显微外科技术治疗梗阻性无精子症的新进展

显微外科技术在最近 5～ 10年的生殖医学发展中扮演了重要角色。显微外科的睾丸取精技术和附睾取精技术 ,与体外受精和卵细胞内单精子注射技术的结合 ,使得过去一直被认为是难以治疗的因生精功能障碍所致的非梗阻性无精子症的治疗成为现实。与此同时 ,显微外科输精管吻合和输精管附睾吻合的技术革命使治疗梗阻性无精子症的效果显著地改善 ,成为治疗梗阻性无精子症的首选方法。本文着重介绍了显微外科输精管吻合术、输精管附睾吻合术、手术指征与手术成功的要素 ,预测了未来的发展方向 ,讨论了显微外科技术的优势 ,强调了显微外科培训对泌尿外科医生治疗男性不育患者的重要意义。     

输精管附睾显微吻合术治疗梗阻性无精子症疗效分析

目的 探讨纵向2针套叠式输精管附睾显微吻合术治疗梗阻性无精子症的手术疗效.方法 对确诊为附睾水平梗阻的梗阻性无精子症25例施行纵向2针套叠式输精管附睾显微吻合术,术后随访复通率、配偶妊娠率.结果 术后随访25例,复通21例(84%);配偶妊娠17例(68%).结论 纵向2针套叠式输精管附睾显微吻合术治疗梗阻性无精子症是一种手术操作相对简便、疗效显著的外科技术.     

输精管转位附睾吻合术治疗特殊梗阻性无精子症

目的 探讨应用显微外科技术施行输精管转位附睾端侧吻合术在特殊梗阻性无精子症治疗中的作用.方法 对梗阻性无精于症患者施行阴囊探查术,术中行精路通液试验确诊为特殊梗阻性无精子症14例,即一侧附睾梗阻或发育异常未检出精子而输精管通畅,对侧附睾检出活精子但输精管梗阻或发育异常.应用显微外科技术行输精管转位附睾吻合术,健侧输精管与对侧附睾检出活精子处吻合,术后随访其疗效. 结果 14例获随访7～31个月,9例于术后3～9个月从精液中检出活精子,复通率64%,5例配偶受孕成功,致孕率36%. 结论 显微外科输精管转位附睾吻合术治疗这种特殊梗阻性无精子症效果良好,值得临床推广.     

纵向两针套叠输精管附睾吻合术治疗梗阻性无精子症

目的探讨纵向两针套叠输精管附睾吻合术在梗阻性无精子症治疗中的作用。方法选择确诊为梗阻性无精子症并初步怀疑为附睾水平梗阻的16例进行阴囊探查，观察睾丸、附睾及输精管情况，对其中14例确定为附睾水平梗阻并在附睾液中找到活精子的病例施行纵向两针套叠输精管附睾吻合术，术后随访其疗效。结果14例获随访6～12个月，13例于术后复查时从精液中检出活精子，其中5例配偶受孕成功。结论纵向两针套叠输精管附睾吻合术明显简化了手术难度，提高了吻合成功率，是男性梗阻性不育领域的治疗手段之一。     

应用显微外科技术治疗梗阻性无精症42例疗效分析

目的 探讨应用显微外科技术治疗梗阻性无精子症的临床治疗效果.方法 自2000年12月至2011年12月,应用显微外科技术对梗阻性无精子症患者施行输精管吻合和输精管附睾吻合术42例并进行回顾性分析.结果 42例中,36例术后精液可见精子,术后复通率85.7％;配偶已怀孕27例,致孕率64.3％.结论 应用显微外科技术行输精管吻合和输精管附睾吻合术治疗梗阻性无精子症临床效果良好.     

梗阻性无精子症的显微外科治疗(附76例报告)

目的:探讨显微外科治疗梗阻性无精子症的效果及临床意义。方法:对2012年3月至2014年5月间收治的76例梗阻性无精子症患者进行显微外科手术治疗,其中双侧输精管附睾吻合53例(附睾头部吻合8例,体部吻合18例,尾部吻合5例,双侧附睾头、体尾混合吻合22例),单侧输精管-附睾吻合14例,单侧输精管-附睾吻合+单侧输精管吻合(含交叉吻合)9例,术后随访复通率,精液常规及孕育情况共2~16个月。结果:双侧输精管附睾吻合术,单侧输精管附睾吻合术及单侧输精管附睾吻合+单侧输精管吻合术(含交叉吻合)的成功率分别为62.26%(33/53),35.71%(5/14)和77.78%(7/9);精子浓度分别为(27.9±5.74)×106/ml、(11.8±8.33)×106/ml和(19.9±7.53)×106/ml;精子总数分别为(65.6±13.71)×106、(28.0±15.86)×106和(69.2±28.59)×106;前向运动精子百分率(PR)为(22.3±3.18)%、(11.0±9.77)%和(15.8±5.05)%。依据吻合部位的不同,双侧输精管-附睾头部、体部、尾部吻合及附睾头、体尾混合吻合的成功率分别为62.5%、72.22%、60%和54.55%。所有患者中,术后有8例使配偶怀孕(8/76,10.53%)。结论:显微外科手术可有效治疗输精管及附睾管梗阻。所采用的手术方法中,单侧输精管-附睾吻合+单侧输精管吻合(含交叉吻合)效果最好,其次为双侧输精管-附睾吻合术,而单侧输精管-附睾吻合术效果较差。双侧输精管-附睾头、体部吻合与双侧输精管-附睾头、尾部吻合手术成功率无明显差异。     

显微技术附睾管输精管吻合治疗梗阻性无精子症

目的　探讨附睾管梗阻性无精子症的有效治疗方法。方法　我科自2001年12月～2006年12月应用显微外科技术对9例附睾管梗阻性无精子症患者行附睾管输精管吻合术进行回顾性分析。结果　7例术后精液分析可见精子,其中5例精液分析结果正常,2例已生育。手术成功率77．8％。结论　应用显微外科技术行附睾管输精管吻合术是目前治疗附睾管梗阻性无精子症的有效方法。     

附睾输精管吻合术治疗梗阻性无精子症

目的探讨附睾输精管吻合术在梗阻性无精子症治疗中的作用。方法选择23例确诊为梗阻性无精子症并初步怀疑为附睾水平梗阻的患者进行阴囊探查，观察睾丸、附睾及输精管情况，对其中19例确定为附睾水平梗阻并在附睾液中找到活精子的患者用8-0尼龙线施行双侧或单侧附睾输精管端侧吻合术，术后随访其疗效。结果19例获随访8～34个月，9例(47％)于术后3～9个月从精液中检出活精子，其中5例配偶受孕成功。结论阴囊探查简单、易行，有助于梗阻性无精子症的诊断和治疗，附睾输精管吻合术治疗梗阻性无精子症取得初步效果，值得进一步探讨。     

附睾梗阻性无精子症的手术治疗

目的 评价附睾梗阻性无精子症(EOA)的手术效果和影响因素. 方法回顾性分析51例EOA患者的临床资料.患者均在硬膜外麻醉下行阴囊探查术.放大镜辅助下,行单层纵向2针套叠式输精管附睾吻合术(LIVE).收集资料包括手术方法、随访时间、术后精子数平均值、a级精子百分率及复通率和受孕率. 结果 平均手术时间(134±36)min.49例一侧或双侧附睾有精子检出,其中1例一侧附睾对侧输精管检出精子;2例附睾未检出精子.49例附睾找到精子者中,48例行单侧或双侧LIVE,1例行单侧LIVE对侧输精管端端吻合.48例行单纯LIVE者失访4例,余44例随访7～17个月,32例精液中检出精子,复通率为72.7%;精子总数平均为(24±23)×106个;28例(87.5%)精液中检出a级精子,a级精子平均为(12.0±11.2)%.39例随访12个月,其中10例妊娠,受孕率为25.6%.术后妊娠与吻合口位置有关,本组妊娠均为吻合部位在尾部者. 结论 放大镜辅助下的LIVE操作简单、费用低,并能取得满意的复通率和受孕率;术中应考虑吻合口位置对妊娠的影响.     

交叉输精管附睾显微吻合术治疗复杂梗阻性无精子症

正在男性不育患者中,无精子症的发病率约占10%~15%,其中梗阻性无精子症(obstructive azoospermia,OA)约占40%[1]。显微外科输精管吻合术、输精管附睾吻合术因其显著优势而成为近年来梗阻性无精子症的首选治疗[2]。然而有些复杂梗阻性无精子症,如单侧睾丸发育不良而对侧输精管缺如或多段梗阻,无法通过常规的同侧输精管或输精管附睾显微吻合术治疗,而施行交叉吻合可以     

显微外科吻合术治疗医源性腹股沟输精管梗阻

目的总结腹股沟区手术输精管损伤后的再通治疗经验。方法2005年7月至今收治11例有双侧腹股沟手术史的梗阻性无精子症患者,手术探查腹股沟区均证实输精管损伤,完全离断4例,断端以细弱瘢痕相连的7例,采用手术显微镜下精微对位多层吻合输精管再通术。结果全部病例中10例行再通手术,7例术后精液检测发现精子。结论腹股沟区手术损伤后的输精管再通手术难度较大,显微镜下精微对位多层吻合输精管再通术是治疗腹股沟区输精管损伤的首选方案。     

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection using surgically retrieved epididymal and testicular spermatozoa in cases of obstructive and non-obstructive azoospermia

This was a retrospective study of 115 patients who underwent 124 cycles of ICSI using surgically retrieved spermatozoa. The objective was to compare the results of ICSI in patients with obstructive azoospermia using epididymal spermatozoa (36 cycles) or testicular spermatozoa (58 cycles) with ICSI in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia using testicular spermatozoa (30 cycles). When epididymal spermatozoa were used for ICSI, the fertilization rate per injected metaphase-II oocyte and the clinical pregnancy rate per ICSI cycle were 60.4 and 25%, respectively. When testicular spermatozoa were used in obstructive cases, the fertilization rate and pregnancy rate were 57.9 and 34.5%. In non-obstructive cases the fertilization and pregnancy rates were 41.2 and 16.6%. When patients with obstructive azoospermia were regrouped according to the cause of obstruction, the fertilization and pregnancy rates were 59.1 and 35.1% in acquired obstruction and 58.7 and 24.3% in congenital obstruction. The fertilization and pregnancy rates were not statistically different ( p  > 0.05) when testicular or epididymal spermatozoa were used in obstructive cases; neither was statistically different ( p  > 0.05) when compared in patients with congenital and acquired obstruction. On the other hand, the fertilization and pregnancy rates in cases with non-obstructive azoospermia were significantly lower ( p  < 0.05) than in obstructive cases.     

The value of epididymal protease inhibitor in differential diagnosis between obstructive azoospermia and non-obstructive azoospermia

There are no efficient and noninvasive clinical tests to distinguish between obstructive azoospermia (OA) and non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA). Epididymal protease inhibitor (Eppin) protein is secreted specifically by testes and epididymides in male reproductive system. It does not exist in seminal plasma of patients with OA in theory. The seminal plasma from 40 normal men and 46 azoospermic patients was detected via Western blot for investigating the presence and characteristics of Eppin protein to distinguish between OA and NOA. The cases were diagnosed as NOA whether Eppin in seminal plasma was positive via Western blot analysis. The cases were diagnosed as OA when samples were Eppin-negative. Additionally, percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration (PESA) and percutaneous testicular sperm aspiration (PTSA) were performed on these patients at the same time as the diagnostic criteria to compare with Western blot analysis. Eppin detection in seminal plasma showed similar effectivity with PESA/PTSA in differential diagnosis between OA and NOA. Compared with PESA/PTSA, Eppin detection is a new, efficient and noninvasive method which has good clinical application.     

Relationship of azoospermia to inguinal surgery

Nearly one-third of paediatric surgery consists of operations on the inguinal canal. A late complication of this is male sterility due to damage to the vas deferens. Correction of this preventable cause is problematical and there is poor outlook for the severly oligozoospermic and azoospermic male. The true incidence of unilateral damage to the vas deferens is unknown, as this can be masked by a normal reproductive tract on the contralateral side. However, occasionally more subtle changes other than direct transection and fibrosis of the vas deferens can prevent sperm transport. This may be related to damage to the vas pseudocilia, it's auto-nomic and peptidergic innervation leading to defective contractility. This report presents four cases, which confirm the vunerability of the vas deferens during inguinal surgery and highlight azoospermia as a late complication.     

Clinical outcome of microsurgery for obstructive azoospermia

BACKGROUND: Recent technical advances in microscopy have greatly improved the reconstruction of the seminal tract in cases of obstructive azoospermia. METHODS: We evaluated the clinical outcome of 28 patients with obstructive azoospermia who underwent microsurgical reconstruction (i.e. vasovasostomy or unilateral epididymovasostomy). Diagnoses included postvasectomy (n = 9), childhood inguinal herniorrhaphy (n = 10) and cases of unknown cause (n = 9). Six of the unknown cases proved to be inoperable. We analyzed the outcome of the surgical reconstructions of operable cases according to the causes of obstruction, duration of obstruction, quality of the fluid obtained from the distal seminal tract (concentration, morphology and motility of sperm) and the histologic findings of the testis. RESULTS: The surgical outcome was analyzed with regard to the incidence of patency and pregnancy. The incidence of patency achieved in nine vasectomy cases was 89%, while the incidence of pregnancy was 44%. In contrast, the incidence of patency in the nine operable cases with herniorrhaphy was 44%, while the pregnancy rate was 0%. Of four cases of unknown cause who underwent epididymovasostomy, the incidence of patency was 100% and the incidence of pregnancy was 75%. The outcomes were worse in post-vasectomy cases with long-term obstruction of more than 10 years; however, this was not statistically significant. The outcome was significantly worse in cases with low sperm concentrations. There was no significant relationship between histologic findings and surgical outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The surgical outcome of vasovasostomy of postherniorrhaphy cases was significantly worse than that of post-vasectomy cases. With regard to epididymovasostomy, a unilateral repair was clinically evaluated.     

Does the cause of obstructive azoospermia affect the outcome of intracytoplasmic sperm injection: a meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE: To define whether the outcome of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) using sperm surgically retrieved from men with obstructive azoospermia (OA) depends on the cause of obstruction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We first analysed our data and then used a meta-analysis of published data (including ours) to compare the outcome of ICSI in OA, classified in terms of congenital and acquired causes. The present study comprised 82 couples who underwent 127 ICSI cycles using surgically retrieved sperm. The cause was classified as congenital bilateral absence of vas deferens (CBAVD, in 20), after vasectomy (56), infective/inflammatory (21), noninfective (24) and ejaculatory (five). Five reports (687 cycles) including the present were identified as suitable for meta-analysis. RESULTS: Analysis of the present data showed that fertilization and live-birth rates were highest in men with a previous vasectomy and no infective cause (vasectomy 51% and 23%; not infective 53% and 29%, respectively) and lowest in men with infective or inflammatory causes. There was no difference in outcome if the sperm was fresh or frozen, or whether epididymal or testicular. Meta-analysis comparing congenital (CBAVD) and acquired causes showed a significantly increased fertilization rate (95% confidence interval, 0.84-1) with acquired causes. Meta-analysis of the three papers reporting delivery outcome showed no difference in live-birth rate but a significantly higher miscarriage rate in the congenital group (relative risk 2.67). CONCLUSION: In ICSI cycles in men with OA the cause appears to influence the outcome, but outcome is not affected by whether the retrieved sperm is fresh, frozen, epididymal or testicular. The meta-analysis suggested a higher fertilization rate and lower miscarriage rate in acquired causes of OA.     

无精子及严重少精子症的遗传学缺陷分析

目的 探讨遗传缺陷在无精子、严重少精子症中的检测意义。方法 采用细胞遗传学技术及多重聚合酶链反应(PCR)技术对65例无精子及严重少精子症患者进行染色体核型分析、Y染色体无精子因子(AZF)检测，同时行精索输精管诊察，阴性者行精液果糖定量实验。结果 染色体核型异常8例(12．3％)，AZF因子缺失7例(10．8％)，输精管缺如2例(3.1％)。结论 遗传学检测在男性无精子、严重少精子症有重要意义。