of Life (SCI-QOL) Pain Interference item bank, SCI-QOL Pain Interference short form, and SCI-QOL Pain Behavior scale.

Results: Seven hundred fifty-seven individuals with traumatic SCI completed 58 items addressing various aspects of pain. Items were then separated by whether they assessed pain interference or pain behavior, and poorly functioning items were removed. Confirmatory factor analyses confirmed that each set of items was unidimensional, and item response theory analyses were used to estimate slopes and thresholds for the items. Ultimately, 7 items (4 from PROMIS) comprised the Pain Behavior scale and 25 items (18 from PROMIS) comprised the Pain Interference item bank. Ten of these 25 items were selected to form the Pain Interference short form.

Conclusions: The SCI-QOL Pain Interference item bank and the SCI-QOL Pain Behavior scale demonstrated robust psychometric properties. The Pain Interference item bank is available as a computer adaptive test or short form for research and clinical applications, and scores are transformed to the PROMIS metric.     

Bone mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium decreases the generation of astrocytes during the process of neural stem cells differentiation

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of bone mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) conditioned medium (CM) and Bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4) on the generation of astrocytes during the process of NSCs differentiation.

Design: Neural stem cells (NSCs) were grown under different culture conditions.

Setting: The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.

Outcome Measures: The study consisted of four groups: NSCs cultured under control conditions (group 1) or with the addition of BMSC-CM (group 2);(BMP-4) (group 3) or both (group 4).The expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was detected by immunocytochemical staining and Western blotting.

Results: The expression of GFAP was higher in Group3 and lower in Group 2 compared to that in Group 1. The expression of GFAP in Group 4 was intermediate between that of Group 2 and Group 3.

Conclusions: These results suggest that BMSC-CM can decrease the generation of astrocytes and that the inhibition of the (BMP-4) /Smad1/5/8 signaling pathway may be the underlying mechanism. This phenomenon may be mediated by increasing the expression of Smad6.     

Variables affecting functional improvement in chordoma patients admitted to an inpatient rehabilitation facility: A retrospective review

Study Design: Retrospective chart review of patients after surgical resection of chordoma admitted to an inpatient rehabilitation facility.

Objective: To evaluate the characteristics associated with improving two or more functional levels and therefore classifying as a substantial responder after an inpatient rehabilitation facility stay in post-resection chordoma patients.

Setting: Acute inpatient rehabilitation facility in the United States.

Methods: A total of 40 patients were admitted to an inpatient rehabilitation facility from 2010–2015 after chordoma resection. Demographics, tumor management information, lengths of stay and functional independence measures on admission and discharge were collected. Substantial responders were identified as individuals who improved two or more functional levels based on total FIM score change. Logistic regression was used to analyze the available data for association of quantitative and categorical variables with being a substantial responder.

Results: The categorical variables analyzed in this study (sex, readmission to an acute hospital, Charlson Comorbidity Index, tumor level, nerve sacrifice, recurrent tumor and metatases) were not associated with being a substantial responder. The quantitative variables age and length of stay at the inpatient rehabilitation facility were individually associated with being a substantial responder, while length of stay at the acute hospital was not.

Conclusions: Patients who were younger were more likely to be classified as substantial responders. Patients with longer lengths of stay at the inpatient rehabilitation facility were also more likely to be classified as substantial responders.     

The risks of polypharmacy following spinal cord injury

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the overall prevalence of polypharmacy within the spinal cord injury (SCI) population, the level of polypharmacy with respect to seven classes of high-risk drugs commonly used to treat secondary conditions in the SCI population, and the overall risks for drug-related problems (DRP) related to polypharmacy.

Design: A retrospective case–control design.

Setting: A commercially available claims dataset that included patient cases from 4800 hospitals in the USA between 2007 and 2009.

Participants: Individuals with tetraplegia, paraplegia, and those with SCI but not specified as either tetraplegia or paraplegia as well as a control population of randomly selected, age- and sex-matched individuals without a diagnosis of SCI.

Outcome measures: The overall prevalence of polypharmacy, the prevalence of commonly prescribed high-risk medications, and the prevalence of reported DRPs.

Results: Overall, the patients in the SCI population were prescribed significantly more medications than their control counterparts. There was a higher rate of individuals being prescribed medications from multiple high-risk classes (e.g. analgesic-narcotics, anticonvulsant, antidepressant, and skeletal muscle relaxer), as well as multiple medications within each class (e.g. multiple analgesic-narcotics). The SCI group had a higher incidence of DRPs.

Conclusion: Our results are some of the first to demonstrate the extent of polypharmacy in individuals with SCI, including commonly prescribed high-risk medications, leading to a higher rate of DPRs. The higher rate of polypharmacy and DRPs can impact rehabilitation goals and community integration following neurologic injury.     

The influence of level of spinal cord injury on adipose tissue and its relationship to inflammatory adipokines and cardiometabolic profiles

Objective: Level of injury (LOI) and the role of adipose tissue and its proinflammatory adipokines in cardiometabolic dysfunction following spinal cord injury (SCI) remains poorly understood. We aim to examine the influence of LOI on adipose tissue and its relationship to proinflammatory adipokines and cardiometabolic profiles following SCI.

Design: Cross sectional and correlational study.

Setting: Clinical hospital and academic setting.

Participants: Forty-seven individuals with chronic motor complete SCI (age 43.8±11.5 y, BMI: 27.3±5.3) were classified as having tetraplegia (TSCI; n=12) or paraplegia (PSCI; n=35).

Intervention: Non applicable.

Outcome Measures: Visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissue volumes were measured using magnetic resonance imaging. Proinflammatory adipokines (tumor neurosis factor-α, interleukin-6 (IL-6), plasminogen activatable inhibitor-1, thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor, and high-sensitivity c-reactive protein) and cardiovascular, carbohydrate, and lipid profiles were assessed according to standard techniques.

Results: VAT volume was greater in TSCI versus PSCI (p=0.042); however, after covarying for age this significance was lost (p>0.05). IL-6 was significantly elevated in TSCI (p<0.05), while other markers of inflammation generally were elevated, but did not reach statistical significance (p>0.05). Systolic blood pressure and total cholesterol were significantly lower in TSCI (p<0.05), while fasting glucose was significantly lower in PSCI (p<0.05). A number of proinflammatory adipokines and cardiometabolic markers significantly correlated with adipose tissue depots by LOI (p<0.05).

Conclusion: The results show that LOI does not influence the distribution of adipose tissue, but does influence proinflammatory adipokines and cardiometabolic profiles following SCI. Further research is needed to evaluate impact of lean body mass on these findings.