脊髓急,慢性损伤CSEP的变化：（附127例报告）

１９８０年～１９９２年９月对１２７例急、慢性脊髓损伤行皮层体感诱发电位（ＣＳＥＰ）检查。急性脊髓损伤７７例，全瘫３９例，不全瘫３８例，伤后２周内做减压复位及内固定。术后１～１２个月作ＣＳＥＰ检查与术前对比，３９例全瘫中的２６例ＣＳＥＰ完全消失，瘫痪也无恢复；１３例术前有严重异常的ＣＳＥＰ，７例ＣＳＥＰ及部分皮肤感觉有恢复，余６例无变化。３８例不全瘫，术前有异常的ＣＳＥＰ，术后瘫痪及ＣＳＥＰ都有不同程度恢复。慢性脊髓损伤５０例，术前ＣＳＥＰ均有异常改变，治疗后除２例颈椎病的症状及ＣＳＥＰ无变化外，其余病例都有不同程度的恢复。作者还分析了在急、慢性脊髓损伤者检测ＣＳＥＰ中一些不可靠的原因及影响因素。     

Motor versus somatosensory evoked potential changes after acute experimental spinal cord injury in rats

Summary In this study, averaged cortical somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) after sciatic nerve stimulation, and lower extremity muscle responses after motor cortex stimulation (MEP) were compared in rats. 10 animals served as light (25g-cm) and 10 animals as severe (80g-cm) acute spinal cord injury group after weight dropping trauma. After the initial loss of components, both SEP and MEP recovered in most cases in the light injury group. In the severe injury group, however, no recovery was observed in cortical SEPs, while the muscle MEP recovered in some animals. Light spinal cord injury had little effect on muscle MEPs and caused a paradoxical amplitude increase in some MEP recordings. Latency values of muscle MEPs did not show great changes after either kind of injury, while cortical SEP latency was considerably delayed.In this model cortical SEPs were more sensitive to light spinal cord injury than muscle MEPs after single electrical cortical stimuli. Severe spinal cord injury caused amplitude changes or loss of waves from both SEP and MEP.This work was partly presented in the poster sections at 39. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurochirurgie, Köln (F. R. G., May 8-1, 1988 and Congress of the International Medical Society of Motor Disturbances, Rome, Italy, June 2–4, 1988.     

颈髓急性损伤后的磁共振波谱评价

目的:探讨颈髓急性损伤后磁共振波谱(1H-MRS)的诊断价值。方法:对19例急性颈髓损伤患者根据神经功能分为完全性损伤及不全性损伤两组,选取创区与创区头侧远端颈髓行1H-MRS,半定量分析氮-乙酰门冬氨酸(NAA)、胆碱(Cho)、肌酸(Cr)和乳酸(Lac)含量的比值。结果:颈髓完全性损伤组中NAA/Cho、NAA/Cr显著减低,Lac/Cho显著增高,其创区头侧远端Lac/Cho含量也增高(P<0.05);不完全损伤组中仅Lac/Cho含量增加,头侧远端乳酸含量亦增高(P<0.05)。颈髓损伤不同程度组间NAA/Cho、NAA/Cr有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:1H-MRS所测NAA/Cho、NAA/Cr从代谢水平反映颈髓损伤的不同程度,创区头侧远端Lac/Cho比值增高提示颈髓隐匿损伤的存在。     

脊髓损伤后的高凝状态

目的:观察脊髓损伤患者凝血系统的变化。方法:以20例符合条件的脊髓损伤病人为研究对象,分别于伤后2~6h、伤后1、3、5d采集病人股静脉血,测定血浆凝血酶抗凝血酶Ⅲ复合物(TAT)、凝血酶原片段1 2(F1 2)和D-二聚体(D-dimer)浓度;同时测定20名健康献血员TAT、F1 2、D-dimer血浆浓度作为正常对照。结果:正常对照组TAT、F1 2和D-dimer血浆浓度分别为3.1±0.9ng/ml、0.9±0.2nmol/l和42.6±9.3ng/ml。20例脊髓损伤病人伤后2~6hTAT、F1 2、D-dimer血浆浓度即显著增高(P<0.05),分别达45.3±14.2ng/ml、4.1±0.7nmol/l和136.2±14.3ng/ml,伤后1、2d内仍明显高于对照组,伤后3、4d趋于正常。结论:脊髓损伤后可激活凝血系统,造成高凝状态,这种高凝状态于伤后数小时即可发生,且持续存在2~3d。     

Osteoporosis after spinal cord injury.

Dual-photon absorptiometry characterized bone loss in males aged less than 40 years after complete traumatic paraplegic and quadriplegic spinal cord injury. Total bone mass of various regions and bone mineral density (BMD) of the knee were measured in 55 subjects. Three different populations were partitioned into four groups: 10 controls (healthy, age matched); 25 acutely injured (114 days after injury), with 12 reexamined 16 months after injury; and 20 chronic (greater than 5 years after injury). Significant differences (p less than 0.0001) in bone mass mineral between groups at the arms, pelvis, legs, distal femur, and proximal tibia were found, with no differences for the head or trunk. Post hoc analyses indicated no differences between the acutely injured at 16 months and the chronically injured. Paraplegic and quadriplegic subjects were significantly different only at the arms and trunk, but were highly similar at the pelvis and below. In the acutely injured, a slight but statistically insignificant rebound was noted above the pelvis. Regression techniques demonstrated early, rapid, linear (p less than 0.0001) decline of bone below the pelvis. Bone mineral loss occurs throughout the entire skeleton, except the skull. Most bone loss occurs rapidly and below the pelvis. Homeostasis is reached by 16 months at two thirds of original bone mass, near fracture threshold.     

体神经-内脏神经反射弧建立后脊髓损伤鼠排尿功能的改变以及可能机制

目的 建立新的体神经-内脏神经反射弧,应用尿流动力学方法来检测新反射弧建立后对清醒脊髓损伤(SCI)鼠膀胱功能及逼尿肌-尿道外括约肌协调性的影响以及可能机理。方法成年雄性大鼠(280～300)g在L4～L6的椎管内行L6腹侧根与L4腹侧根神经端端吻合,保留L4背根来传导来自新反射弧的皮肤传入信号。术后3个月行T9～T10椎间脊髓横断,8周后在清醒状态下检测容量诱发性排尿和电刺激新反射弧皮肤感觉传入区诱发排尿的膀胱压力变化图(CMG)和尿道外括约肌肌电图(EUS-EMG)各项参数的变化。结果 新的体神经-内脏神经反射弧建立后,在清醒状态下电刺激L4皮区可以诱发排尿,和不用电刺激的容量诱发性排尿(VEMR)相比排尿量增加、排尿压提高、排尿开放压提高,而残余尿减少,排尿效率明显增加,差异均有显著性(P<0.05)。EUS的肌电频率明显降低。结论 新反射弧建立后使 SCI鼠的排尿功能发生显著改变。电刺激反射弧的皮肤感觉区可以收缩膀胱逼尿肌使膀胱内压升高并同时使尿道外括约肌肌电频率下降,CMG和EUS的多项参数均有改善。逼尿肌-外括约肌不协调得到改善。     

脊神经前根吻合重建脊髓损伤大鼠神经反射通路的形态学研究

目的:观察利用脊神经前根吻合重建脊髓损伤大鼠股四头肌神经反射通路的形态学情况。方法:取4周龄SD大鼠20只,体重120～150g;将左侧L1神经前根与支配股四头肌的优势脊神经(L3)前根通过尾神经桥接吻合,右侧不作任何处理。神经吻合术后6个月,手术分离神经吻合段。将能分离神经吻合段的大鼠在L2脊髓水平左半侧切断脊髓制备大鼠脊髓半切损伤模型,饲养4周后左侧股神经注射Trueblue(TB)染色剂进行逆行荧光染色,观察L1脊髓前角是否有TB标记的阳性细胞;同时解剖分离神经吻合段进行HE染色及电镜观察。结果:饲养过程中大鼠死亡4只。成功分离出10只大鼠的神经吻合段。吻合段神经肉眼观察光滑圆润,无萎缩;HE染色光镜下吻合段神经纤维排列整齐,走行一致,为典型的有髓神经纤维结构;电镜下吻合段神经纤维具有明显神经轴突特征。TB荧光逆行示踪左侧L1脊髓前角可见荧光标记阳性的神经元,而右侧无标记阳性细胞。结论:L1与L3脊神经前根吻合可成功建立L2脊髓半切损伤大鼠的股四头肌脊髓旁神经反射通路。     

脊柱脊髓损伤患者低钠血症的临床研究

目的：探讨脊柱脊髓损伤患者低钠血症的临床发病情况、发生机制及治疗措施。方法：回顾性分析543例急性脊柱脊髓损伤患者的临床资料。结果：543例患者中发生低钠者202例，占全部病例的37．2％。脊柱脊髓损伤患者低钠血症的发生率与患者脊髓损伤平面和程度有关。202例低钠者中13例出现神经精神症状。结论：脊柱脊髓损伤患者低钠血症的发生与钠盐摄入量减少、过量水负荷、脊髓损伤后肾脏排水保钠能力下降等原因有关。ASIA运动评分与脊柱脊髓损伤患者低钠血症的发生有相关性。     

Exercise awareness and barriers after spinal cord injury

Exercise is an essential element in managing several of the non-communicable diseases after spinal cord injury(SCI).Awareness of the importance of prescribing a customized exercise program that meets the goals of persons with SCI should be highly considered in the rehabilitation community.The barriers of implementing specific exercise program as well as the factors that may mask the outcomes of regular exercise regimen need to be continuously addressed as a part of patients’rehabilitation care.The focus of this editorial is to encourage the medical community to consider routine physical activity as one of the necessary vital signs that needs to be routinely checked in patients with SCI.Providing education tips,nutritional counseling and engaging in recreational programs may provide motivational route to the community of SCI.This may result in reinforcing active lifestyle in survivors with SCI as well as to reduce the impact of chronic life threatening medical disorders.     

Weight change after spinal cord injury

Objectives: To study the patterns of weight change after spinal cord injury (SCI) and identify associated risk factors.

Study design: Cohort study.

Setting: Sixteen Spinal Cord Injury Model Systems (SCIMS), USA.

Participants: One thousand and ninety-four individuals with an SCI who were entered into the SCIMS and had a 1-year follow-up between October 2006 and November 2012.

Intervention: Not applicable.

Outcome measure: Change in body mass index (BMI) during the first year of injury. Height and weight were assessed during inpatient rehabilitation and 1 year after injury.

Results: Mean BMI decreased from 26.3 to 25.8?kg/m² during the first year after SCI (mean change: ?0.5?kg/m² (standard deviation: 3.58)). Weight loss was mainly observed among individuals classified as overweight or obese during rehabilitation (n = 576) with a BMI decrease of 1.4?kg/m², which varied significantly by sex, education, neurological level, and the presence of vertebral injury. Weight gain was noted among individuals classified as underweight or normal weight during rehabilitation (n?=?518) with a BMI increase of 0.5?kg/m², with the greatest increase among individuals of Hispanic origin (1.2?kg/m²), other marital status (1.2?kg/m²), age group 31–45 years (1.1?kg/m²), with less than high school education (1.1?kg/m²), without spinal surgery (0.9?kg/m²), and with motor functionally incomplete injury (0.8?kg/m²).

Conclusion: Our findings suggest that strategies for weight management should be addressed after a SCI to ameliorate the potential for unhealthful weight change, particularly among at-risk groups.     

脊髓损伤后并发肺损伤的实验研究

目的探讨脊髓损伤后并发肺损伤的机理、病理及治疗方法。方法家兔40只,通过改良Allen法制成脊髓损伤模型,截瘫按Talove分级为1～2级,分为治疗组(B)和对照组(A),治疗组于伤后3h开始自静脉给予常规剂量(0.35mg/kg)的地塞米松治疗,分别于不同的时相点处死家兔,观察动物肺脏的病理改变。结果家兔脊髓损伤后均发生了不同程度的肺脏损伤,肺出血(100%)。脊髓损伤所致的肺出血,治疗组明显轻于对照组(P<0.01)。结论脊髓损伤均并发不同程度的肺损伤。肺损伤的发生机理主要是神经-体液应急反应。应用常规剂量的地塞米松即可以有效地预防和治疗脊髓损伤并发的肺损伤。     

脊髓损伤的MR表现

研究脊髓损伤的MR表现。采用GESigna0．5T超导型磁共振检查机，用脊柱表面线圈，对55例脊柱创伤病人做MR检查。所有病例做轮位和矢状位检查，用自旋回波序列和快速自旋回波序列。脊髓损伤表现为脊髓水肿23例次（41．8％），髓内出血10例次（18．1％），脊髓不完全性和完全性断裂7例次（12．7％），椎间盘值22例次（364％），脊柱韧带断裂30例次（545％）。脊髓损伤多见于爆裂型和骨折脱位型脊柱骨折。MR是脊髓损伤最有效的检查方法，MR对发现和评估脊髓损伤优于CT扫描。     

强啡肽对脊髓损伤后兴奋性氨基酸含量变化的影响与意义

为阐明脊髓损伤后病理因于强啡肽（Dyn）与兴奋性氨基酸（EAA）的关系，通过蛛网膜下腹内插管，在伤后20min给予不同剂量、不同种类Dyn，应用高效液相分析技术测定大鼠脊髓损伤后伤段脊髓组织中EAA含量的动态变化。结果显示，DunA使脊髓组织EAA含量显著增加，其增加的量和持续时间与DynA剂量有关，且有剂量依赖性，但不受阿片受体拮抗剂影响。相同剂量的非阿片受体激动剂DynA2－17和阿片受体激动剂DynA1-17对脊髓EAA的改变相似，DnyA1-8也产生显著的EAA改变，但程度较小。本实验结果对Dyn的病理作用包括非阿片受体途径的学说提供了进一步的支持，在非阿片途径中EAA的作用可能是最重要的。     

胚胎脊髓移植与甲基强的松龙联合应用治疗脊髓损伤的实验研究

目的 :探讨胚胎脊髓移植 (FST)与大剂量甲基强的松龙 (MP)联合应用治疗脊髓损伤的效果。方法 :选用SD大鼠 5 0只 ,随机分为A、B、C、D、E 5组 ,前 4组行T12脊髓半切损伤后为治疗组。A组行大剂量MP与FST联合应用 ;B组行大剂量MP治疗 ;C组为FST治疗 ;D组为单纯半切损伤 ;E组为空白对照。治疗后 2 4h及 8周时行脊髓体感诱发电位检查 ,观察行为变化 ,并对各组损伤区脊髓横断面神经纤维数进行统计学分析。结果 :A组与B、C、D组之间脊髓体感诱发电位及损伤区神经纤维计数均存在明显差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ,行为学无明显改变。结论 :大剂量甲基强的松龙与胚胎脊髓移植联合应用治疗脊髓损伤可起协同促进损伤脊髓修复的作用。     

Experimental spinal cord injury: Lumbar vertebra resection to shorten the gap between spinal cord stumps

Summary Experimental spinal cord transection injuries followed by spinal cord destruction and gentle resection of the destructed cord tissue necessarily lead to a gap between both of the cord stumps. For any attempts to reconstruct the cord or to bridge this gap by transplantation it may be useful to narrow or close the gap. This can be done by vertebral resection.The technique of upper lumbar vertebra resection in cats and rabbits with and without spinal cord lesion is presented. The spine is shortened by approximately 20 mm by spondylectomy. This length exceeds the 10–14 mm long gap in the spinal cord which is created by a spinal cord crush injury using haemostatic forceps and the subsequent destruction zone resection which is performed seven days later. The upper lumbar vertebra is resected by the posterior approach and the spinal cord is sufficiently exposed to perform spinal cord reconstruction experiments.     

诱发电位时频参数在监护大鼠脊髓压迫损伤中的意义

目的：探讨诱发电位监护脊髓损伤新的参数.方法：选择成年SD大鼠20只,建立大鼠脊髓压迫模型,分别记录压迫前后的皮层体感诱发电位,用连续小波变换分析获得时频域的峰时间、峰频率和峰功率三个新的参数,并与诱发电位传统时域分析狭得的参数峰幅值、潜伏期时间进行比较.结果：在脊髓压迫30%时,时域峰幅值平均降低35.5%,峰潜伏期平均延长8.6%,与压迫前比较有显著性差异（P＜0.05）;而用时频分析获得的3个参数与压迫前比较,峰时间延长36.0%,峰功率降低32.5%,峰频率增高53.9%,与压迫前比较有非常显著性差异（P＜0.01）.结论：诱发电位时频参数比时域参数能更灵敏地反映大鼠脊髓压迫损伤.     

脊髓损伤后逼尿肌细胞钙通道改变

目的 探讨脊髓损伤(SCI)后逼尿肌细胞钙通道改变及其与逼尿肌反射亢进(DH)的关系.方法 建立SD大鼠骶髓上损伤动物模型,进行逼尿肌条钙通道阻滞实验及逼尿肌细胞钙震荡激光共聚焦线性扫描.结果 相同前负荷下逼尿肌条的收缩频率SCI组(2.51±0.39)明显高于正常对照(C)组(1.95±0.58,P<0.05),滴加高浓度T型钙通道阻滞剂咪拉地尔后两者收缩频率降低至相同水平,滴加高浓度L型钙通道阻滞剂异搏定后两者收缩频率下降相同;逼尿肌细胞钙振荡频率SCI组(2.68±0.42)明显高于C组(1.87±0.48,P<0.05),滴加高浓度咪拉地尔后两者钙振荡频率降低至相同水平,滴加高浓度异搏定后两者振荡频率下降相同.结论 SCI后DH的发生与逼尿肌细胞T型钙通道性状改变密切相关.     

体感诱发电位在脊柱手术中的监测作用

目的：探讨脊柱外科手术中体感诱发电位监护技术的准确性。方法：对78例颈、胸椎手术患者术中采用皮层体感诱发电位(cortical somatosensory evoked potential，CSEP)术中监测，记录术前、术中、术后各个重要手术步骤的CSEP变化，根据不同阶段诱发电位的变化与术后临床脊髓功能改变相结合，判断CSEP的准确性。结果：78例患者中，CSEP未达到监护界值71例，术后无脊髓损伤；5例患者术中CSEP达到预警标准，告诫手术医生，注意手术操作，术后无脊髓损伤；另外，出现假阳性和假阴性各1例，术后恢复亦良好。结论：排除各种干扰因素后体感诱发电位可较准确地对脊髓的功能状况进行监测，是较准确的脊柱外科手术监护技术。     

猪胸腰段脊髓火器伤后早期血糖变化

目的建立家猪胸腰段脊髓火器伤模型和改良Allens打击伤后全瘫模型,观察伤后早期血糖的变化。方法将实验动物随机分为两组,其中火器伤(G)组6只,在全麻状态下制作胸腰段(L1,2)脊髓火器伤模型;打击伤(C)组6只,L1节段脊髓行改良Allen’s打击。各组动物分别于伤前、伤后0.5、1、2、4h检测血糖。结果两组动物在伤后4h内均出现高血糖,以伤后0.5h最高,而伤后1～4h逐渐降低。G组血糖的升高幅度较C组显著(P<0.01)。结论由于火器伤后血糖升高幅度较大,故脊髓火器伤后早期应慎用葡萄糖液。     

完全横断性脊髓损伤后跨神经元变性的实验研究

目的：探讨大鼠完全性脊髓损伤后损伤平面以下下运动神经元轴突参与组成的周围神经的变化及其变化规律，为临床治疗、康复及预后的判断提供相关的理论基础。方法：48只成年雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术组和脊髓损伤组，各组24只，每组均对应分为7d、1个月、2个月、3个月4个时间点，每组每个时间点6只大鼠。完全性脊髓损伤组大鼠制作T10水平完全性脊髓横断模型。在预定取材时间点处死相应动物，自腓总神经入肌点处向近端切取10mm该神经，分别行天青美-蓝染色光镜观察及超微结构观察。结果：各时间点假手术组腓总神经光镜下观察，神经纤维排列均匀；轴突外形正常、染色均匀。超微结构观察，髓鞘外形正常，板层清晰；轴索位置正常，轴索内微丝微管正常。完全性脊髓损伤组光镜观察发现腓总神经髓鞘和轴索出现明显退变，且退变随时间推移逐渐加重，同时出现轴突发芽现象。超微结构观察可见轴索内线粒体肿胀．轴浆内微丝、微管溶解，髓鞘板层结构破坏，雪旺氏细胞增生及空泡变性现象。退变的同时．腓总神经出现大量的新生神经纤维即轴突发芽现象。结论：完全性横断性脊髓损伤后周围神经存在退变现象．且退变程度随时间的延长逐渐加重，说明大鼠完全横断性脊髓损伤可以导致损伤水平以下周围神经发生跨神经元变性。