面神经瘫痪外科治疗301例回顾

１９８２年２月至１９９６年６月，共收治各类面瘫病人３０１例。其中采用神经、肌肉移植修复１５７例，筋膜悬吊１１９例，其他２５例。包括：①神经、肌肉移植，Ⅰ期带血管神经肌瓣移植，Ⅱ期带血管、神经肌肉移植；②损伤面神经修复，面神经残端肌肉内种植以及舌下—面神经吻接；③动力性或静力性筋膜悬吊；④其他：面部畸形整形及其他肌肉移植等。认为：早期损伤的面神经吻接，舌下—面神经吻接等是早期外伤性面瘫治疗的最佳选择。Ⅰ期节段性断层背阔肌肌瓣移植是晚期面瘫的最佳选择，６８例中６６例取得了术后动静态平衡。腹内斜肌肌瓣移植是有前途的术式，Ⅱ期胸小肌移植及筋膜悬吊仍是晚期面瘫治疗中可选择的术式。讨论了手术时机的选择和适应证，着重提出带有靶器官的神经移植的生长不是爬行生长，而是逐步的能量积累，由量变到质变的飞跃。     

面神经瘫痪外科治疗301例回顾

1982年2月至1996年6月,共收治各类面瘫病人301例。其中采用神经、肌肉移植修复157例,筋膜悬吊119例,其他25例。包括:①神经、肌肉移植。Ⅰ期带血管神经肌瓣移植,Ⅱ期带血管、神经肌肉移植;②损伤面神经修复,面神经残端肌肉内种植以及舌下一面神经吻接;③动力性或静力性筋膜悬吊;④其他:面部畸形整形及其他肌肉移植等。认为:早期损伤的面神经吻接,舌下一面神经吻接等是早期外伤性面瘫治疗的最佳选择。Ⅰ期节段性断层背阔肌肌瓣移植是晚期面瘫的最佳选择,68例中66例取得了术后动静态平衡。腹内斜肌肌瓣移植是有前途的术式,Ⅱ期胸小肌移植及筋膜悬吊仍是晚期面瘫治疗中可选择的术式。讨论了手术时机的选择和适应证,着重提出带有靶器官的神经移植的生长不是爬行生长,而是逐步的能量积累,由量变到质变的飞跃。     

One-stage removal of residual intracanalicular acoustic neuroma and hemihypoglossal-intratemporal facial nerve anastomosis: technical note

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: Incomplete removal of residual intracanalicular tumor and injury to the facial nerve are the main problems associated with surgery of large acoustic neuromas via the retromastoid suboccipital approach. In patients with residual or recurrent intracanalicular neuromas, the translabyrinthine approach is the preferred surgical route, allowing complete tumor removal; it may eventually also be used for exposure of the intratemporal portion of the facial nerve for a hemihypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis when a postoperative facial palsy exists This one-stage procedure has not been described previously. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: Three patients with postoperative facial palsy and residual intracanalicular tumor after surgical removal of a large acoustic neuroma via the retromastoid suboccipital approach underwent reoperation via the translabyrinthine approach and one-stage removal of the residual tumor and hemihypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis. All three patients had a complete facial palsy of House-Brackmann Grade VI and a residual tumor of 8 to 12 mm. TECHNIQUE: A classic translabyrinthine approach was used to open the internal auditory canal and remove the residual intracanalicular tumor. The facial nerve was exposed in its mastoid and tympanic parts, mobilized, and transected; then, the long nerve stump was transposed into the neck and used for an end-to-side anastomosis into the hypoglossal nerve. The operation resulted in variable improvement of the facial muscle function up to Grade III (one patient) and Grade IV (two patients). CONCLUSION: Reoperation via the translabyrinthine approach is indicated for removal of residual intracanalicular acoustic neuroma and realization of a hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis in a single procedure. It is suggested that this type of anastomosis may also be used during the initial operation for acoustic neuroma removal when the facial nerve is inadvertently sectioned.     

Nerve transfers in facial palsy

The facial paralysis patient suffers serious functional, cosmetic, and psychological problems with impaired ability to communicate. Despite the advances of recent years and the number of new techniques proposed in the literature, facial reanimation remains a challenge for the reconstructive surgeon. With the advent of microsurgery, reanimation of the paralyzed face took a major leap forward with the use of cross facial nerve grafts, nerve transfers, and free muscle transplantation. Today, nerve transfers represent the backbone of facial reanimation, especially in cases where reconstruction of the affected facial nerve is not feasible. The suitability of each nerve transfer is related to the type of facial palsy, time elapsed since injury, and the age and general health of the patient. The selected motor nerve must provide strong muscle contraction and allow the patient to control the facial movements. The purpose of this chapter is to present the senior author's (J.K.T.) experience in the selection of motor nerves that can function as possible donor nerves for dynamic facial reanimation. Indications and surgical technique for each procedure is also presented.     

外伤性面瘫的早期手术治疗

目的 探讨外伤性面瘫手术时机和手术方法的选择。强调神经外瘢痕松解切除和严格遵守显微外科无创原则,结合神经损伤的形态特点。针对性选择优选用吻合神经方法的重要性。方法 1993年12月-1997年11月,收治外伤性面瘫病人7例。于伤后3-4个月采用显微外科技术进行面神经吻合及腓肠神经眼轮匝肌植入术进行修复。结果 术后随访6个月-2年,均获得了比较满意的面肌功能恢复。结论 外伤性面瘫,争取早日手术是成功的关键。方法宜首选面神经吻合,神经移植肌肉内植入术,对整复某些外伤后面瘫有其临床应用价值和适应证。     

吻合血管神经的(足母)展肌移植修复晚期面瘫

目的:探讨和研究治疗晚期面瘫的手术治疗,总结应用以足底内侧动静脉为蒂的(足母)展肌游离移植一期修复晚期面瘫40例效果和经验.方法:选取(足母)展肌为供肌,以足底内侧动静脉及其延续的胫后动静脉为血管蒂,以支配(足母)展肌神经及其延续的足底内侧神经和胫神经为神经蒂.(足母)展肌移植于患侧面部皮下,肌近断固定于口角,远端固定于耳前颧弓,血管神经蒂通过上唇皮下隧道与健侧面动静脉和面神经颊支吻合.结果:经随访一年以上,23例恢复了面部静态对称和理想的下面部随意和不随意运动;8例恢复了面部静态对称和部分下面部随意和不随意运动;9例仅恢复了面部静态对称.结论:(足母)展肌游离移植一期修复晚期面瘫具有疗效好、手术操作简便、肌肉大小适中、血管神经蒂走行位置恒定紧密伴行、血管神经蒂可切取较长、变跨面神经移植和肌肉移植的两期移植为一期移植等优点;而且,神经是血管化移植.     

面瘫的临床分类及个性化治疗的研究

目的 介绍根据面神经及面肌的状况进行面瘫临床分类法,并根据此分类提出个性化的治疗方案.方法 根据不同的面瘫类型,分别应用:面神经吻合术、跨面神经移植术、跨面神经移植调控术、带血管神经的游离肌肉移植术、带蒂肌肉转位术修复面瘫.结果 1999至2005年,收治的面瘫病例中:行面神经吻合:15例;跨面神经移植:5例;跨面神经移植调控:6例;带血管神经游离背阔肌移植:58例;带蒂胸锁乳突肌转位:65例.结论 针对不同临床分类的面瘫病例进行个性化的治疗,有望获得较理想的临床效果.     

Functional reconstruction of the lateral face after ablative tumor resection: use of free muscle and musculocutaneous flaps

BACKGROUND: Wide resection of tumors of the middle third of the face often results in complex three-dimensional defects and facial paralysis either due to removal of the facial nerve within the tumoral tissue or to extensive resection of the facial muscles. METHODS: We report the cases of three patients who underwent wide excision of tumors of the cheek region, operations that resulted in tissue defects and facial palsy. Defect reconstruction and facial reanimation was accomplished in one stage through functional muscle transplantation. RESULTS: Follow-up of more than 1 year showed good symmetry at rest and reanimation of the corner of the mouth in all cases, but one patient, in which the ipsilateral facial main trunk was used as motor nerve supply to the transplanted muscle, developed significant muscle contracture and binding of the cheek skin. CONCLUSIONS: Every effort should be made to optimize the functional and cosmetic outcomes of neurovascular muscle transfers through precise planning and careful execution of the intricate details of the surgical technique for muscle transplantation.     

Reconstructive surgery of facial nerve injuries

The facial nerve is main motor nerve of the face and its injury leads to total ipsilateral paralysis. There are several surgical procedures in reconstruction of the facial nerve, and the most frequent one is hypoglosso-facial anastomosis. In this study were analysed a series of 69 patients operated on Institute of neurosurgery from 1981 to 2000 year. The most frequent cause of injury was the operation of cerebellopontine angle tumors, as well as the skull base fractures. Hypoglosso-facial anastomosis was done in 57 patients, in 5 cases we performed nerve grafting in the cerebellopontine angle, and in 7 patients the facial nerve was operated peripherally. Results were analyzed in 27 of 57 patients with hipoglosso-facial nerve anastomosis. Functional recovery was achived in 22 (81.4%) patients.     

Hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis for facial nerve palsy following surgery for cerebellopontine angle tumors.

Hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis is one of the procedures frequently performed to restore function after facial palsy secondary to surgery for removal of cerebellopontine angle tumors. The published results of hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis have been variable, and there are still questions about the indications, timing, and surgical techniques for this procedure. The goals of the present retrospective analysis of 22 cases of hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis were to assess the extent of the functional recovery and to analyze the factors affecting this recovery. The 22 cases of complete facial palsy were gleaned from a series of 245 cases of cerebellopontine angle tumors treated surgically by one of the authors. Twenty patients had an acoustic neuroma (average size 3.5 cm), one patient had a petrous meningioma, and one patient had a facial neuroma. The average age of the patients was 47.3 years (range 19 to 69 years). The average interval from tumor surgery to hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis was 6.4 months (range 12 days to 17 months), and the average follow-up period after the procedure was 65 months. The results were graded as good, fair, poor, or failure according to a new method of classifying facial nerve function after hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis. The results were good in 14 cases (63.6%), fair in three (13.6%), and poor in four (18.2%); one (4.5%) was a failure. Good and fair results occurred with higher frequency in younger patients who were operated on within shorter intervals, although these relationships were not statistically significant. There were no surgical complications. Good or fair results were achieved in 17 (77.3%) of the 22 cases, and thus hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis is considered an effective procedure for most patients with facial palsy after surgery for cerebellopontine angle tumors.     

The surgical treatment of extratemporal facial paralysis: An overview

At present there is no single surgical approach that is ideally suited to rehabilitation of the paralyzed face. Dynamic reconstruction and neural reconstitution are usually preferred to static methods, except under special circumstances. Experience with over 150 autogenous facialnerve grafts using epineural suture technique has resulted in return of movement in 95% of properly selected patients. When grafting is not feasible, as in the obliterated central facial nerve, hypoglossal–facialnerve crossover is a simple and powerful source of reinnervation, usually resulting in minimal intraoral crippling and mild mass movement. A newer procedure, the cross-face nerve graft, is an alternative to hypoglossal crossover, although it results in less axonal input and longer regenerative time. In cases of long-standing facial paralysis with muscle atrophy, temporalis and masseter transfers are dependable and may sometimes be combined with a nerve graft.     

The surgical management of facial nerve injury

Treatment of facial nerve injuries depends upon a detailed understanding of its anatomic course, accurate clinical examination, and timely and appropriate diagnostic studies. Reconstruction depends upon the extent of injury, the availability of the proximal stump. and the time since injury and duration of muscle denervation. Although no alternative is perfect, these techniques, in combination with static and ancillary procedures. can protect the eye, prevent drooling, restore the smile, and improve facial symmetry. New techniques (including single-stage free tissue transfers and bioengineered nerve grafts), further research on the characteristics of the facial musculature, and methods of preserving the neuromuscular junction will undoubtedly manifest themselves as further refinements of established surgical techniques.     

单侧下面部面瘫的动力性修复治疗

面瘫是由多种原因造成的面神经损害。下面部面瘫常表现为口角歪斜,不能形成正常的笑容。下面部面瘫治疗的主要目的是要达到面部静态的对称和比较自然的笑容,尽量恢复面部表情功能。神经吻合术、跨面神经移植及肌肉转移术是常用的动力性修复方法。本文就单侧下面部面瘫的动力性修复方法进行综述。     

Facial nerve reconstruction using a split hypoglossal nerve with preservation of tongue function

A prospective study conducted on 13 patients suffering from complete facial nerve injury (for 4 months up to 2 years) aimed to show that using the split hypoglossal nerve allows for reconstruction of the facial nerve with preservation of tongue function. The hypoglossal nerve was split longitudinally. For each half, a split of the hypoglossal nerve's response was measured intraoperatively by recording the compound muscle action potential of the tongue muscle. The half that showed the least response was selected for anastomosis. The facial nerve was transected at the stylomastoid foramen, and its distal part underwent a direct anastomosis with the selected half of the hypoglossal nerve. The six grades of the House-Brackman grading system were used to analyze the results. The average postoperative follow-up period was 3 years. Before surgery, 12 patients in this study were graded VI, with total paralysis, and 1 was graded V. After surgery, 2 of the 13 patients showed mild dysfunction (grade II), 7 patients showed moderate dysfunction (grade III), 3 patients showed moderately severe dysfunction (grade IV), and 1 patient showed a severe dysfunction (grade V). Microsurgical facial nerve reconstruction using a split hypoglossal nerve results in functional facial nerve improvement with preservation of tongue function.     

Treatment considerations in facial paralysis

Facial nerve paralysis and its sequelae are devastating to patients. For the reconstructive surgeon, the management of the patient with facial paralysis is challenging. There is a lack of consensus regarding the initial management. Then, there is the dizzying array of treatment options for each patient, including nonoperative observation, nerve transfers, static slings, dynamic muscle transfers, and chemodenervation. The appropriate timing of any intervention is often not clear. In this article, we will briefly outline some important considerations for the facial plastic surgeon in the management of facial paralysis. This includes the relevant anatomy and the initial evaluation. An overview of treatment options, with suggestions for the appropriate use of each option, is then provided.     

Surgical management of acoustic neuromas during the last five years. Part II: Results for facial and cochlear nerve function

Postoperative facial and cochlear nerve function in 83 consecutive patients with acoustic neuromas, who were undergoing their initial surgical procedure during 1980-1984, have been examined. The facial nerve was preserved in anatomic continuity in 71% of cases. Various nerve grafting procedures were used when the facial nerve was divided; the most common of these was a faciohypoglossal anastomosis, which was performed in 20 cases. The facial and cochlear nerves were anatomically preserved in 30.1% of all patients having their initial surgical procedure. Good speech discrimination was preserved in four patients, whereas more crude hearing was preserved in six other patients.     

Histologic and clinical results of reinnervation of the latissimus dorsi transfer with the thoracodorsal nerve

The authors attempted to elicit correlations between the appearance and morphology of neuronal structures in the subcutaneous region of latissimus dorsi transfers and the reestablishment of sensibility in myocutaneous transfers with and without neuronal anastomosis. Six patients with and six without neuronal reconstruction of latissimus dorsi transfers, through anastomosis of the large auricular nerve and the thoracodorsal nerve of the transfer, were followed-up clinically and histologically. Clinical examination established the sensibility of the transferred tissue. Histologic examination demonstrated changes in the relative number of fascicles, the degree of myelinization, fibrosis, and degree of scarring. In patients with nerve anastomosis, sensibility was established more frequently, with a lessening of scarring and fibrosis of the fascicle, compared to patients without anastomosis. A clear advantage of neuronally anastomosed latissimus dorsi transfers, compared to transfers without anastomosis, was determined clinically and histologically.     

Direct Facial-to-Hypoglossal Neurorrhaphy with Parotid Release.

Objective: Facial nerve paralysis or compromise can be caused by lesions of the temporal bone and cerebellopontine angle and their treatment. When the facial nerve is transected or severely compromised and primary end-to-end repair is not possible, hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis remains the most popular method for accomplishing three main goals: restoring facial tone, restoring facial symmetry, and facilitating return of voluntary facial movement. Our objectives are to evaluate the surgical feasibility and long-term outcomes of our technique of direct facial-to-hypoglossal neurorrhaphy with a parotid-release maneuver. Design: Prospective cohort. Setting: Academic tertiary care referral center. Patients: Ten patients with facial paralysis from proximal nerve injury underwent the facial-hypoglossal neurorrhaphy with a parotid-release maneuver. Main outcome measures: The Repaired Facial Nerve Recovery Scale, questionnaires, and photographs. Results: Facial-hypoglossal neurorrhaphy with parotid release was technically feasible in all cases, and anastomosis was performed distal to the origin of the ansa hypoglossi. All patients had good return of facial nerve function. Nine patients had scores of C or better, indicating strong eyelid and oral sphincter closure and mass motion. There was no hemilingual atrophy and no subjective tongue dysfunction. Conclusions: The parotid-release maneuver mobilizes additional length to the facial nerve, facilitating a tensionless communication distal to the ansa hypoglossi. The technique is a viable option for facial reanimation, and our patients achieved good clinical outcomes with continual improvement.     

Long-term results of spinal accessory nerve-facial nerve anastomosis.

A number of methods have been developed to reduce the cosmetic and functional disability resulting from facial nerve loss. It has often been suggested that the major trunk of the spinal accessory nerve should not be sacrificed for providing dynamic facial function because of shoulder disability and pain. A review of Mayo Clinic records has revealed that, between the years of 1975 and 1983, 25 patients underwent spinal accessory nerve-facial nerve anastomosis using the major division (branch to the trapezius muscle) of the spinal accessory nerve. There were 11 males and 14 females, ranging in age from 16 to 60 years (mean 41 years). The interval between facial nerve loss and anastomosis was 1 week to 34 months (mean 4.62 months). The duration of follow-up study ranged from 7 to 15 years (mean 10.8 years). Twenty patients had no complaints or symptoms related to their shoulder or arm at the time of this review and no patient had significant shoulder morbidity. The facial function achieved was "minimal" in five cases, "moderate" in six, and good to excellent in 14. Most patients appeared to benefit significantly from the spinal accessory nerve-facial nerve anastomosis. The morbidity of the procedure seemed quite minimal even in the young and active. The authors continue to believe that the spinal accessory nerve-facial nerve anastomosis, even when using the major trunk of the spinal accessory nerve, is a very useful and beneficial procedure.     

Facial nerve reconstruction--after the operation of C-P angle tumor

Nineteen patients who undergo facial nerve reconstruction after the operation of cerebellopontine angle tumor from 1964 to 1981 were investigated. Eighteen cases were of acoustic neurinoma, and one was of low grade astrocytoma. Spinal accessory-facial nerve anastomosis was performed in thirteen cases. Cross facial nerve graft was done in three cases. Hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis, phrenico-facial nerve anastomosis, and intracranial direct anastomosis were done in one case each. In spinal accessory-facial nerve anastomosis cases, good result was obtained only in 30%, but using microsurgical technique since 1972, its rate went up to 50%. In cross facial nerve anastomosis cases in which two sural nerve grafts were used and the zygomatic and the buccal branches of the right and left connected each other, only one of three revealed good result. The cases of hypoglossal and intracranial direct facial anstomosis resulted in good recovery. As our conclusion, it is difficult to obtain the powerful reinnervation by means of the spinal accessory facial nerve anatomosis and the cross facial nerve graft. Therefore, the best method to be chosen in facial nerve reconstruction seems intracranial direct anastomosis. If the method is impossible, hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis should be chosen as the second best. The cross facial nerve graft seems to be leaving much room for technical improvement.