Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in the management of diabetes mellitus in the Urmia,Northwest Iran

ObjectiveTo collect and document information on anti-diabetic plants traditionally used in the treating of diabetes in Urmia at Northwest Iran because ethnomedicines are considered as valuable sources to find new potential drugs.MethodsWe used the method of direct observation and interview (35 traditional healers) along with gathering herbarium specimens mentioned plants in site.ResultsThere were 30 medicinal plants from 17 families for the treatment of diabetes. The family with most plants was Lamiaceae (20%). Leaves (20%) are often used and its form is decoction (70%). It was also found that Citrullus colocynthis has the most frequency of use among traditional healers.ConclusionsFurthermore, base on current findings many of the mentioned plants have potential active ingredients to influence diabetes.     

Identification of medicinal plants affecting on headaches and migraines in Lorestan Province,West of Iran

ObjectiveTo identify medicinal plants witch are used for headaches and migraines treatment in Lorestan province of Iran.MethodsTraditional medical herbs information was acquired from indigenous people with the cooperation of health centers of Doroud, Borujerd, Khorramabad, Aleshtar Poldokhtar, Aligoodarz, Nourabad and Kouhdasht cities. The prepared questionnaires were given to trained health volunteers. They attended in the villages and recorded people beliefs in herbal therapy by the questionnaires.ResultsThe results of this study showed that people used 15 herbs traditionally to treat headaches. Because of the importance of the medicinal plants in the study area, it is neccessary to determine sociological studies the plenty of plant species.ConclusionsBecause of the widespread use of traditional medicinal plants and high tendency to herbal medicine and traditional medicine, more extensive researches should be designed in several areas of pharmacy and pharmacology of medicinal plants to prepare proper information for pharmaceutical industries.     

Ethno-botanical survey of plants used in the traditional treatment of malaria in Sei Kepayang,Asahan of North Sumatera

ObjectiveTo investigate and collect information from traditional health healer/tribal communities on the use of medicinal plants for treatment of malaria in Sei Kepayang, Asahan District of North Sumatera.MethodsThe ethno-botanical study was conducted in Sei Kepayang, Asahan District of North Sumatera in January-March 2013 through questionnaire and personal interviews, and their responses were documented.ResultsThe present study enumerated 16 ethno-medicinal plant species belonging to 13 families used by the tribal communities and medicinal healers in Sei Kepayang, Asahan District of North Sumatera in treatment of malaria. Some of the recipes, methods of preparation and administration were also documented.ConclusionsFrom the interviews conducted, 16 plant spesies belonging to 13 families have been identified in the treatment of malaria.     

Traditional use of medicinal plants for anti-ringworm therapy in some parts of Kamrup District of Assam,a North Eastern State of India

ObjectiveTo survey traditional use of medicinal plants for anti-ringworm therapy from December 2007 to January 2009 in some parts of Kamrup district of Assam, a North Eastern State of India.MethodsBased on a standard questionnaire, local inhabitants were interviewed for their knowledge of medicinal plants used against ringworm. Each entry includes the botanical and prevalent local name(s), part(s) used, and mode of use against the diseases.ResultsThis report deals with 46 plant species belonging to 30 different families used as herbal remedies for the treatment of Dermatophytosis.ConclusionsThe study reveals several medicinal plants used by the local people for the treatment of cutaneous infections caused by dermatophytes. Such study may lead to the discovery of new antifungal agents from natural sources.     

Anti-fungal and anti-bacterial activities of ethanol extracts of selected traditional Chinese medicinal herbs

ObjectiveTo evaluate in vitro antimicrobial activities of selected 58 ethno-medicinal plant extracts with a view to assess their therapeutic potential.MethodsA total of 58 traditional Chinese medicinal plants were carefully selected based on the literature review and their traditional use. The antimicrobial activities of ethanol extracts of these medicinal plants were tested against fungi (Aspergillus fumigatus), yeast (Candida albicans), gram-negative (Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus). The activities were tested at three different concentrations of 1.00, 0.10 and 0.01 mg/mL. The data was analysed using Gene data Screener program.ResultsThe measured antimicrobial activities indicated that out of the 58 plant extracts, 15 extracts showed anti-fungal activity and 23 extracts exhibited anti-bacterial activity. Eight plant extracts have exhibited both anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities. For instance, Eucommia ulmoides, Polygonum cuspidatum, Poria cocos and Uncaria rhyncophylla showed activity against both bacterial and fungal strains, indicating their broad spectrum of activity.ConclusionsThe results revealed that the ethanol extracts of 30 plants out of the selected 58 possess significant antimicrobial activities. It is interesting to note that the findings from the current study are consistent with the traditional use. A clear correlation has also been found between the antimicrobial activity and the flavonoid content of the plant extracts which is in agreement with the literature. Hence, the results presented here can be used to guide the selection of potential plant species for the isolation and structure elucidation of novel antimicrobial compounds in order to establish the structure-activity relationship. This in turn is expected to lead the way to the discovery of novel antimicrobial agents for therapeutic use.     

Ethnomedicinal plants used by Chorei tribes of Southern Assam,North Eastern India

ObjectiveTo explore and enumerate the medicinal plants used by the Chorei tribe residing in Sourthern Assam part of North Eastern India in the treatment of various ailments.MethodsSystematic and intensive field surveys were conducted in Chorei inhabited parts of Southern Assam part of North East India to collect information on medicinal plants used by them in treatment of various ailments. Data was collected through structured questionnaires and personal observations made during the field visit.ResultsA total of 53 different medicinal plants were recorded along with their vernacular names, parts used and mode of utilization by the Chorei tribes. Each of the plants was categorized according to their use in treatment of particular disease.ConclusionsThe present study revealed that the Chorei tribe is primarily dependent of medicinal plant for treatment of various ailments.     

The effect of most important medicinal plants on two importnt psychiatric disorders (anxiety and depression)-a review

Anxiety and depression are highly comorbid psychiatric conditions that the prevalence will be increased to the second greatest risk of morbidity, causing a significant socioeconomic burden. Due to side effects and destructive effects of some chemical drugs, many patients prefer herbal medicines to treat diseases. Although there are key review papers in the area of medicinal plants and psychiatry disorders, they have either covered the area in a relatively cursory manner or focused on a specific plant medicine. In the present study, we tried to present the effect of most important medicinal plants on two important highly comorbid psychiatric conditions-anxiety and depression.     

Treatment of malaria in Ethiopian folk medicine

Key informant interviews of herbalists were conducted to document the traditional management of malaria in Ethiopia. The perceptions of the cause and symptoms of malaria, the use of plants, their preparation and administration were recorded. Interviews were performed in rural Butajira and Addis Ababa (the main city). The result showed that 33 (75%) of the interviewed healers treat malaria using herbal drugs. Sixteen plants were reported to have been used of which eight were used as a single remedy and the rest as composite remedies with other plants. The ethnopharmacological data generated in this study on antimalarial plants is useful for further evaluations of the traditional claims of antimalarial plants in Ethiopia.     

Trace elements content in the selected medicinal plants traditionally used for curing skin diseases by the natives of Mizoram,India

ObjectiveTo determine the trace elements content in the selected medicinal plants, namely, Eryngium foetidum L., Mimosa pudica L., Polygonum plebeium, and Prunus cerasoides D. Don traditionally used by the natives of the Mizoram, one of the north eastern states in India as their folklore medicines for curing skin diseases like eczema, leg and fingers infection, swelling and wound.MethodsA 3 MeV proton beam of proton induced X-ray emission technique, one of the most powerful techniques for its quick multi elemental trace analysis capability and high sensitivity was used to detect and characterized for trace elements.ResultsThe studies revealed that six trace elements, namely, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, V, and Co detected in mg/L unit were present in varying concentrations in the selected medicinal plants with high and notable concentration of Fe, Zn, Mn and appreciable amount of the Cu, Co and V in all the plants.ConclusionsThe results of the present study support the therapeutic usage of these medicinal plants in the traditional practices for curing skin diseases since they are found to contain appreciable amount of the Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, V and Co.     

Antibacterial activities of some Indian traditional plant extracts

ObjectiveTo evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of various solvent extracts of South Indian traditional medicinal plants Ocimum sanctum, Ocimum gratissimum, Aegle marmelos, and Adhatoda vasica leaves against clinical pathogens of human origin.MethodsThe antimicrobial activity of different solvents crude extract of four medicinal plants used in traditional Indian medicine was tested by disc diffusion method against five bacterial pathogens: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi and klebsiella pneumoniae.. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was determined for evaluating the potential plant extract.ResultsThe antibacterial results showed methanol extracts (0.4 g/ml) of Ocimum gratissimum and Ocimum sanctum showed maximum zone of inhibition (30 mm and 25.5 mm, respectively) against Salmonella typhi. MIC was tested at various concentrations from 0.625 mg/ml to 0.039 mg/ml for all the plant extracts. At the lowest concentration (0.039mg/ml) tested, methanol extracts of Ocimum gratissimum showed higher MIC against Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi where as the methanolic extracts of Ocimum gratissimum showed potent activity against Staphylococcus aureus at 0.078 mg/ml. Methanol extract (0.4 g/ml) of Aegle marmelos showed significant inhibitory activity of 22.5mm and MIC value of 0.156.mg/ml against E. coli strain. The Klebsiella spp was the most resistant strain of all and various concentrations Adhatoda vasica extract showed less activity against the tested pathogens.ConclusionsThe present screening result demonstrated that the Indian traditional medicinal plants Ocimum sanctum, Ocimum gratissimum, Aegle marmelos methanol leaf extract has potent antibacterial activity and the studied plants may be new source for novel antibacterial compound discovery for treating drugs resistant human pathogens.     

Absence of anti fungicidal activity of few Indian medicinal plants methanolic extracts

ObjectiveThe present study was aimed at evaluating the In vitro antimicrobial activity of few Indian medicinal plants H. tiliaceus L., N.arbortristis Linn, S. rhombifolia Linn., T. procumbens Linn methanolic extracts against A. alternata, A. flavus, A. niger, M. phaseolina, R. solani using agar well diffusion technique.MethodsSoxhlet extraction method was used to get the extracts of methanol. The length of zone of inhibition was measured in millimeters from the edge of the well to the edge of the inhibition zone.ResultsIt showed zero results with H. tiliaceous, N. arbortristis with all three 100, 300, 500 mg/ml DMSO concentrations.ConclusionsVarious medical plants have been used for years in daily life to treat disease all over the world throughout the history of mankind. Plant Species H. tiliaceous and N. arbortristis may not be useful in controlling diseases against A. alternata, A. flavus, A. niger, M. phaseolina, R. solani. This study give an idea to avoid work of activity of these medicinal plants extracts on mentioned fungal for screening.     

Functional genomics and metabolomics advance the ethnobotany of the Samoan traditional medicine “matalafi”

The leaf homogenate of Psychotria insularum is widely used in Samoan traditional medicine to treat inflammation associated with fever, body aches, swellings, wounds, elephantiasis, incontinence, skin infections, vomiting, respiratory infections, and abdominal distress. However, the bioactive components and underlying mechanisms of action are unknown. We used chemical genomic analyses in the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker’s yeast) to identify and characterize an iron homeostasis mechanism of action in the traditional medicine as an unfractionated entity to emulate its traditional use. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of the homogenate identified two flavonol glycosides, rutin and nicotiflorin, each binding iron in an ion-dependent molecular networking metabolomics analysis. Translating results to mammalian immune cells and traditional application, the iron chelator activity of the P. insularum homogenate or rutin decreased proinflammatory and enhanced anti-inflammatory cytokine responses in immune cells. Together, the synergistic power of combining traditional knowledge with chemical genomics, metabolomics, and bioassay-guided fractionation provided molecular insight into a relatively understudied Samoan traditional medicine and developed methodology to advance ethnobotany.

Compounds from natural resources are reliable lead templates of new pharmaceuticals, having persisted through evolutionary selection to control fundamental molecular pathways. Of the 1,562 newly approved drugs from 1981 to 2019, 64% were either natural products, derived from natural products, or based upon natural product scaffolds, biological macromolecules, or botanical drugs (1). In 2008 alone, 50% of the 255 drugs in various stages of development originated from plant natural products, demonstrating the large and yet-untapped potential of plant natural products (2).Medicinal plants in effect have been trialed for activity through centuries of ethnobotanical use, making traditional medicines an attractive yet challenging source for further investigation (3). For example, the anti-malarial drug artemisinin was isolated from Artemisia annua L., a well-documented herb in traditional Chinese medicine used for the treatment of fever and malaria (4). Samoan medicinal plants also comprise such a resource, as evident by the phorbol ester prostratin, a compound sourced from the medicinal plant Homalanthus nutans (G.Forst) Guill., which is in development as a latency reversing agent of HIV (5–7).Another medicinal plant commonly used in Samoa is Psychotria insularum A.Gray (Rubiaceae), a small tree approximately 2 m in height with small white flowers and glossy red berries. Known locally as “matalafi,” the homogenate of P. insularum leaves (fresh leaf juice) is used to treat inflammation associated with fever, body aches, swelling, wounds, incontinence, skin infections, elephantiasis, vomiting, respiratory infections, and abdominal distress (8–12). Despite these diverse uses and wide distribution across the Pacific and in South America, the medicinal use of P. insularum has only been documented in the Samoan islands. Although model organisms have been used to validate a subset of traditional uses (10–13), the molecular mechanisms of P. insularum remain enigmatic. Thus far, a class of bioactive compounds common in Psychotria species (cyclotides) have been investigated, but these compounds have not been found in P. insularum (14, 15); hence the bioactive compounds mediating the biological activities of P. insularum remain to be identified. Here, we identified iron chelation as a mechanism of action of the P. insularum homogenate using chemical genomic analysis of a yeast deletion mutant library. We carried out bioassay-guided fractionation that led to the isolation and purification of rutin and nicotiflorin as bioactive constituents of the P. insularum homogenate, then translated our results from yeast to mammalian immune cells and validated the traditional use of the homogenate (and rutin) as an anti-inflammatory agent.     

Phylogenies reveal predictive power of traditional medicine in bioprospecting

There is controversy about whether traditional medicine can guide drug discovery, and investment in bioprospecting informed by ethnobotanical data has fluctuated. One view is that traditionally used medicinal plants are not necessarily efficacious and there are no robust methods for distinguishing those which are most likely to be bioactive when selecting species for further testing. Here, we reconstruct a genus-level molecular phylogenetic tree representing the 20,000 species found in the floras of three disparate biodiversity hotspots: Nepal, New Zealand, and the Cape of South Africa. Borrowing phylogenetic methods from community ecology, we reveal significant clustering of the 1,500 traditionally used species, and provide a direct measure of the relatedness of the three medicinal floras. We demonstrate shared phylogenetic patterns across the floras: related plants from these regions are used to treat medical conditions in the same therapeutic areas. This finding strongly indicates independent discovery of plant efficacy, an interpretation corroborated by the presence of a significantly greater proportion of known bioactive species in these plant groups than in random samples. We conclude that phylogenetic cross-cultural comparisons can focus screening efforts on a subset of traditionally used plants that are richer in bioactive compounds, and could revitalize the use of traditional knowledge in bioprospecting.     

Use of herbal medicine for diabetes mellitus in adults from the central–western region of Mexico

ObjectiveThis study aims to assess the prevalence of herbal medicine (HM) use and factors influencing HM usage including the identification of the main plants consumed by patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in central-western Mexico.DesignA total of 1862 patients with diabetes were surveyed in public and private hospitals in four states (Guanajuato, Jalisco, Michoacan, and San Luis Potosi) of the central-western region of Mexico. The chi-square test was used to assess associations between HM use and demographic characteristics, such as glucose levels, presence of complications and comorbidities, as well as the selected therapy to treat T2DM.ResultsThe prevalence of HM use (59.2%) in patients with T2DM was mainly associated with education level (p = 0.001), time of diagnosis of T2DM (p = 0.004), presence of complications (p < 0.001) and comorbidities (p = 0.018) and the use of insulin (p < 0.001). These patients report a higher consumption of herbal medicine compared to those on glycemic control (p < 0.001). The most frequently used medicinal plants to treat T2DM were nopal (54.9%), moringa (26.7%), and aloe (22.1%).ConclusionThe prevalence of HM use to treat T2DM in west-central Mexico is high (59.2%) and its consumption is mostly carried out without the recommendation of a health professional (91.9%). The use of HM increases mainly when the patient uses insulin, during complications of the disease or in patients with an inadequate glycemic control.     

In vitro screening for acetylcholinesterase inhibition and antioxidant activity of medicinal plants from southern Africa

ObjectiveTo determine the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory (AChEI) and antioxidant activity of the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of 12 traditional medicinal plants used in the treatment of neurological disorders.MethodsAChEI activity was determined spectrophotometrically using the Ellman's colorimetric method. Antioxidant activity was carried out by determining the ability of the extracts to scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radicals. The levels of total phenols, flavonoids and flavonols were determined quantitatively using spectrophotometric methods.ResultsAChEI was observed to be dose-dependent. Lannea schweinfurthii (L. schweinfurthii) (Engl.) Engl. and Scadoxus puniceus (S. puniceus) (L.) Friis &; I. Nordal. root extracts showed the lowest IC₅₀ value of 0.000 3 mg/mL for the ethyl acetate extracts while Zanthoxylum davyi (Z. davyi) (I. Verd.) P.G. Watermann had the lowest IC₅₀ value of 0.01 mg/mL for the methanol extracts in the AChEI assay. The roots of Piper capense (P. capense) L.f., L. schweinfurthii, Ziziphus mucronata (Z. mucronata) Willd., Z. davyi and Crinum bulbispermum (C. bulbispermum) (Burm.f.) Milne-Redh. &; Schweick. showed noteworthy radical scavenging activity and good AChEI activity.ConclusionsFive plants show good antioxidant and AChEI activity. These findings support the traditional use of the plants for treating neurological disorders especially where a cholinesterase mechanism and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved.     

Determination of anti-tuberculosis activity of biosynthesized gold nanocompounds against M. tuberculosis H37RV

BackgroundThe biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles using medicinal plants as reducing and stabilizing agent for synthesis is an emerging area of research due to their cost effectiveness and further diversified applications in various fields. People with HIV are prone to these opportunistic infections like TB due to the immunocompromised condition. In the present study, the nanoparticles and nanoconjugates were screened for effective anti-mycobacterial efficiency against opportunistic infections.MethodsIncidentally, the nanoparticles were biosynthesized using single plant extract. The biosynthesized nanoparticles were initially screened for effective anti-tuberculosis activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Based on the effective antimicrobial activity, a nanoconjugate was biosynthesized combining three plant extracts for a cumulative activity.ResultsThe biosynthesized gold nanoparticles and nanoconjugates showed MIC demonstrating for 99% inhibition and MIC₉₉ was found to be 6.42 μg/ml. Among all the 15 nanoparticles tested, seven NPs showed exceptional anti-TB activities NP1, NP2, NP6, NP7, NP10, NP12 and NP15 and the other nanoparticles exhibited varying degrees of inhibition - anti-TB activities. In the 12 nanoconjugate tested, seven nanoconjugate demonstrated exceptional anti-TB activities such as NCC1, NCC2, NCC5, NCC6, NCV1, NCV6 and NCV4.ConclusionThe objective of the study was to identify the nanoparticles and nanoconjugates which demonstrated potential activity against M. tuberculosis so that a single nanoparticle or nanoconjugate can be targeted to treat patients with TB. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the biosynthesized gold nanoparticles and nanoconjugates were determined against M. tuberculosis H37Rv.     

Phytochemical evaluation and molecular characterization of some important medicinal plants

ObjectivePhytochemical evaluation and molecular characterization of plants is an important task in medicinal botany and drug discovery. In the current study, Ocimum species, Pimenta officinalis and Piper betel were considered as medicinal plants by evaluation of phytochemical composition like phenol content, Flavonoid content, antioxidant content and other activities like antibacterial, antifungal, lethal dosage (LD 50) of the plant extracts. Among the selected plants P. officinalis shown higher medicinal properties and is selected for molecular characterization.MethodsAntimicrobial activity by agar well diffusion method and also estimated Total phenols, flavonoids content, Total Antioxidants, Cytotoxic assay on Artemia salina for determining lethal dosage (LD50), matK gene was sequenced by using ABI Prism 3700. Leaf extract of P. officinalis plant is further selected for GC-chromatographic analysis to know its chemical composition. DNA was isolated by different protocols, optimized, and is used for the PCR amplification of trnL-gene which is a universal marker among plants in molecular taxonomy. The trnL-gene is amplified by using PCR. The product obtained from PCR is purified and the sample is used for sequencing so that it can be used for comparative studies.ResultsP. offcinalis has shown good antimicrobial activity against all organisms. A. flavus is resistant against O. sanctum (B). Phenolic content (26.5 μg/g) is found to be rich in P. betel where as flavonoid and Antioxidant content are significant in P. betel. The chromatogram revealed the presence of high concentration of Eugenol in the leaf sample. On submitting to BLASTN, the genetic sequence has found similarity with Pimenta dioica plastid partial matK gene and Ugni molinae trnK gene. MatK did not shown any interactions with trnK or trnL genes. MatK has shown interactions with various genes like ycf5, pclpp, psbh, atph, NDVI, rpoc1, ndha, ndhd, psai.ConclusionsWe can conclude for this investigation of chemical composition and antioxidative properties of the essential leaf oil of P. officinalis that contain eugenol, methyl eugenol and β-caryophyllene were found as main components with this capacity. P. offcinalis can be used as alternative source to synthetic drugs against Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, A. niger, A. flavus T. versicolor infections. In silico analysis did not predicted any interactions between matK and trnL or trnK genes.     

Antihaemolytic and snake venom neutralizing effect of some Indian medicinal plants

ObjectiveTo validate traditional claims of usefulness of the Indian plants in management of poisonous snakebite and evaluate the antivenom properties displayed by the alcoholic extracts of Andrographis paniculata (A. paniculata), Crateva magna (C. magna), Gloriosa superba (G. superba) and Hydrocotyle javanica (H. javanica).MethodsThese plants were collected, identified and the extracts were prepared by using conventional Soxhlet ethanol extraction technique. The venom neutralization activity was accessed in mice (20-25g) and number of mortalities was observed against clinically important snake (Naja nigricollis) venom. Present study also deals with in vitro membrane stabilizing activity of these plants against hyposaline induced human red blood corpuscles (HRBC).ResultsExtracts of H. javanica and G. superba gave 80 % and 90 % protection to mice treated with minimum lethal dose of venom (LD₉₉). These two plants showed significant neutralization effect against the venoms of Naja nigricollis venom. H. javanica and G. superba (25-100 mg/mL) produced significant changes of membrane stabilization of human red blood cells (HRBC) exposed to hyposaline-induced haemolysis.ConclusionsWe conclude that probably due to presence of various phytochemicals plays an important role in the anti-venom potential of these Indian medicinal plants against Naja nigricollis venom. The above observations confirmed that A. paniculata, C. magna, G. superba and H. javanica plant extracts possess potent snake venom neutralizing capacity and could potentially be used as an adjuvants for antivenin therapy in case of snakebite envenomation, especially against the local effects of cobra venoms.     

Inhibitory effect of two Indian medicinal plants on aldose reductase of rat lens in vitro

ObjectiveTo assesse the inhibitory effect of alcoholic extract of two Indian medicinal plants namely Ceasalpinia digyna Rottler and, Alangium lamarckii Thwaits on aldose reductase (AR) of rat lens.MethodsRats lens were enucleated through posterior approach and their homogenate was prepared and centrifuged to obtain a clear supernatant for the determination of AR activity and protein content.ResultsThe alcoholic extract of Ceasalpinia digyna and Alangium lamarckii had a potent inhibitory effect on the lens AR enzyme. The IC₅₀ values of alcoholic extract of the selected plants were calculated and were (46.29±11.17) and (106.00±5.11) μg/mL, respectively. Quercetin was used as a positive control and its IC₅₀ value was (2.95±1.53) μg/mL.ConclusionsThus, it is concluded that alcoholic extracts of the selected plant exhibit significant inhibitory effects on AR in the rat lens in vitro.