女性原位尿流改道的临床研究

目的　总结女性膀胱全切患者行原位尿流改道的临床疗效。　方法　回顾性分析1995年9月至2003年12月34例女性膀胱全切、原位尿流改道患者的临床资料。34例患者,年龄53~64岁,平均58岁。其中移行细胞癌30例,腺癌3例,鳞状上皮癌1例。原发肿瘤30例,复发肿瘤4例。34例患者均行膀胱全切,其中24例保留自主神经。所有患者均截取末段回肠,行回肠代膀胱。术后随访观察临床效果。　结果　34例手术时间平均360min(280~420min),输血量平均600ml(300~1000ml)。术后30例获随访,随访6~108个月,平均61个月。术后6个月昼夜控尿率分别为90% (27 /30)和86% (26 /30)。一次性排空膀胱23例, 2例排尿可控过度,需定时导尿,另5例需采用手压下腹部排空新膀胱。23例行尿动力检查结果显示:贮尿囊容量300~520ml,充盈期囊内压<23cmH2O(6~23cmH2O, 1cmH2O=0. 098kPa),最大尿道压35 ~70cmH2O,功能性尿道长2. 6~3. 5cm,剩余尿量0~38ml。IVU检查贮尿囊球形,无输尿管狭窄,轻度输尿管返流1例,肾盂输尿管轻度扩张1例。血电解质和肾功能正常.无肠膀胱或尿道残端复发者。　结论　女性膀胱癌患者行原位尿流改道可获得满意的临床效果,可作为该类患者的首选治疗方法。     

去带盲结肠可控膀胱术

目的　改进膀胱癌患者膀胱全切后贮尿和排尿问题。　方法　对 2 3例全膀胱切除患者行去带盲结肠可控膀胱术。　结果　 2 2例术后随访 3～ 30个月 ,3个月后贮尿囊容量 45 0～ 6 0 0ml,平均 5 5 0ml,平均内压 (14± 8)cmH2 O(1cmH2 O =0 .0 98kPa) ,贮尿囊造影未见输尿管返流 ,IVU示上尿路无积水和输尿管狭窄 ,排尿控制良好 ,插管容易。　结论　去带盲结肠可控膀胱术是一种较为理想的尿流改道方法 ,具有较好的应用价值。     

原位回肠和乙状结肠尿流改道术临床疗效比较

目的比较原位回肠和乙状结肠尿流改道术的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析1995 -2005年行膀胱癌术后原位回肠尿流改道术96例,乙状结肠尿流改道术68例的患者资料。比较分析2组患者术中术后一般情况、控尿能力、尿动力学结果以及术后储尿囊相关并发症。结果164例患者失访12例(7．3%)。平均随访时间回肠组46(2～86)个月,乙状结肠组42(4～78)个月。2种术式术中失血量、术后控尿效果接近(P＞0．05),但2组手术时间(6．0±0．8 h vs 5．2±0．6 h),术后下床时间(7．8±0．8 d vs 6．4±1．0 d),新膀胱容量(550．0±122．5 ml vs 420．0±80．6 ml)等方面差异有统计学意义(P＜0．05)。原位回肠尿流改道组术后早期及晚期储尿囊相关并发症发生率分别为16．7%、29．2%,均高于乙状结肠组。原位回肠尿流改道组术后储尿囊再发肿瘤3例,乙状结肠组未见发生。结论两种术式术后疗效均良好。原位乙状结肠尿流改道术耗时短、恢复快、术后并发症发生率低,值得优先采用。     

原位回肠代膀胱的尿动力学评估

目的　探讨W形原位回肠代膀胱患者尿动力学特点及形成机理。　方法　对20例膀胱全切、W形原位回肠代膀胱患者行尿动力学评估,包括填写排尿情况问卷、尿流率、剩余尿测定、代膀胱测压、压力/流率测定和静态尿道压力描记,同时行膀胱造影、泌尿系B超、肾功能检查和IVU。　结果　20例患者中,白天尿失禁2例,夜间尿失禁6例。代膀胱最大容量(492. 9±177. 8)ml,充盈期最大压力(32. 1±8. 6)cmH2O。尿流曲线呈持续型12例,呈间歇型8例。持续型最大尿流率为(14. 9±2. 5 )ml/s,间歇型为( 7. 7±2. 8 )ml/s,代膀胱容量分别为( 409. 0±96. 1 )ml和( 622. 1±197. 7)ml,剩余尿量分别为(9. 2±11. 8)ml和(69. 0±38. 4 )ml; 2组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0. 05)。膀胱尿道造影提示:持续尿流型代膀胱颈口呈漏斗型,排尿时开放良好;而间歇尿流型代膀胱颈口不呈漏斗型或排尿时颈口开放欠佳。　结论　W形原位回肠代膀胱有较好的储尿和排尿功能,并发症低;排尿时存在持续型尿流和间歇型尿流两种形式,具有各自的尿动力学特点;其形成机理主要与代膀胱颈口形状和开放程度相关。     

腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术加原位回肠代膀胱术32例临床分析

目的 总结腹腔镜下根治性膀胱术加原位回肠代膀胱术的临床经验.方法 2005年5月至2012年5月对32例膀胱癌患者采用腹腔镜下行根治性膀胱切除术＋原位回肠代膀胱术.结果 全部患者术后随访4 ～60个月,平均34个月,均原位排尿,未发生水、电解质及酸碱平衡紊乱,肾功能正常,无肾积水及输尿管扩张.结论 腹腔镜下行根治性膀胱切除,创伤较小、术野清晰、操作方便、淋巴清扫彻底.原位回肠代膀胱通过负压和尿道的协同作用,可实现原位排尿,发生尿路损害及电解质紊乱的概率低,不失为膀胱根治性切除后尿流改道的较好方法.     

膀胱全切原位W形回肠代膀胱术120例临床分析

目的 探讨膀胱全切原位W形回肠代膀胱术优缺点。方法120例男性膀胱癌患者,其中浸润性膀胱移行细胞癌99例,移行细胞癌伴部分鳞化8例,移行细胞癌伴腺癌及鳞癌3例,腺癌6例,鳞癌4例,均行膀胱全切原位W形回肠代膀胱术。膀胱全切采用顺行、逆行相结合的方法。截取末段回肠,排列成W形,褥式缝合制作储尿袋。输尿管以乳头法包埋术种植。结果手术时间,前50例为210-300mim,平均270min;后70例为110-205min,平均143min。术后9l例获得随访,随访2—88个月,平均30个月,85例白天可控制排尿,其中71例夜间可控制排尿。9例术后发生输尿管扩张,7例合并轻度肾积水,2例合并中度肾积水,2例肾功能轻度异常。45例行膀胱造影仅1例发生右侧输尿管返流。术后3个月复查出现低血钾者6例,余85例血电解质均在正常范围。20例患者行尿动力检查,尿流曲线呈持续型12例,间歇型8例;膀胱尿道造影显示尿流持续型代膀胱颈口呈漏斗形,排尿时开放良好,而尿流间歇形代膀胱颈口不呈漏斗形或排尿时颈口开放欠佳。结论膀胱全切原位W形回肠代膀胱术手术时间短,操作简单,出血少,并发症少,原位W形回肠代膀胱有较好的储尿和排尿功能,电解质紊乱发生率低。     

改良膀胱全切、原位回肠代膀胱术的疗效观察

目的:探讨膀胱根治术后行尿流改道的方法。方法:对17例男性膀胱癌患者行膀胱全切、原位回肠代膀胱术,采用改良的手术方法。结果:手术时间平均230min;输血量平均480ml;全部病例可完全控尿,需夜间定时排尿;膀胱最大贮尿量平均330ml,剩余尿均小于80ml。17例全部随访,时间7～48个月,平均19个月。术后仅发生单侧输尿管反流1例,肾功能衰竭死亡1例,肿瘤转移死亡1例。无电解质紊乱发生,未发现尿道肿瘤复发。结论:改良膀胱全切、原位回肠代膀胱术是膀胱根治术后尿流改道的较为理想术式。     

尿流改道新术式棗体外可控性肠代膀胱术

目的　探讨体外可控性回肠代膀胱术的临床应用效果。方法　距回盲部 2 0cm处 ,取 48cm回肠 ,中段 3 0cm折叠成N形并缝制成贮尿囊 ;远端 10cm经腹壁造瘘口处穿出体外 ,将此处皮瓣包绕外露肠管缝制成皮管 ,构建输出道。将尿控器置于皮管外控制排尿。结果　 6例患者术后恢复顺利 ,随访 3～ 18个月。术后肝肾功能、电解质均正常。术后 3个月时平均贮尿囊最大容量为 (2 90± 80 )ml,最大充盈压为 (3 4.7± 7.8)cmH2 O (1cmH2 O =0 .0 98kPa) ,最大尿流率为(2 1.2± 3 .9)ml/s ,无残余尿。X线影像学检查 ,肾输尿管显影良好 ,无梗阻。尿控器能控制尿液流出。结论　本术式可达到体外控制排尿的效果 ,既不戴集尿袋 ,又不必导尿 ,并发症少 ,是一种比较理想的尿流改道新方法     

改良膀胱全切原位W形回肠膀胱术26例报告

目的评价改良膀胱全切原位W形回肠膀胱术的临床疗效。方法对26例膀胱癌患者行逆行和顺行相结合的全膀胱切除方法，截取40cm带蒂回肠，对肠系膜纵行剖开后W形折叠，缝制成新膀胱，输尿管以乳头法种植于膀胱“三角区”，将贮尿囊完全置于腹膜外；术后随访患者恢复和排尿情况，定期复查生化指标、B超和膀胱排尿造影。结果患者术后均康复，平均随访18个月，白天控尿良好20例，夜间控尿良好18例；5例有不同程度的肾积水和肾功能异常，其中1例出现双肾积水，均行膀胱排尿造影除外返流；无低钾血症和酸中毒。结论改良膀胱全切原位W形回肠膀胱术，具有手术简单、术后并发症少及代膀胱功能良好的特点，是治疗浸润性膀胱癌的理想方法。     

体外可控性回肠膀胱术的实验研究及临床应用

目的　提高体外可控性回肠膀胱术的治疗效果。　方法　距回盲部约 2 0cm处切取一段回肠 ,中间部分折叠成N形并缝制成贮尿囊 ;近端回肠为输入道 ,近贮尿囊 4～ 5cm回肠纵形折叠缝合以缩窄管腔 ;远端 8～ 10cm回肠从腹壁造瘘口处穿出体外 ,于造瘘口处取双片梯形皮瓣包绕外露肠管缝制成皮管 ,构建输出道。将尿液控制器置于皮管外 ,利用气囊控制排尿。 12只犬应用研究后对 5例膀胱癌患者采用此术式治疗。　结果　 10只犬手术顺利 ,术后 3个月时贮尿囊平均最大容量 (15 0± 4 0 )ml,最大充盈压 (2 4 .4± 5 .3)cmH2 O。 5例患者术后随访 3～ 14个月。术后 3个月时贮尿囊平均最大容量 (2 90± 80 )ml,最大充盈压 (36 .3± 8.2 )cmH2 O ,最大尿流率 (2 0 .3± 4 .7)ml/s ,无剩余尿。影像学检查肾脏显影良好 ,输尿管通畅。尿液控制器气囊充气后无尿液流出 ,气囊消气后尿线粗。　结论　该尿流改道术式可达到体外控尿效果 ,不必佩戴集尿袋及导尿 ,手术操作比较简单、并发症少。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.