扩大胼胝体离断术治疗难治性癫痫

目的探讨扩大胼胝体离断术治疗难治性癫痫的手术疗效和并发症的发生。方法回顾性分析58例扩大胼胝体离断术患者,分析术后的急慢性并发症和手术对癫痫发作的控制。结果术后随访13～48个月,所有患者术后仍然继续术前抗癫痫药物治疗,6.9%(4例)的患者术后发作消失,术后发作频率减少大于75%的患者为55.2%(32例),29.3%(17例)的患者发作频率减少50%以上,8.6%(5例)的患者无明显改善。51例患者术后发生缄默症状,47例在术后2周内恢复,4例3周后恢复;11例出现右侧肢体轻偏瘫,均在2周内症状消失;6例术后3～6天出现小便失禁,均在2周内恢复;未见长期并发症患者。结论对于癫痫灶定位困难的难治性癫痫患者,扩大胼胝体离断术能够较好的缓解患者的发作,尽管急性并发症发生率较高,但通常恢复良好,远期并发症发生率低,是一种有效和安全的手术。     

颞顶枕离断术治疗儿童单侧多脑叶难治性癫痫

目的 探讨颞顶枕离断术治疗儿童单侧多脑叶药物难治性癫痫的效果。方法 回顾性分析2009年9月至2014年5月在我院接受颞顶枕离断术治疗的17例儿童癫痫患者的临床资料,其中16例行单侧颞顶枕离断术,1例行前颞叶切除术后再行顶枕离断术。所有患者术后随访13~66个月,平均33.7个月。结果 按Engel分级评定癫痫控制效果:Ⅰ级10例,Ⅱ级3例,Ⅲ级3例,Ⅳ级1例。术前总智商为（47.3±11.2）分,术后为（56.7±9.7）分,两者差异显著（P<0.05）。17例患儿术后均出现对侧偏盲;2例术后第5天出现严重脑水肿,其中1例再次开颅手术切除枕叶。>结论 对致痫灶广泛分布于一侧的颞顶枕叶癫痫的儿童患者,颞顶枕离断术是安全有效的治疗方法。     

脑局部孤立离断术治疗难治性癫痫

目的 探讨脑局部孤立离断术的患者适应证、术前评估手段及手术疗效。方法 分析6名难治性癫痫患者的术前术后资料，对患者的评估手段、手术结果进行分析。结果 6名患者中，随访9-15个月，5名发作消失，达到Engel Ⅰ级治疗，1名患者发作得到有效控制，发作频率减少90％以上。1例患者出现头皮下积液，术后2个月复查时，头皮下积液完全消失。结论 在手术适应证的要求下，综合多种术前评估方法，尤其是脑功能的准确测定可以使脑局部孤立离断术成为一种安全有效的手术。     

岛周半球离断术治疗儿童药物难治性癫痫二例

目的通过2例儿童药物难治性癫痫患者探讨儿童岛周半球离断术(PIH)的适应证、操作技术、手术效果。方法病例1为11岁男孩,诊断为药物难治性癫痫。临床表现为简单部分性发作,发作频繁。MRI示左侧大脑半球弥漫性软化灶,24h视频脑电图(24h-VEEG)示双侧中央、中线区为主大量痫性放电,左侧显著,可泛化。病例2为4岁男孩,诊断为创伤后药物难治性癫痫,临床表现为发作性跌倒。MRI示左侧颞叶软化灶,左侧半球萎缩,24h-VEEG显示左侧半球大量痫性放电。两例患儿都经过充分的术前评估和术前准备,行PIH,手术过程顺利。结果本文2例恢复良好,右侧肢体运动功能无明显下降,言语功能无明显影响。术后分别随访36个月、24个月未再有癫痫发作,疗效评估Engel I级,神经心理学评估显示智力有所提高。结论 PIH是功能性大脑半球切除术中的一种优化方法,对于儿童来说具有和大脑半球切除术相同的疗效,手术创伤相对较小,没有出现明显的并发症。     

额叶离断术治疗无影像学异常的难治性额叶癫痫

目的 探讨额叶离断术治疗无影像学异常的难治性额叶癫痫的可行性、有效性、并发症及适应证.方法 2006年6月至2012年1月解放军第153医院全军神经外科中心对12例无影像学异常的难治性额叶癫痫患者,采用额叶离断术治疗,对手术适应证的选择、手术方法、离断范围、额叶功能区的保护方法、手术效果以及并发症进行总结分析.12例患者中,10例行单纯额叶离断,2例一侧额叶离断后皮质脑电图(ECoG)监测发现离断部位后缘仍有癫痫波,加行胼胝体前部切开术.结果 5例术后出现短暂精神、记忆及性格改变,2例出现一侧肢体轻度偏瘫,均于1个月内恢复正常.无颅内出血、感染及严重并发症.随访1.0～5.5年,Engel Ⅰ级9例,Ⅱ级3例.结论 在术中直接皮层电刺激技术及ECoG监测下,采用额叶离断术治疗无影像学异常的难治性额叶癫痫,是一种安全有效的手术方法.     

大脑后部离断术治疗难治性癫痫1例临床分析

目的介绍一种新的治疗后脑病变引起的难治性癫痫的手术方法——大脑后部离断术,并就该手术方法和适应证进行讨论。方法应用大脑后部离断术治疗1例左侧后皮层广泛病变引发的成年难治性癫痫患者。该患者左侧顶叶、枕叶、颞叶脑软化、坏死、萎缩,但中央前后回和额叶皮层结构完整,左侧运动感觉语言功能仍然存在。手术方法为彻底离断顶枕叶、颞叶。结果手术后癫痫得到有效控制,随访6个月,只有2次轻微的复杂部分性发作,Engel分级Ⅱ级,没有新的神经损害并发症发生。结论后脑离断术可以有效治疗大脑后皮层病变所致的难治性癫痫,较多脑叶切除术有手术创伤小、省时、并发症少的优点。     

大脑半球多脑叶离断术治疗难治性癫痫的疗效

目的 探讨大脑半球多脑叶离断术治疗难治性癫痫的手术经验及疗效。方法 回顾性 分析2013 年4 月—2017 年7 月北京功能神经外科研究所采用大脑半球多脑叶离断术治疗难治性癫痫患 者共22例,介绍手术方式,观察术后病理及疗效,记录并发症情况。结果 Engel Ⅰ级患者15例（占68%）, Engel Ⅱ级患者6例（占27%）,Engel Ⅲ级患者1例（占5%）。术后出现肢体功能障碍较术前加重的患者4 例, 1 例患者出现颅内感染,无一例出现含铁血黄素沉积症。结论 大脑半球多脑叶离断术治疗半球病变 导致的难治性癫痫有较好的疗效,尤其适合那些运动、感觉、语言功能仍然存留在患侧的难治性癫痫患者。     

患侧大脑半球多脑叶离断术治疗难治性癫痫

目的应用患侧大脑半球多脑叶离断术治疗该侧半球性病变导致的难治性癫痫,目的是对保留病变半球基本功能的癫痫患者提出一个有效而实用的术式。方法①大脑半球多脑叶离断术的创新:对患侧大脑半球我们分步骤离断额叶,颞叶、和顶枕叶与丘脑、基底节的联系;通过侧脑室额角和枕角离断胼胝体前后部,只保留中央前后回皮层及其与丘脑、基底节和内囊的联系;通过外侧裂切除岛叶皮层;通过颞角切除海马杏仁核。②利用这一术式我们治疗了5例大脑半球病变引发的难治性癫痫患者。结果该术式在5例患者成功实施。结果证实,该手术创伤小,并发症少,术后病人没有任何加重对侧肢体功能障碍的并发症,癫痫得到有效控制。随访13～20个月,Engel I级3例;II级2例。结论大脑半球多脑叶离断术,是对那些保留运动、感觉和语言功能的半球性病变所致的难治性癫痫患者有效、可靠的治疗选择。     

大脑半球离断术后无癫痫发作的脑电图特征及其对停药选择的影响

目的 分析大脑半球离断术后无癫痫发作患者的脑电图(EEG)特征及其对停药的影响。方法 回顾性分析2017年1月—2022年6月首都医科大学三博脑科医院收治的54例行半球离断术后均无癫痫发作的患者。收集术前术后临床资料及抗发作药物服药情况。结果 术前EEG显示36例(66.7%)患者仅在手术侧半球记录到癫痫样放电,10例(18.5%)患者有双侧半球独立放电伴泛化,3例(5.6%)患者有双侧半球同步癫痫样放电;术后6～12个月EEG显示所有患者手术半球背景活动减弱,42例(77.8%)患者仅在手术半球有癫痫样放电,6例(11.1%)患者双侧半球均有癫痫样放电,3例(5.6%)患者放电位于手术半球及中线区,3例(5.6%)患者在两侧均无癫痫样放电,3例(5.6%)患者手术半球出现EEG发作但无临床症状。术后随访平均随访3年,14例患者(25.9%)停用抗发作药物后均无发作。结论 大脑半球离断术对双侧半球癫痫样放电的患者仍可达到术后无发作。术后无临床发作但EEG显示存在癫痫样放电的患者可逐渐减停抗发作药物。     

半球切开术治疗顽固性癫痫

目的 对于单侧大脑半球弥漫性病变引起的难治性癫痫,可以用大脑半球切除术或切开术治疗.本文总结作者最近进行的3例大脑半球切开术,同时进行了相应的文献复习.方法 3例难治性癫痫,男2例,女1例,年龄分别为7、11、和15岁.均为一侧半球病变,其中实施大脑半球完全切开术2例,后象限切开术1例.手术的目的是完全孤立致痫区域.结果 3例患者分别随访22、22、12个月,其中EngelⅠ A 2例,EngelⅡ B 1例.无长期神经功能障碍或死亡病例.结论 应用神经纤维离断技术进行大脑半球切开,可获得与切除术相同的控制癫痫的良好效果.     

Hemispherotomy for intractable epilepsy

Context: Hemispherotomy is a surgical procedure for hemispheric disconnection. It is a technically demanding surgery. Our experience is presented here. Aims: To validate and compare the two techniques for hemispherotomy performed in patients with intractable epilepsies. Settings and Design: A retrospective study 2001-March 2007: Nineteen cases of hemispherotomies from a total of 462 cases operated for intractable epilepsy. Materials and Methods: All the cases operated for intractable epilepsy underwent a complete epilepsy surgery workup. Age range 4-23 years (mean 5.2 years), 14 males. The seizure frequency ranged from 2-200 episodes per day; four were in status; three in epilepsia partialis continua. The pathologies included Rasmussen's, hemimegelencephaly (unilateral hemispheric enlargement with severe cortical and subcortical changes), hemispheric cortical dysplasia, post-stroke, post-traumatic encephalomalacia and encephalopathy of unknown etiology. The techniques of surgery included vertical parasaggital approach and peri-insular hemispherotomy. Neuronavigation was used in seven cases. Results: Class I outcome [Engel's] was seen in 18 cases and Class II in one assessed at 32-198 weeks of follow-up. The four patients in status epilepticus had Class I outcome. Four patients had an initial worsening of weakness which improved to preoperative level in five to eight weeks. Power actually improved in three other patients at 32-36 weeks of follow-up, but hand grip weakness persisted. In all the other patients, power continued to be as in preoperative state. Cognitive profile improved in all patients and 11 cases returned back to school. Conclusions: Both techniques were equally effective, the procedure itself is very effective when indicated. Four of our cases were quite sick and were undertaken for this procedure on a semi-emergency basis.     

儿童难治性癫痫的长期治疗

治疗癫痫患者的最终目标是摆脱癫痫发作,但有些癫痫患儿可能需要终身治疗,尤其是难治性癫痫患儿更加现实的目标是降低具有致残性发作类型的发作频率。长期发作会影响患儿社会活动、心理、认知等功能,因此对这些患儿的长期管理需要儿科和神经内科医师,以及社会工作者联合给予终身关爱。在治疗过程中,临床医师应定期评价患儿病情,注意预防和控制抗癫痫药物的不良反应,监测抗癫痼药物相关不良事件;为难治性癫痫患儿选择最佳治疗方案,在收益与风险之间达到平衡,提高患儿生活质量。     

小儿顽固性颞叶癫痫的病理特点研究

目的 研究小儿顽固性颞叶癫痫的临床病理学表现.方法 80例小儿顽固性颞叶癫痫患者行标准前颞叶切除术,切除组织送病理学检查.术后随访1-5年,根据Engel分级评估手术效果.结果 切除组织病理学表现以单纯海马硬化(26例)、良性肿瘤(20例)、局灶性皮层发育不良(10例)和海马硬化合并颞叶其他病变(9例)四大类型为主.癫痫发作控制结果提示EngelⅠ级58例,Ⅱ级11例,Ⅲ级6例,Ⅳ级5例.结论 小儿顽固性颞叶癫痫病理表现多样,以海马硬化、良性肿瘤和局灶性皮层发育不良最常见;颞叶切除疗效肯定;病理类型与手术效果之间的关系仍待更多研究.     

Gamma knife radiosurgery for callosotomy in children with drug-resistant epilepsy

Objectives Gamma knife radiosurgery as a noninvasive procedure is increasingly used as a treatment option in patients with intractable seizures. We investigated efficacy and safety of gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) for callosotomy in children.Materials and methods Between 2000 and 2004 three children between 4 and 14 years (mean 8 years) underwent radiosurgical callosotomy. One child presented with Lennox–Gastaut syndrome, two with hemispheric cortical dysplasia. These two children underwent functional hemispherotomy before GKRS. GKRS was performed with a marginal dose of 55–60 Gy on the 50% isodose.Results Mean follow-up was 35 months. Radiosurgical callosotomy was ineffective in one child with the Lennox–Gastaut syndrome, whereas in the remaining two children, a 100% seizure reduction of generalized tonic-clonic seizures, 20–70% reduction of partial seizures, and a progress in mental and physical development was achieved. No postradiosurgical side effects were observed in all children.Conclusion Radiosurgical callosotomy might be offered after hemispherotomy to complete callosal resection. However, larger number of patients and longer follow-ups are needed to draw final conclusions.     

大脑半球切开术治疗儿童顽固性癫痫

目的探讨大脑半球切开手术治疗儿童顽固性癫痫的临床效果。方法回顾性分析7例大脑半球性病变致癫痫的患儿的临床资料。患儿综合评估后行大脑半球切开术,手术经外侧裂环岛沟入路,癫痫控制效果以Engel标准评判,疗效以最后1次随访时间为准。结果 7例患儿经6个月~2.5年的随访,癫痫控制均为EngelⅠ级,均无明显并发症;术后对侧肢体感觉、运动功能无减退,认知及生活能力较术前有不同程度的改善。结论大脑半球切开术治疗儿童半球性病变致癫痫的疗效确切,安全、有效。     

大脑半球切开术一例报道并文献复习

目的通过我们的1例患者探讨大脑半球切开术的操作技术并附有简单的文献复习。方法 1例12岁女孩,诊断为药物难治性癫痫。临床表现为简单部分性发作,发作频繁。影像学显示左侧大脑半球弥漫性软化灶。经过充分的术前准备,在导航系统引导下行改良的经岛周大脑半球切开术,手术过程顺利。结果术后患者恢复良好,右侧肢体运动功能无明显下降,言语功能正常。术后随访6个月未再有癫痫发作。结论结合文献复习,大脑半球切开术是功能性大脑半球切除术的彻底改良,手术操作可行,具有和大脑半球切除术相同的疗效,远期并发症明显减少。     

Modification of vertical hemispherotomy for refractory epilepsy

Delalande’s vertical hemispherotomy is an innovative evolution of hemispherectomy in minimizing brain resection. We report our modification for this surgical procedure. We modified the original procedure in two aspects for the purpose of less brain resection and confirmation of the complete disconnection. Firstly, all procedures were done via an interhemispheric route instead of a transcortical route. Secondly, we set the anterior disconnection plane as the one that connects the anterior end of the choroidal fissure to the anterior end of the foramen of Monro, instead of the former to the subcallosal area. We applied this modified vertical hemispherotomy to 7 cases. Four cases were children with hemimegalencephaly and other 3 were adults with ulegyric hemisphere. Surgical procedure was completed without complication in all cases. There was no case that required CSF shunting. Seizure outcome was Engel’s class I in 6 and class IV in 1. Postoperative MRI revealed complete disconnection of the affected hemisphere in all patients. We reported our modification of vertical hemispherotomy. Although these are minor modifications, they further minimized brain resection and may serve for less invasiveness of procedure and improvement in completeness of disconnection and its confirmation during surgery.     

Seizure precipitants in children with intractable epilepsy

PURPOSE: To investigate the seizure precipitants in children with intractable epilepsy, and to determine any distinctive clinical features contributing to seizures in these patients. METHODS: A questionnaire and seizure diary prepared by the parents of the patients. Demographic and seizure data were reviewed. RESULTS: Of 120 patients with intractable epilepsy, 74 (62%) had one (n=43), two (n=23), or three seizure precipitants (n=8). The three most common precipitants were illness or fever (32%), sleep deprivation (13%), and menstruation (10%). Of these precipitants, inducing factors (endogenous origin) were more common than triggering factors (exogenous origin): 73% versus 27%, respectively. Three distinctive clinical features - neurological abnormalities (P=0.01), status epilepticus (P=0.017), and abnormal neuroimaging (P=0.007) - were significantly more common in patients with than in patients without precipitants. CONCLUSIONS: Prompt recognition and management of seizure precipitants has practical implications for treating patients with refractory epilepsy. Such patients can be counseled to avoid specific precipitants.     

儿童难治性癫痫的外科治疗

目的 分析儿童难治性癫痫的病因、外科手术的适应证和预后.方法 回顾性分析采用外科手术治疗342例儿童癫痫的经验.结果 皮质发育障碍是本组儿童难治性癫痫的最重要病因,占18.4%.药物难治性癫痫综合征占13.5%.术后疗效Engel Ⅰ级158例,Ⅱ级76例,Ⅲ级61例,Ⅳ级47例.平均智商(1Q)从术前的69.2分提高到79.8分.术前显示智力低下者术后亦有明显改善.结论 早期外科干预能有效地控制癫痫发作、改善智力损害,智力低下不应是外科治疗的禁忌证.同时,正确认识儿童难治性癫痫的病凶和病理埘儿童癫痫的外科治疗具有重要作用.