婴幼儿先天性鼻泪管阻塞的综合治疗

目的探讨应用抗生素眼液滴眼加泪囊区按摩法、泪道加压冲洗法、鼻泪管探通术综合治疗婴幼儿先天性鼻泪管阻塞的临床应用价值及治疗效果.方法回顾自2000年11月～2005年5月在我院眼科门诊治疗的382例(419眼)婴幼儿先天性鼻泪管阻塞的病历资料,首诊年龄3d～6y.根据患者年龄和症状分别采用抗生素眼液滴眼加泪囊区按摩法、泪道加压冲洗法、鼻泪管探通术的综合治疗进行处理,并随访6个月以上.以无泪溢,眼无分泌物,泪道冲洗通畅或极少返流为治愈标准.结果综合治疗治愈率97.1%,其中5.5%为抗生素眼液滴眼加泪囊区按摩法治愈,11.2%为泪道加压冲洗法治愈,80.4%鼻泪管探通术治愈.2.9%的病例未愈,2.3%病例发生并发症.结论综合治疗婴幼儿先天性鼻泪管阻塞是行之有效且风险较小的一种治疗方法.(中国眼耳鼻喉科杂志,2006,6:97～98)     

新生儿泪囊炎综合疗法的临床研究

目的:研究综合疗法对新生儿泪囊炎的临床效果。方法:回顾性分析2000-07/2005-07门诊就诊的178例203眼新生儿泪囊炎患儿,采用泪囊区挤压按摩,泪道加压冲洗,鼻泪管探通等方法综合治疗。临床资料应用SPSS软件分析系统进行统计学分析。结果:203眼,泪囊区挤压按摩治愈58眼,治愈率28.6%;泪道加压冲洗145眼治愈43眼,治愈率为29.6%;102眼行鼻泪管探通术,治愈94眼,治愈率92.2%。其中,年龄在3mo以内的患儿泪囊区挤压按摩治愈率显著高于3mo以上的患儿(χ2=10.566,P=0.001);年龄在6mo以内的患儿泪道加压冲洗或鼻泪管探通成功率亦显著高于6mo以上患儿(χ2=6.457,P=0.011)。结论:泪囊区挤压按摩法治疗新生儿泪囊炎操作简单、易行,对泪道无损伤是彻底治疗新生儿泪囊炎安全有效的方法,早期正确按摩治疗效果明显;对挤压按摩无效的新生儿泪囊炎及时行泪道加压冲洗以及鼻泪管探通是治疗新生儿泪囊炎有效的途径。     

先天性鼻泪管阻塞的治疗

目的探讨先天性鼻泪管阻塞的治疗效果。方法选取在本院接受治疗并有随诊记录的先天性鼻泪管阻塞的患儿共97例(117眼)。根据年龄大小的不同而分别采取泪囊按摩、加压冲洗及泪道探通三种治疗方法并行疗效统计。结果年龄1∽3个月患儿42例(52眼),选用泪囊挤压按摩法,31眼治愈,占59.62%。4月~1岁患儿34例(41眼),选用加压冲洗法,一次治愈36眼,占87.80%。1~2岁患儿21例(24眼),选用泪道探通法,一次治愈18眼,占75.00%。结论根据年龄大小,选择性采取泪囊挤压按摩、加压冲洗及泪道探通更为合理而有效治疗先天性鼻泪管阻塞。     

先天性鼻泪管阻塞不同年龄采用不同方法的治疗效果

目的探讨先天性鼻泪管阻塞根据不同年龄采用不同方法治疗效果。方法选取在本院接受治疗并有随诊记录的先天性鼻泪管阻塞的患儿97例（117眼）。根据年龄大小的不同而分别采取泪囊按摩、加压冲洗及泪道探通3种治疗方法并行疗效统计。结果年龄1～3个月患儿42例（52眼）,选用泪囊挤压按摩法,31眼治愈,占59．62％。4个月～1岁患儿34例（41眼）,选用加压冲洗法,一次治愈36眼,占87．80％。1～2岁患儿21例（24眼）,选用泪道探通法,一次治愈18眼,占75．00％。结论根据年龄大小,选择性采取泪囊挤压按摩、加压冲洗及泪道探通更为合理而有效治疗先天性鼻泪管阻塞。     

婴幼儿先天性鼻泪管阻塞的治疗探讨

目的：探讨不同年龄阶段的先天性鼻泪管阻塞的婴幼儿,在不同时期采取不同的治疗方法。 方法：将87例102眼患儿分成三个不同的年龄段组：第一组：25天龄~3月龄21例26眼;第二组：〉3~7月龄31例36眼;第三组：〉7~24月龄35例40眼。对第一组实行泪囊鼻泪管按摩＋滴眼液治疗;对第二组进行泪道加压冲洗治疗;对第三组施行鼻泪管探通术治疗。 结果：第一组患儿经泪囊鼻泪管按摩＋滴妥布霉素眼液治疗通畅者12眼,治愈率为46.2%;第二组患儿经泪道加压冲洗治疗通畅者33眼,治愈率为91.7%;第三组患儿经鼻泪管探通术治疗通畅者36眼,治愈率为90.0%。第二组和第三组效果明显优于第一组（χ2=15.71,P〈0.01;χ2=15.27,P〈0.01）;第二组和第三组治疗效果无明显差异（χ2=0.02,P〉0.05）。 结论：婴幼儿先天性鼻泪管阻塞应该区分年龄阶段,采取不同的治疗方法,才能获得较好的治疗效果,而泪道加压冲洗是治疗婴幼儿先天性鼻泪管阻塞的首选方式。     

2769例先天性泪道阻塞的临床分析

目的探讨治疗先天性泪道阻塞的有效措施及临床特点。方法收集先天性泪道阻塞的患儿2769例,采用局部按摩、加压冲洗保守方法治疗,治疗无效或家长要求手术者行泪道探通术,观察各治疗方法的治愈率。结果经按摩、冲洗或探通共治愈3498只眼,总治愈率达98.48%,其中保守治疗治愈率达32.92%,探通手术的治愈率可达97.77%。结论先天性鼻泪管阻塞的患儿,早期进行保守治疗十分必要,可大大提高自愈率,而泪道探通术是简单易行、治愈率高的方法。     

332例先天性泪道阻塞治疗结果分析

新生儿泪囊炎是由先天性泪道发育障碍所造成的,常见者为鼻泪管的下端被先天性残膜或上皮细胞屑阻塞,极少数因鼻部畸形,鼻泪管骨性腔狭窄所至.因泪液和泪囊内分泌物无法排出,微生物得以在盲端堆积和繁殖,遂形成泪囊炎[1].常用的治疗方法有按摩、加压冲洗、泪道探通.我们自2002年6月～2006年9月治疗332例352眼先天性泪囊炎,首选按摩、加压冲洗,无效者行泪道探通术,效果满意,报告如下.     

先天性泪囊炎的治疗方法及治疗时机

目的探讨先天性泪囊炎的治疗方法和时机选择。方法回顾分析了305例（330只眼）诊断为先天性泪囊炎患儿,分别采用泪囊按摩法、泪道加压冲洗和泪道探通术,以溢泪症状完全消失为治愈指标。结果泪囊按摩法治疗330只眼,治愈45只眼,治愈率13．6％;泪道加压冲洗法治疗285只眼,治愈61只眼,治愈率21．4％;泪道探通术治疗224只眼,治愈217只眼,治愈率96．9％。结论集探通及冲洗为一体的泪道探通术是治疗先天性泪囊炎的最有效方法,最佳治疗时机为3～6个月龄。     

先天性鼻泪管阻塞的治疗进展

先天性鼻泪管阻塞治疗方式的选择与年龄有关.1～3个月者选用挤压按摩泪囊法,3个月～1岁患儿可选用加压冲洗法,若治疗失败可选用泪道探通术.3岁以上患儿和泪道探通失败的病例可选用球囊插管扩张术.Ritleng插管系统行硅胶管植入适用于12个月以上患儿.阶梯治疗方案(依次采用泪道探通术、气囊导管扩张术、硅胶管插管法、鼻腔泪囊吻合术)值得推荐.未来手术方式选择应结合患儿年龄选择成功率高、损伤小、并发症少、低成本的手术.     

婴幼儿泪道阻塞的治疗

目的探讨婴幼儿泪道阻塞的治疗方法：方法2个月内患儿采用泪囊区按摩法，大于2个月龄患儿采用泪道加压冲洗法，冲洗日超过15天仍不通者采用泪道探通术。结果5例经泪囊区按摩通畅；用泪道加压冲洗法治疗通畅119例129眼，占64％；用泪道探通法通畅63例67眼，占34％。结论泪道加压冲洗、泪道探通术效果好。     

Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction: irrigation or probing?

The authors investigated the efficacy of antibiotic irrigation as the therapeutic option in congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction. We retrospectively reviewed the medical record of 76 patients' eyes in whom congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction had been diagnosed. In 50 of these patients, the colonizing microorganism was identified and, irrigation through canaliculi was performed using antibiotics of suitable sensitivity. Nasolacrimal system probing was performed on 26 patients as the control group. Treatment was regarded successful when over a 4 week period epiphora or mucous discharge disappeared and when saline passed without resistance on irrigation. 96.0% of patients in the irrigation group and 84.6% of patients in probing group were treated successfully. There was no statistical difference in the success rate between the two groups (P = 0.173). The recovery period based on culture results was 3.22 +/- 0.37 months in the group in which microorganisms were isolated and 2.39 +/- 0.35 months in the group in which no organisms were isolated. There were no statistically significant differences in the success rates between the group in which there was growth and the group in which there was no growth (P = 0.1308). Thus a similar result was obtained using nasolacrimal probing and canaliculus antibiotic irrigation in congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Antibiotic irrigation is a safe and simple therapeutic option in congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction.     

Outcome of probing for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction in older children

PURPOSE: To evaluate the role of probing in congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction in children age 2 years and older and to establish factors predictive of the outcome.METHODS: The study was a single-center, prospective, interventional case series. Sixty patients with congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction aged 24 months or older (range, 24 to 186 months; median, 33 months) presenting consecutively to the authors' institutional referral practice were studied. Probing of the nasolacrimal system under general anesthesia was the surgical intervention. Success of probing was the main outcome measure. Success was predefined as complete resolution of symptoms and signs (tearing, crusting, discharge, regurgitation on pressure over the lacrimal sac) of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction within 3 weeks of the procedure and continued remission at 6 months. Two attempts at probing were necessary before the procedure was declared a failure.RESULTS: One attempt at probing resulted in resolution in 73.3% (44 of 60) patients. Sixteen patients needed a repeat procedure. The overall success rate was 80% (48 of 60). Two specific types of obstructions of the nasolacrimal duct were recognized on probing: membranous and firm. Factors predictive of failure of probing were age older than 36 months (P <.0001); bilateral affection (P =.012); failed conservative therapy (P =.015); failed earlier probing (P <.0001); dilated lacrimal sac (P <.0001); and firm obstruction (P <.0001). CONCLUSION: Results indicate that probing is a viable primary surgical option for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction in children who present between 2 and 3 years of age, and identify factors predictive of poor prognosis.     

Unsuccessful Probing and Nasolacrimal Canal Agenesis in Congenital Epiphora

Purpose: To present 3 cases with nasolacrimal canal agenesis who underwent repetitive unsuccessful probing for treatment of congenital epiphora.

Materials and methods: Three patients who had undergone topical antibiotic therapy, lacrimal sac massage and repetitive probing in Ondokuz Mayis University, Medical School, Ophthalmology Department between June 2006 and March 2007 were included in the study. Thin-section computerized tomography (CT) scan was performed in all cases since nasolacrimal duct could not be detected during repetitive probing.

Results: Among the patients 2 were males and 1 was a female. They were within the age range 5–7. Since it was not possible to cannulate the nasolacrimal canal during probing, CT scans were performed and nasolacrimal duct agenesis was detected in 3 patients. One of the patients had additional upper punctum agenesis, who also had no right frontal sinus and left sphenoid sinus. All tomographic images revealed a rudimentary upper nasolacrimal canal ending blindly and a lower canal leading into the maxillary sinus, which was very typical for the duct agenesis. In all patients, lacrimal fossas were shallow and irregular.

Conclusion: Nasolacrimal duct agenesis should be considered in patients with congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction and unsuccessful repetitive probing, especially if it is difficult to cannulate nasolacrimal canal during probing. Although assessing whether dacryocystorhinostomy is in favor of the patient, the lacrimal sac and fossa should be examined with imaging in details.     

Dacryostenosis in newborns: probing, or syringing, or both?

PURPOSE: This prospective study was designed to establish whether it is more effective to treat symptomatic congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction by probing, or high-pressure irrigation, or both. METHODS: During the period February 1991 to January 1999, 228 infants (300 nasolacrimal ducts) were examined (132 males, 96 females, age range 12-13 months). These patients were divided into three groups of 100 ducts each. The first group was probed only; in the second group the nasolacrimal ducts were irrigated under high pressure using methylene blue-stained saline, and the third group was probed and irrigated in the same setting. The procedures were done under light general anesthesia. RESULTS: Ninety-one ducts in the first group improved after probing. In the second group 64 ducts improved after irrigation. In the third group 96 ducts improved after both probing and irrigation. CONCLUSIONS: To treat symptomatic congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction, it is more effective to combine high-pressure irrigation and probing. This gives a better success rate, first in treatment and secondarily, permitting intraoperative verification of the patency of the excretory lacrimal system.     

Evaluation of therapy outcome in congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction in own material

The inborn nasolacrimal duct obstruction is common ocular disease in new-borns and infants. There are still doubts concerning the timing of the operating procedure. Probing of the lacrimal ducts is the therapeutic method for this condition. PURPOSE: To evaluate the therapy outcome in congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction in authors' own material. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In retrospective study of 3950 medical records of children from our Outpatient's Clinic, we distinguished 192 children with nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Then, we evaluated the outcome of implemented treatment in correlation with their age and timing of the nasolacrimal duct probing. RESULTS: All children with nasolacrimal duct obstruction had mucopurulent discharge in the lacrimal sac and lacrimation. After the conventional treatment, the disease resolved in 23% of our group, whereas, in the rest of the patients probing of the nasolacrimal duct was implemented. The probing was successful in all children, but it was necessary to repeat the procedure twice in 13 children and three times in 5 children. The success rate of single probing was as follows: 91% in the group of children 1 - 3 months old, 83% in both groups: 3 - 6 and 6 - 12 months old and 71% in the oldest group of children - above 1 year of age. CONCLUSIONS: In majority of children the nasolacrimal duct obstruction did not resolve spontaneously. Early probing within first few months of child's life increased the success rate of this procedure.     

Medical management of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction

One hundred thirteen consecutive children seen with congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction were treated with local massage and topical antibiotic ointment. The obstruction was resolved in 107 patients within eight months of initiation of this form of management. Nearly all of the children were spared a surgical procedure that probably would have been performed if early probing of the nasolacrimal system had been advocated.     

Monocanalicular silastic intubation for the initial correction of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction.

BACKGROUND: Treatment of persistent nasolacrimal duct (nasolacrimal duct obstruction) obstruction traditionally has consisted of simple probing. The most common complication with this approach has been recurrent obstruction, requiring another probing, often with the use of bicanalicular silastic intubation. Monocanalicular silastic tubing offers the possibility of increased success rates over simple probing while theoretically minimizing the insertion and removal difficulaties posed by bicanalicular techniques. We report, to our knowledge, the largest series to date of patients undergoing monocanalicular silastic intubation, as well as the first report evaluating this technique as the primary treatment for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction obstruction. METHODS: This was a retrospective chart review of 635 children treated by 3 pediatric ophthalmologists via probing with monocanalicular silastic intubation as the initial procedure for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction obstruction. Success was defined as good clearance of fluorescein dye and/or the absence of symptomatic tearing. Failure was defined as recurrent symptomatic tearing or inadequate clearance of fluorescein dye, leading to the performance of a second tear duct operation. RESULTS: We identified 635 children who underwent probing with monocanalicular intubation as the primary treatment for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction obstruction (mean age at time of probing 18 months). The overall success rate for the 803 eyes undergoing surgery was 96%. The success rate for treatment performed in infants younger than 24 months of age (684 eyes) was 97%, declining to 90% when surgery was performed in infants older than 24 months of age (119 eyes; p < 0.001). These success rates compare favorably to previous reports of primary probing without silastic intubation, especially in children older than 12 months at the time of the probing. The only complication in the current study was conjunctival-corneal abrasion, occurring in 2% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: Probing with monocanalicular silastic intubation as the initial surgical procedure for patients with congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction obstruction is associated with a very high success rate and low complication rate, especially when performed by the age of 24 months.     

Balloon dilation of the nasolacrimal duct.

PURPOSE: Our purpose is to report our experience with balloon catheter dilation of the nasolacrimal duct after failed probing for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction. METHODS: We undertook a retrospective chart review. Patients who were enrolled had symptoms of persistent nasolacrimal duct obstruction after simple probing and irrigation. Balloon nasolacrimal ductoplasty was performed using the LacriCATH system (Quest Medical, Inc. An Atrion Company, Allen, TX). Outcomes were determined by postoperative examination and telephone follow-up. RESULTS: Thirty-nine lacrimal systems of 26 patients (age range, 10 months to 84 months) were treated. Of the obstructed ducts treated, 82% (32/39) showed resolution of epiphora. There were 9 children older than the age of 2, with 15 nasolacrimal systems studied. These had 11 of 15 successes for a success rate of 73%. There were 17 children between the ages of 10 months and 2 years with 24 nasolacrimal systems studied. These had 21 of 24 successes for a success rate of approximately 88%. The difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.28). CONCLUSION: Balloon dilation of the nasolacrimal duct is an alternative to silicone intubation in the treatment of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction after failed simple probing. Although our success rate was slightly lower than some published reports of nasolacrimal system intubation, this simple and atraumatic procedure was successful in 82% of cases for this specific situation.     

早期泪道探通术治疗先天性鼻泪管阻塞的疗效观察

目的 探讨先天性鼻泪管阻塞(congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction,CNLDO)的最佳治疗时机,阻塞部位的不同对探通术成功率的影响,以及重复探通术的成功率.方法 对804例(976只眼)1～48个月CNLDO患儿行表面麻醉下泪道探通术,按不同年龄组、不同阻塞部位和重复探通术的疗效进行回顾性分析.结果 经过治疗治愈958只眼,总治愈率为98.2%.不同年龄组探通成功率差异有统计学意义(x2=163.9,P<0.005),其中1～3个月婴儿的成功率为98.5%,高于其他年龄组.66只眼接受二、三次探通术,主要是鼻泪管多处阻塞者,占84.8%.一次探通的治愈率与二、三次探通的治愈率差异有统计学意义(x2=186.0,P<0.005);二次探通与三次探通比较,差异无统计学意义(x2=0.18,P>0.025).结论 CNLDO患儿选择早期泪道探通的最佳治疗时机是1～3个月,鼻泪管多处阻塞患儿重复探通率高,2～3次探通不成功者应尽早采用其他方法进行治疗.