我国雷氏按蚊和嗜人按蚊的分子鉴别和分类地位的探讨

[目的 ]论证我国雷氏按蚊与嗜人按蚊的分类地位。 [方法 ]采用分子鉴别法 (鉴别PCR和rDNA ITS2序列 )检测辽宁及山东两省现场按蚊标本 ,并依据ITS2区序列建立分子系统树。 [结果 ]分子鉴别显示 ,辽宁和山东两省均存在雷氏按蚊和嗜人按蚊。我国雷氏按蚊 (辽宁和山东省 ,n =6 )和嗜人按蚊 (辽宁、云南、河南和四川省 ,n =10 )ITS2序列长度和GC含量分别为 45 1bp、 46 2 % ,44 8bp、 46 0 % ;各地雷氏按蚊和嗜人按蚊序列均无差异 ,但各地嗜人按蚊与对照组江苏的嗜人按蚊相比 ,种内序列差异为 0 88% ;雷氏按蚊与嗜人按蚊种间序列差异为 2 5 7%。分子系统树显示雷氏按蚊与中华按蚊、嗜人按蚊与凉山按蚊亲缘关系较近。 [结论 ]根据分子鉴别 ,确认我国雷氏按蚊与嗜人按蚊为同域分布的 2个独立种     

大劣按蚊和斯氏按蚊核糖体基因内转录第二间隔区序列分析

目的分析对约氏疟原虫不易感的大劣按蚊和易感的斯氏按蚊核糖体基因内转录第二间隔区（rDNAITS2）的基因特征。方法对大劣按蚊和斯氏按蚊ITS2基因进行PCR扩增，PCR产物进行限制性片断长度多态性分析（RFLP）和基因测序，并采用相关在线程序及软件进行序列分析。测序结果与GenBank数据库中其它传疟按蚊的ITS2序列进行多序列比对，构建分子系统树。结果大劣按蚊和斯氏按蚊的ITS2基因PCR产物经限制性内切酶Xho I消化，产生不同的酶切图谱；测序结果表明大劣按蚊和斯氏按蚊ITS2序列分别为715bp和466bp，且两种按蚊ITS2序列的GC含量和简单重复序列等特征存在明显差异，两者碱基差异水平为53．5％；分子进化树显示，大劣按蚊和斯氏按蚊形成单独的支系。结论大劣按蚊和斯氏按蚊ITS2基因具有不同的基因特征，其遗传多态性可能与产生对约氏疟原虫的易感性不同有关，为进一步研究按蚊与疟原虫之间的相互作用奠定了基础。     

我国多斑按蚊复合体成员种的分子鉴别研究

目的建立我国多斑按蚊复合体5成员种的分子鉴别方法。方法测定并分析各成员种的rDNA-ITS2序列,并设计种特异引物,应用PCR法鉴别。结果多斑按蚊复合体5成员种的ITS2序列长度和GC含量分别为伪威氏按蚊328bp、58.54％、多斑按蚊330bp、57.85％、威氏按蚊337bp、59.05％、达罗毗按蚊334bp、58.68％和塞沃按蚊338bp、57.69％,各种内的ITS2序列保守,而种间的差异率范围为9.7％～18.9％。应用5.8S引物和5个种特异引物可以分别扩增出119、186、231、327和406bp等5条清晰不同的种特异条带,以鉴别各蚊种。结论基于ITS2序列差异建立的我国多斑按蚊复合体5成员种的PCR鉴别简便易行、可靠。     

PCR-RFLP技术用于鉴别赫坎按蚊复合体近缘种按蚊的研究

目的区别赫坎按蚊种团内近缘种.方法应用聚合酶链式反应连接的限制性片段长度多态性方法(PCR-RFLP)技术,对辽宁省现场捕获的按蚊用特异性ITS2引物进行PCR扩增,限制性内切酶RsaⅠ和HinfⅠ消化,琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析.结果中华按蚊的PCR扩增产物能被限制性内切酶RsaⅠ酶切成350 bp和200 bp两条酶切DNA条带;嗜人按蚊核糖体DNA(rDNA)的PCR扩增产物能被限制性内切酶HinfⅠ酶切成410 bp的酶切DNA条带; 雷氏按蚊的ITS2基因PCR扩增产物能分别被限制性内切酶RsaⅠ和HinfⅠ酶切,分别显示350 bp和400 bp的酶切DNA条带;八代按蚊的PCR扩增产物没有显示明显的限制性内切酶RsaⅠ或HinfⅠ酶切条带.结论依据rDNA的ITS2区段基因特征建立的PCR-RFLP技术可用于鉴别赫坎按蚊种团的中华按蚊、嗜人按蚊、雷氏按蚊和八代按蚊4个近缘种按蚊.     

我国昆明按蚊与凉山按蚊rDNA-ITS2序列和形态比较及分类地位的探讨

[目的 ]论证昆明按蚊 (Anopheles kunmingensis)和凉山按蚊 (An. liangshanensis)的分类地位。 [方法 ]比较两种按蚊 r DNA- ITS2序列差异和主要形态特征的变化幅度。 [结果 ]两种按蚊 8个样本 r DNA- ITS2序列同源性为 97.1%～ 99.8%。昆明按蚊雌蚊翅 V5 .2缘缨白斑、后跗 基白环 (斑 )及幼虫头毛 2 - C具叉枝等特征出现率分别为 43% (9/ 2 1)、 89% (17/ 19)及 40 % (4/ 10 ) ,而凉山按蚊则分别为 79% (34 / 43)、 44 % (17/ 39)及 2 0 % (4/ 2 0 ) ;如以不同群体作统计分析 ,各特征出现率波动幅度很大 ,交叉重叠 ;表明两蚊种间缺乏明确与稳定的鉴别特征 ,缺乏实质性的形态差异。 [结论 ]两种按蚊形态特征和分子序列差异极小 ,应属种内变异范围 ,可以确认两者是同一蚊种 ,昆明按蚊为凉山按蚊的同物异名。     

PCRRFLP单酶切法鉴别赫坎按蚊复合体的研究

目的建立一种新的赫坎按蚊复合体近缘种按蚊基因鉴别技术,应用于现场按蚊样本的鉴别。方法用分子生物学软件Vector NTI 9.0,对赫坎按蚊复合体的嗜人按蚊、雷氏按蚊、中华按蚊、八代按蚊4个近缘种按蚊rDNA基因的ITS2区段序列进行限制性内切酶酶切位点预测分析,选择特异性内切酶,建立一种能同时鉴别4种近缘种按蚊的聚合酶链反应限制性片段长度多态(PCR RFLP)单酶切法鉴别技术,并对现场捕获的452只按蚊样本进行基因鉴别。结果软件预测赫坎按蚊复合体近缘种4种按蚊的rDNA基因的ITS2区段可被限制性内切酶Dde I切成大小易于区分的不同片段,PCR RFLP单酶切实验结果和软件预测结果完全吻合。4个疟疾流行区捕获的452只按蚊样本经PCR RFLP Dde I单酶切法鉴定有20只嗜人按蚊、6只雷氏按蚊、391只中华按蚊、35只八代按蚊,与形态学鉴别结果符合率为93.4%,与PCR RFLP双酶切法结果符合率为100%。结论新建立的PCR RFLP Dde I单酶切法基因鉴别技术可准确鉴别赫坎按蚊复合体,比传统的形态学鉴别更为简便、可靠,适合用于复合媒介地区的媒介监测。     

一种简便的赫坎按蚊复合体近缘种按蚊基因鉴别新技术

目的 建立一种能鉴别赫坎按蚊种团内不同近缘种按蚊的基因鉴别技术。方法 依据赫坎按蚊种团内中华按蚊、嗜人按蚊、雷氏按蚊和八代按蚊4种近缘种按蚊ITS2区段的基因序列特征设计特异性引物，建立一种能鉴别赫坎按蚊种团内中华按蚊、嗜人按蚊、雷氏按蚊和八代按蚊4种近缘种按蚊的简便的PCR基因鉴别技术，并采用传统的形态学分类方法和新建立的基因鉴别技术对从辽宁、河南省以及在朝鲜现场捕获的按蚊分别进行了形态学和基因鉴别及比较。结果与结论 新建立的基因鉴别技术能准确鉴别赫坎按蚊种团内中华按蚊、嗜人按蚊、雷氏按蚊和八代按蚊4种近缘种按蚊。具有比传统的形态学分类方法准确，比已有的PCR-RFLP蚊种基因鉴别技术更简便、价廉和省时的特点。适用于不同的复合媒介地区的疟疾媒介调查和监测。     

山东省赫坎按蚊复合体成员种的分子鉴别研究

目的 进一步确认山东省赫坎按蚊复合体成员种。方法 采用鉴别PCR方法，对采自山东省8个地点经形态学初步鉴定的645只蚊虫进行检测，并对已检测的标本随机抽取数个样本，进行rDNA-ITS2序列测定。结果 645份样本中，中华按蚊占90．85％(586／645)、雷氏按蚊占5．27％(34／645)，无扩增条带的标本占3．88％(25／645)。测定已鉴别的山东省中华按蚊、雷氏按蚊的ITS2序列长度分别为469bp和451bp，经Blast比对分析，显示与已公布的序列完全相同；3份无扩增条带标本的序列经核对为库蚊。结论 山东省分布的赫坎按蚊复合体成员种主要为中华按蚊、雷氏按蚊，其它成员种有待进一步证实。     

微小按蚊复合体研究进展

摘要 近年来,有关微小按蚊复合体的研究相继开展,尽管现代分子生物学技术在按蚊复合体研究中日渐重要,但传统的生物学方法在微小按蚊复合体近缘种鉴别研究中仍占主导地位。本文从以上两方面对其研究进展进行综述。     

山东省赫坎按蚊复合体成员种的分子鉴别研究

目的 进一步确认山东省赫坎按蚊复合体成员种。方法 采用鉴别PCR方法,对采自山东省8个地点经形态学初步鉴定的645只蚊虫进行检测,并对已检测的标本随机抽取数个样本,进行rDNA-ITS2序列测定。结果 645份样本中,中华按蚊占90.85％(586/645)、雷氏按蚊占5.27％(34/645),无扩增条带的标本占3.88％(25/645)。测定已鉴别的山东省中华按蚊、雷氏按蚊的ITS2序列长度分别为469bp和451hp,经Blast比对分析,显示与已公布的序列完全相同;3份无扩增条带标本的序列经核对为库蚊。结论 山东省分布的赫坎按蚊复合体成员种主要为中华按蚊、雷氏按蚊,其它成员种有待进一步证实。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.