耐多药结核分枝杆菌中embB基因突变与乙胺丁醇耐药的相关性研究

目的 研究耐多药结核分枝菌中embB基因突变与乙胺丁醇耐药的相关性. 方法 比例法检测84株耐多药结核分枝杆菌的乙胺丁醇(EMB)耐药性,基因测序检测embB基因的突变,2检验分析二者之间的相关性. 结果 84株耐多药结核分枝杆菌中有43株(51.2%)对EMB耐药,41株(48.8%)对EMB敏感,57株耐多药菌株(67.9%)的embB基因发生突变.在43株EMB耐药菌株中,embB基因突变的菌株为40株(93.0%),而41株EMB敏感菌株中,embB基因突变的菌株为17株(41.5%),embB基因在耐药菌株中的突变频率远高于敏感菌株(2=25.58,P=0.00).embB306是最常见的突变位点,其在耐药菌株的突变率也高于敏感菌株(2=12.37,P=0.00),embB基因和embB306位点检测EMB耐药的敏感度、特异度和准确性分别为93.0%和65.1%,58.5%和73.2%,76.2%和69.0%. 结论 EMB耐药的产生与embB基因和embB306突变有关,二者用于检测EMB耐药有一定的参考意义.     

结核分枝杆菌耐乙胺丁醇分离株embB基因突变的研究

目的 了解结核分枝杆菌耐乙胺丁醇（EMB）分离株embB基因突变情况,研究其应用价值。方法 通过聚合酶链反应－单链构象多态性（PCR－SSCP)、CPR－限制性片段长度多态性（RFLP）和PCR－直接测序技术分析102株结核分枝杆菌临床分离株embB基因。结果 以H37Rv标准株为对照,102株结核分枝杆菌临床分离株的162rDNA SSCP电泳图谱均与结核分枝杆菌标准株相同。41株药物敏感株的embB基因SSCP均泳动正常,RFLP和测序分析与对照株相同。61株耐EMB分离株可,23株（37．7％）embB基因SSCP泳动异常;8株RFLP分析异常;测序分析23株均为306位密码子突变,其EMB MICs均≥20μg/ml,其中8株为ATG→ATA或ATT突变,13株为ATG→GTG或CTG突变,后者EMB MICs均≥30μg/ml。结论 部分结核分枝杆菌耐EMB是由于其embB基因突变所致,PCR－SSCP技术可能成为测定部分结核分枝杆菌EMB耐药基因型,简便、快速的方法。     

广西结核分枝杆菌乙胺丁醇耐药基因突变特征

目的 了解广西壮族自治区结核分枝杆菌乙胺丁醇(EMB)耐药基因突变特征及其影响因素，为结核病的分子诊断和临床治疗用药提供依据。方法 对2018-2019年广西30个结核病耐药监测点连续不间断收集的655株结核分枝杆菌(其中52株乙胺丁醇耐药菌株，603株乙胺丁醇敏感菌株)进行全基因组测序，分析乙胺丁醇耐药基因突变特征及其影响因素。结果 655株结核分枝杆菌中，54株发生乙胺丁醇耐药基因突变，突变率为8.24%(54/655)。在比例法检测EMB耐药的52株菌株中，21株发生基因突变，突变率为40.38%(21/52);603株EMB敏感株中，33株发生基因突变，突变率为5.47%(33/603)，耐药株中的基因突变率高于敏感株(χ²=77.133,P=0.000)。EMB耐药表型与基因突变的符合率为40.38%(21/52)，二者检测结果吻合度不高(Kappa值=0.343,P <0.001)。54株发生基因突变的菌株，突变基因为emb A、emb B和emb C，突变形式有20种，其中单位点突变29株，占53.70%(29/54)，联合位点突变25株，占4...     

耐多药结核分枝杆菌耐药相关基因突变特征分析

目的了解中国耐多药结核分枝杆菌耐药相关基因的分子特征。方法对138株耐多药结核分枝杆菌和45株敏感菌的耐药相关基因inhA、katG和oxyR-ahpC间隔区(异烟肼)、rpob(利福平)、gyrA(氧氟沙星)和rrs(卡那霉素)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变特点。结果 138株耐多药结核分枝杆菌中,14.4%的菌株inhA基因发生突变,72.5%菌株的katG基因发生突变,15.9%菌株的oxyR-ahpC基因发生突变,同时考虑这3种基因,异烟肼耐药相关基因突变检出率可达90.6%;94.2%菌株的rpoB基因发生突变,74.5%菌株的gyrA基因发生突变,61.1%菌株的rrs基因发生突变,主要的突变位点为katG315(66.7%),inhA-15(9.4%),oxyR-ahpC-10(5.1%),rpoB516(13.8%),526(26.1%)和531(49.3%),gyrA90(21.6%)和94(51%),rrs1401(61.1%)。结论我国耐多药结核菌异烟肼、利福平、氧氟沙星和卡那霉素耐药相关基因最常见突变为katG315、inhA-15,rpoB531、526和516,gyrA94和90,rrs1401。     

TDI-FP技术检测耐乙胺丁醇结核分支杆菌embB306点突变

目的 应用TDI-FP技术分析结核分支杆菌embB 306点突变与乙胺丁醇耐药性的关系，并建立一种准确、快速的诊断结核分支杆菌乙胺丁醇耐药的新方法。方法 对临床82例耐多药结核病患者所感染的结核分支杆菌菌株进行常规培养和药敏实验；提取结核分支杆菌DNA，并PCR扩增205bp的embB基因片段，消化降解掉PCR产物中残余的dNTPs和引物，进行模板指导的荧光标记终止碱基掺入反应；应用Victor2测定反应产物的荧光偏振值，分析所有样品的embB基因306位点的基因型；对分析结果进行测序验证。结果 5例乙胺丁醇高度耐药患者中有3例所感染的结核分支杆菌发生embB 306的ATG→GTG突变；47例乙胺丁醇低度耐药患者中有15例为embB 306突变和未突变的混合感染；30例乙胺丁醇敏感患者的结核分支杆菌未发现embB 306突变。测序结果与实验相符合。结论 embB 306突变与结核分支杆菌对乙胺丁醇产生耐药性密切有关；应用TDI-FP技术可以准确、快速简便检测embB 306突变，在结核分支杆菌耐乙胺丁醇的临床诊断中具有潜在的应用前景。     

合肥地区耐多药结核分枝杆菌异烟肼、链霉素及 乙胺丁醇耐药相关基因位点表达研究

目的研究耐多药结核分枝杆菌异烟肼(INH)、链霉素(SM)及乙胺丁醇(EMB)耐药相关基因位点的表达情况。方法选取该院2013年1月至2017年12月临床分离的101株耐多药结核分枝杆菌,利用测序法和基因芯片法分别检测INH、SM和EMB耐药相关基因及突变位点。结果 101株耐多药结核分枝杆菌中对SM耐药率69.3%;对EMB耐药率51.4%;对SM和EMB二者均耐药的耐药率44.5%。基因芯片法检出95例INH耐药相关基因突变,其中katG基因315M位点突变率为77.8%;inhA基因-15M位点突变率为89.4%。检出64例rpsL SM耐药相关基因,其中43M位点突变率为89.0%;88M位点突变率为11.0%。检出47例embB EMB耐药相关基因,以306M2位点突变为主,突变率为68.0%。测序法检出98例INH耐药相关基因突变,katG基因突变以315位点为主突变率为73.4%;inhA基因突变以-15位点为主突变率为87.7%;oxyR-ahpC基因-12和-10位点突变率分别为10.2%和8.2%。检出68例SM耐药相关基因突变,rpsL基因以43位点为主突变率为86.8%;rrs基因512、513、516位点突变率分别为5.9%、8.8%、8.8%。检出50例EMB耐药相关基因embB以306位点为主突变率为88.0%。结论耐多药结核分枝杆菌INH、SM及EMB耐药基因位点表达可作为结核分枝杆菌临床检测耐药性的有效依据,为提高耐多药结核分枝杆菌耐药性检测的敏感度,应将INH耐药相关oxyR-ahpC基因和SM耐药相关rrs基因纳入我国快速分子诊断产品中。     

结核分枝杆菌embB基因突变检测的研究进展

乙胺丁醇（EMB）是具有广谱抗分枝杆菌活性的一线抗结核合成药物。被广泛应用于结核分枝杆菌和鸟分枝杆菌、堪萨斯分枝杆菌等多种非结核分枝杆菌感染的治疗。近年来。结核病疫情呈上升趋势．其耐药问题也日趋严峻，乙胺丁醇（EMB）作为主要的抗结核药物，在原发和复发结核病患者中的耐药率有上升趋势．据报道在一些国家获得性EMB耐药率已达13．7％。有研究表明MTB耐乙胺丁醇与阿拉伯糖基转移酶的编码基因EMB操纵子突变或EMB蛋白过度表达有关。该操纵子由embA、embB、embC3个基因组成．其中embB基因（尤其是306位密码子）突变是EMB耐药的主要原因。现就EMB的药理作用、耐药机制、检测方法做一综述。     

结核分枝杆菌对乙胺丁醇耐药突变基因检测方法的建立

乙胺丁醇 (EMB)是一线抗结核药物 ,最近的研究结果表明 ,结核分枝杆菌 (结核菌 )对EMB耐药的产生与阿拉伯糖基转移酶编码基因embB改变有关。其中embB基因 (尤其是 30 6位密码子 )突变是产生对EMB耐药的主要分子机制。聚合酶链反应 -单链构象多态性分析 (PCR SSCP)是近年发展起来的最常用的基因突变分析技术 ,结合染色法 (silverstaining) ,使其应用前景更为广阔。我们应用PCR SSCP银染技术和PCR 直接测序法对河南省耐药监测中收集的 87株结核分离株embB基因进行了研究。一、材料和方法1 .结核菌H3 7Rv标准株来源于中国药品生物…     

结核分枝杆菌耐乙胺丁醇诊断试验的系统评价

目的系统评价各种检测结核分枝杆菌耐乙胺丁醇诊断试验方法的准确性。方法计算机检索PubMed、EMbase等数据库,并手工检索相关期刊,全面收集结核分枝杆菌耐乙胺丁醇诊断试验的研究,依据QUADAS评价纳入诊断试验的质量,并对结果进行Meta分析。结果最终纳入9个研究。Meta分析结果显示：硝酸盐还原法与比例法相比,以及BACTEC MGIT 960与BACTEC 460 TB相比,其敏感度、特异度、阳性似然比、阴性似然比及SROC曲线下面积分别为92%、99%、30.50、0.13、0.9752和93%、92%、6.27、0.11、0.9;MB/BacT,噬菌体生物扩增法亦显示了较好的检验效能。结论硝酸盐还原试验可代替比例法作为结核分枝杆菌耐乙胺丁醇的筛查试验;BACTEC MGIT 960可代替BACTEC 460检测系统作为结核分枝杆菌耐乙胺丁醇的确诊试验。     

探针熔解分析法快速检测结核分枝杆菌乙胺丁醇耐药突变

目的 评价探针熔解分析法快速检测结核分枝杆菌乙胺丁醇耐药突变的应用价值,为临床检测提供指导依据.方法 613份痰标本于2009年9月至2010年4月收集自厦门市疾病预防控制中心、厦门市第一医院和漳州市疾病预防控制中心.结核分枝杆菌H37Rv标准株来源于国家结核病参比实验室.37株包含结核与非结核分枝杆菌的标准盘由中国药品生物制品检定所提供.首先采用梯度稀释的野生型标准株H37Rv DNA考察探针熔解曲线分析法的分析灵敏度,然后用标准盘验证其检测特异性,最后以测序法为对照方法,采用613份结核分枝杆菌的标本评价该方法的临床应用价值.结果 探针熔解分析法可检测到3拷贝/反应,且能特异检测结核分枝杆菌.613份结核分枝杆菌的检测结果显示,符合要求的583份标本的试剂盒检测结果与测序结果完全一致,其中embB306突变菌株数为34株,embB 378-380突变菌株数为23株,embB 406突变菌株数为3株,embB 497突变菌株数为3株.结论 探针熔解分析法检测结核分枝杆菌乙胺丁醇耐药突变特异性好,灵敏度高,能有效地检测临床标本常见乙胺丁醇耐药突变位点,是值得推广的快速检测方法.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the potential use of a probe melting analysis (PMA) assay in detecting the embB mutations which confer resistance against ethambutol in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Methods The analysis sensitivity and specificity of PMA were investigated by detecting a serially diluted H37 Rv DNA and a reference panel from National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Product. Six hundred and thirteen sputum samples were collected from the Xiamen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xiamen First Hospital and Center for Zhangzhou Disease Control and Prevention from September 2009 to April 2010. The PMA assay was then evaluated by detecting 613 clinical isolates and the results were compared with the sequencing results. Results The PMA assay could specifically detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis and had a limit of detection of 3 copies per reaction. The assay results with 613 clinical isolates showed that PMA gave a 100% concordance with sequencing in the 583 qualified samples, among which 34 were mutations at embB 306,23 at embB 378-380, 3 at embB 406 and 3 at embB 497. Conclusions PMA assay is a sensitive and specific method enabling efficient detection of common embB mutations causing ethambutol-resistance. The rapidness of this method together with its reliability would facilitate its use in routine testing.     

Lack of correlation between embB mutation and ethambutol MIC in Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from China

Seventy-four Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from China were subjected to drug susceptibility testing using ethambutol, isoniazid, rifampin, and ofloxacin. The results revealed that the presence of embB mutations did not correlate with ethambutol resistance but was associated with multiple-drug resistance, especially resistance to both ethambutol and rifampin.     

Association between embB codon 306 mutations and drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

embB306 mutants were detected in both ethambutol (EMB)-resistant and EMB-susceptible strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains had a higher proportion of embB306 mutants than non-MDR strains (odds ratio, 6.78; P < 0.001). The embB306 locus is a candidate marker for rapid detection of MDR and extremely drug resistant tuberculosis.     

Significance of mutations in embB codon 306 for prediction of ethambutol resistance in clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates

We analyzed 159 Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates (101 ethambutol [EMB]-resistant strains, 33 multidrug-resistant but not EMB-resistant strains, and 25 fully susceptible strains) for the presence of mutations in embB codon 306 (embB306). Mutations were detected only in EMB-resistant strains (n = 69; 68%), thus confirming the significance of embB306 mutations for the prediction of resistance to EMB.     

Mycobacterium tuberculosis embB codon 306 mutations confer moderately increased resistance to ethambutol in vitro and in vivo

Ethambutol (EMB) is a major component of the first-line therapy of tuberculosis. Mutations in codon 306 of embB (embB306) were suggested as a major resistance mechanism in clinical isolates. To directly analyze the impact of individual embB306 mutations on EMB resistance, we used allelic exchange experiments to generate embB306 mutants of M. tuberculosis H37Rv. The level of EMB resistance conferred by particular mutations was measured in vitro and in vivo after EMB therapy by daily gavage in a mouse model of aerogenic tuberculosis. The wild-type embB306 ATG codon was replaced by embB306 ATC, ATA, or GTG, respectively. All of the obtained embB306 mutants exhibited a 2- to 4-fold increase in EMB MIC compared to the wild-type H37Rv. In vivo, the one selected embB306 GTG mutant required a higher dose of ethambutol to restrict its growth in the lung compared to wild-type H37Rv. These experiments demonstrate that embB306 point mutations enhance the EMB MIC in vitro to a moderate, but significant extent, and reduce the efficacy of EMB treatment in the animal model. We propose that conventional EMB susceptibility testing, in combination with embB306 genotyping, may guide dose adjustment to avoid clinical treatment failure in these low-level resistant strains.     

A single point mutation in the embB gene is responsible for resistance to ethambutol in Mycobacterium smegmatis.

Ethambutol [EMB; dextro-2,2'-(ethylenediimino)-di-1-butanol] is an effective drug when used in combination with isoniazid for the treatment of tuberculosis. It inhibits the polymerization of arabinan in the arabinogalactan and lipoarabinomannan of the mycobacterial cell wall. Recent studies have shown that arabinosyltransferases could be targets of EMB. These enzymes are encoded by the emb locus that was identified in Mycobacterium smegmatis, Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium avium, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We demonstrate that a missense mutation in the M. smegmatis embB gene, one of the genes of the emb locus, confers resistance to EMB. The level of resistance is not dependent on the number of copies of the mutated embB gene, indicating that this is a true mechanism of resistance. The mutation is located in a region of the EmbB protein that is highly conserved among the different mycobacterial species. We also identified in this region two other independent mutations that confer EMB resistance. Furthermore, mutations have recently been described in the same region of the EmbB protein from clinical EMB-resistant M. tuberculosis isolates. Together, these data strongly suggest that one of the mechanisms of resistance to EMB consists of missense mutations in a particular region of the EmbB protein that could be directly involved in the interaction with the EMB molecule.     

Role of embB codon 306 mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis revisited: a novel association with broad drug resistance and IS6110 clustering rather than ethambutol resistance

Mutations at position 306 of embB (embB306) have been proposed as a marker for ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis; however, recent reports of embB306 mutations in ethambutol-susceptible isolates caused us to question the biological role of this mutation. We tested 1,020 clinical M. tuberculosis isolates with different drug susceptibility patterns and of different geographical origins for associations between embB306 mutations, drug resistance patterns, and major genetic group. One hundred isolates (10%) contained a mutation in embB306; however, only 55 of these mutants were ethambutol resistant. Mutations in embB306 could not be uniquely associated with any particular type of drug resistance and were found in all three major genetic groups. A striking association was observed between these mutations and resistance to any drug (P < 0.001), and the association between embB306 mutations and resistance to increasing numbers of drugs was highly significant (P < 0.001 for trend). We examined the association between embB306 mutations and IS6110 clustering (as a proxy for transmission) among all drug-resistant isolates. Mutations in embB306 were significantly associated with clustering by univariate analysis (odds ratio, 2.44; P = 0.004). In a multivariate model that also included mutations in katG315, katG463, gyrA95, and kasA269, only mutations in embB306 (odds ratio, 2.14; P = 0.008) and katG315 (odds ratio, 1.99; P = 0.015) were found to be independently associated with clustering. In conclusion, embB306 mutations do not cause classical ethambutol resistance but may predispose M. tuberculosis isolates to the development of resistance to increasing numbers of antibiotics and may increase the ability of drug-resistant isolates to be transmitted between subjects.     

Effect of mutation and genetic background on drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Bacterial factors may contribute to the global emergence and spread of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB). Only a few studies have reported on the interactions between different bacterial factors. We studied drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from a nationwide study conducted from 2000 to 2008 in Switzerland. We determined quantitative drug resistance levels of first-line drugs by using Bactec MGIT-960 and drug resistance genotypes by sequencing the hot-spot regions of the relevant genes. We determined recent transmission by molecular methods and collected clinical data. Overall, we analyzed 158 isolates that were resistant to isoniazid, rifampin, or ethambutol, 48 (30.4%) of which were multidrug resistant. Among 154 isoniazid-resistant strains, katG mutations were associated with high-level and inhA promoter mutations with low-level drug resistance. Only katG(S315T) (65.6% of all isoniazid-resistant strains) and inhA promoter -15C/T (22.7%) were found in molecular clusters. M. tuberculosis lineage 2 (includes Beijing genotype) was associated with any drug resistance (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 3.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7 to 5.6; P < 0.0001). Lineage 1 was associated with inhA promoter -15C/T mutations (OR, 6.4; 95% CI, 2.0 to 20.7; P = 0.002). We found that the genetic strain background influences the level of isoniazid resistance conveyed by particular mutations (interaction tests of drug resistance mutations across all lineages; P < 0.0001). In conclusion, M. tuberculosis drug resistance mutations were associated with various levels of drug resistance and transmission, and M. tuberculosis lineages were associated with particular drug resistance-conferring mutations and phenotypic drug resistance. Our study also supports a role for epistatic interactions between different drug resistance mutations and strain genetic backgrounds in M. tuberculosis drug resistance.     

Ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: critical role of embB mutations.

Ethambutol [(S,S')-2,2'-(ethylenediimino)di-1-butanol; EMB], is a first-line drug used to treat tuberculosis. To gain insight into the molecular basis of EMB resistance, we characterized the 10-kb embCAB locus in 16 EMB-resistant and 3 EMB-susceptible genetically distinct Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains from diverse localities by automated DNA sequencing and single-stranded conformation polymorphism analysis. All 19 organisms had virtually identical sequences for the entire 10-kb region. Eight EMB-resistant organisms had mutations located in codon 306 of embB that resulted in the replacement of the wild-type Met residue with Ile or Val. Automated sequence analysis of the 5' region (1,892 bp) of embB in an additional 69 EMB-resistant and 30 EMB-susceptible M. tuberculosis isolates from diverse geographic localities and representing 70 distinct IS6110 fingerprints confirmed the unique association of substitutions in amino acid residue 306 of EmbB with EMB resistance. Six other embB nucleotide substitutions resulting in four amino acid replacements were uniquely found in resistant strains. Sixty-nine percent of epidemiologically unassociated EMB-resistant organisms had an amino acid substitution not found in susceptible strains, and most (89%) replacements occurred at amino acid residue 306 of EmbB. For strains with the Met306Leu or Met306Val replacements EMB MICs were generally higher (40 microg/ml) than those for organisms with Met306Ile substitutions (20 microg/ml). The data are consistent with the idea that amino acid substitutions in EmbB alter the drug-protein interaction and thereby cause EMB resistance.