Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Passiflora foetida L

ObjectiveTo investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol extract of Passiflora foetida (P. foetida) leaves.MethodsEthanol extract of P. foetida leaf was evaluated for analgesic action by acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate method in albino mice. The anti-inflammatory property of ethanolic leaf extract was tested by carrageenan induced acute paw edema and histamine induced acute paw edema in rats.ResultsThe dose 200 mg/kg of P. foetida leaf extract exhibited highest significant analgesic activity [(13.50±0.43) min] at a reaction time of 20 min in hot plate method in mice. The ethanol extract of leaf dose 100 mg/kg produced a highly significant anti inflammatory effect [(1.302±0.079) mL] in rats.ConclusionsIt is very clear that P. foetida also has analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities for the pharmaceuticals.     

Analgesic,antipyretic, anti-inflammatory,hepatoprotective and nephritic effects of the aerial parts of Pulicaria arabica (Family: Compositae) on rats

ObjectiveTo explore the analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, hepatic and nephritic effects of Pulicaria arabica (P. arabica) in several experimental models.MethodsFor analgesic effect hot plate and writhing method were used, while for antipyretic and anti-inflammatory rectal temperature and carrageenan induced hind paw edema were used respectively. CCl₄ intoxication method was used for hepatic and nephritic protective activity.ResultsThe results of the present studies revealed that P. arabica has potent analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory with the significant hepatic and nephritic protecting actions. The CCl₄ intoxication changed the normal malondialdehyde and nonprotein sulfhydryls levels in both liver and kidney. These changes were normalized with P. arabica indicating the antioxidant nature of this plant.ConclusionsThe results of present study indicated that P. arabica can be used in analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory conditions even in hepatic and nephritic conditions. More supportive studies are required before clinical recommendation.     

八桂止痛膏对小鼠镇痛 抗炎作用效果实验研究

目的探讨八桂止痛膏(BAO)对小鼠镇痛、抗炎作用效果。方法选择昆明种雌性小鼠作为实验对象,根据干预方式不同将其分为空白对照组(不予药物干预)、扶他林组(予扶他林软膏干预)和BAO组(予BAO干预)。通过热板实验、醋酸扭体实验和二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀实验评估干预处理对小鼠的镇痛、抗炎效果。结果在给药后15～45 min,扶他林组痛阈值呈逐渐上升趋势,而BAO组痛阈值呈先上升后下降趋势。两组给药后各时间点的痛阈值均高于空白对照组,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。在给药后45 min时间点,BAO组痛阈值低于扶他林组,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。扶他林组和BAO组扭体次数低于空白对照组,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。扶他林组和BAO组扭体次数和扭体次数抑制率比较差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05)。扶他林组耳廓肿胀质量小于BAO组和空白对照组,BAO组耳廓肿胀质量亦小于空白对照组,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。结论 BAO具有较好的镇痛、抗炎作用,其效果与扶他林软膏相当。     

Analgesic effects of crude extracts and fractions of Omani frankincense obtained from traditional medicinal plant Boswellia sacra on animal models

ObjectiveTo investigate the analgesic effect of Boswellia sacra (B. sacra), which could support the Omani traditional uses of frankincense for muscle, stomach, and arthritis pain.MethodsThe crude extract, the essential oils and various sub-fractions of the crude methanol extract (each 300 mg/kg of the body weight of the animal) obtained from the resin of B. sacra were administered orally, and were evaluated for their analgesic activities by using two well known models of pain in mice, viz. acetic acid induced writhing test and formalin induced pain test in mice.ResultsOf 13 samples, almost all of them were effective at an orally administered dose of 300 mg/kg of the body weight. The acetic acid induced writhes were inhibited in all the three phases with comparable values to the standard drug aspirin (300 mg/kg of body weight) with inhibition of 67.6% in phase I, 66.8% in phase II, and 37.9% in phase III. At the same time, all the tested samples were found effective in both the early and the late phases of formalin test. In formalin test, most of the tested samples showed more inhibitory effects as compared to the standard drug aspirin (300 mg/kg of body weight), which showed 36.2% and 29.6% inhibition in early and late phases respectively. Among the tested samples, the most significant inhibition was produced by Shabi frankincense oil (57.5% in early phase, and 55.6% in late phase). Interestingly, the extracts showed comparable percentage of inhibition to the oil and found in the following order: 60% chloroform/n-hexane sub-fraction (55.3% in early phase, and 66.7% in late phase), and 70% chloroform/n-hexane sub-fraction (59.6% in early phase, and 63.0% in late phase).ConclusionsThe present study provided the scientific justification about the analgesic properties of the essential oils, extract, and various sub-fractions obtained from the resin of B. sacra, thus validating its use in traditional folk medicines and other products; and hence supporting the development in the analgesic properties of bioactive natural substances.     

In-vivo anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic activities of Manilkara zapota leaves in albino Wistar rats

Objective

To screen ethanolic extracts of Manilkara zapota leaves (Family: Sapotaceae) and its different solvent soluble fractions for possible anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic activities in experimental albino Wistar rats.

Methods

Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by carrageenan induced paw edema method; anti-pyretic potential was determined by yeast-induced pyrexia method in albino Wistar rats.

Results

In evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity the crude ethanolic (300 mg/kg) and ethyl acetate extract (300 mg/kg) showed significant inhibition of paw edema by 91.98% and 92.41% (P<0.001) respectively at 4th h compared to standard diclofenac (86.08% inhibition). In anti-pyretic study by yeast-induced pyrexia in albino Wistar rats, the ethanol extract (300 mg/kg) reduced temperature from 37.90 °C to 37.41 °C (P<0.01) and 37.07 °C (P<0.001) in 3rd and 4th h respectively. Similarly, both petroleum ether and ethyl acetate fractions exhibited significant anti-pyretic property (P<0.001). The maximum body temperature lowering effect (36.86 °C) was noticed by petroleum ether fraction.

Conclusions

The findings of the studies demonstrated both anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic activities of the leaves of Manilkara zapota which could be the therapeutic option against inflammatory disease and pyrexia.     

RNA metabolism in senescing detached betel (Piper betle L.) leaves.

This study aimed to examine the changes in the metabolism of RNA taking place in the detached petiolated betel leaf and to compare them with those occurring in depetiolated/ demidribbed leaves. While RNA level declined continuously, the activity of RNases increased manifold as the leaf senesced. These events were, however, slowed down due to depetiolation/demidribbing treatments. Pulse feeding experiments showed that the ability of the tissue to synthesise RNA declined during senescence. Precursor incorporation in fast senescing petiolated leaves was poorer than in treated slow senescing ones. It is concluded that depetiolation/demidribbing-induced delay in the onset of senescence is accompanied by relatively higher synthesis and lower degradation of RNA.     

利胆化瘀片镇痛抗炎作用的实验研究

[目的]观察利胆化瘀片的镇痛抗炎作用。[方法]以阿司匹林为对照药物，观察利胆化瘀片对小鼠热刺激和化学刺激所致疼痛的影响；采用二甲苯、冰醋酸等致炎剂，观察利胆化瘀片对小鼠耳廓肿胀及血管通透性的影响。[结果]利胆化瘀片可明显提高热板致痛的痛阈，维持时间长达4h以上，且随剂量增加而痛阈值增大；减少小鼠因冰醋酸所致的扭体次数，且随剂量增加而次数减少；明显抑制二甲苯所致的耳廓肿胀；对抗冰醋酸所致的腹腔毛细血管通透性增加。[结论]利胆化瘀片具有明显的镇痛抗炎作用。     

An association between anti-inflammatory medication and internal pelvic fistulas

Spontaneous internal fistulas involving intestine, rectum, bladder, or vagina in patients without predisposing illnesses were studied. Twelve of 20 (60 percent) were receiving steroids or other anti-inflammatory medication at the time the fistulas developed. Fifteen of the 20 patients subsequently had diverticular disease identified. It is proposed that there is an association between anti-inflammatory medication and fistulas that develop from intestine to other pelvic viscera, spontaneously or in association with colonic diverticula.     

Anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of leaf extracts and fractions of Mangifera indica

ObjectiveTo evaluate the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of leaf extracts and fractions of Mangifera indica in in vitro conditions.MethodsIn vitro DPPH radical scavenging activity and lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibition assays were used to evaluate the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities respectively. Methanolic extract (MEMI), successive water extract (SWMI) and ethyl acetate fraction (EMEMI), n-butanol fraction (BMEMI) and water soluble fraction (WMEMI) of methanolic extract were evaluated along with respective reference standards.ResultsIn in vitro DPPH radical scavenging activity, the MEMI, EMEMI and BMEMI have offered significant antioxidant activity with IC₅₀ values of 13.37, 3.55 and 14.19 μg/mL respectively. Gallic acid, a reference standard showed significant antioxidant activity with IC₅₀ value of 1.88 and found to be more potent compared to all the extracts and fractions. In in vitro LOX inhibition assay, the MEMI, EMEMI and BMEMI have showed significant inhibition of LOX enzyme activity with IC₅₀ values of 96.71, 63.21 and 107.44 μg/mL respectively. While, reference drug Indomethacin also offered significant inhibition against LOX enzyme activity with IC₅₀ of 57.75. Furthermore, MEMI was found to more potent than SWMI and among the fractions EMEMI was found to possess more potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that the MEMI and EMEMI possess potent anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in in vitro conditions.     

非甾体类抗炎药物与消化性溃疡出血的关系

目的探讨非甾体类抗炎药物(NSAIDs)诱发消化性溃疡出血的临床流行病学特点。方法回顾分析1991~2004年我院诊治的消化性溃疡出血的临床资料,并用电脑数据库处理分析。结果在694例消化性溃疡并出血患者中,26.80%近期内有服用NSAIDs史。服用NSAIDs组与未服用NSAIDs组比较,服用NSAIDs组前驱症状(腹痛、消化不良等)发生率较低(30.65%比61.42%P<0.01);平均年龄较大[(44.16±13.25)岁比(35.23±11.49)岁,P<0.05];女性比例相对较多(26.34%比15.55%,P<0.01);胃溃疡比例较高(28.50%比20.67%,P<0.01);外科手术率无明显差别(P>0.05);结论NSAIDs是诱发消化性溃疡出血的一常见原因,应加强对NSAIDs胃肠毒副作用的防治。     

Aceclofenac in rheumatoid arthritis: A useful and novel anti-inflammatory

Summary The efficacy and safety of 100 mg aceclofenac twice daily was investigated in 73 patients with active rheumatoid arthritis in a multi-centre, double blind, randomised, parallel group, placebo controlled study over a period of 4 weeks. Treatment with aceclofenac was effective in improving the Ritchie articular index (predetermined primary end point), duration of morning stiffness, joint swelling, ARA functional class, patient's and physician's global assessments, and pain. All these improved to a significantly (P<0.05) greater extent than in placebo-treated patients. Grip strength showed a significant improvement from baseline in the aceclofenac-treated group and this was greater than the improvement measured in placebo treated patients. No significant difference was detected between the treatment groups for the number of subjects reporting an adverse event. Aceclofenac administered orally at 100 mg twice daily for four weeks thus produced significant improvements in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. This treatment was well tolerated with an adverse event profile similar to that of placebo.     

肝癌止痛散对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的：探讨肝癌止痛散对小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法：将小鼠分为药物大剂量组,小剂量组、阳性对照组、空白组、观察其每组动物吞噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞的吞噬指数和吞噬百分率;采用二硝基氯苯（DNCB）对小鼠致敏、观察各组小鼠对DNCB迟发型过敏反应的影响。结果：大剂量药物组的吞噬功能较空白组明显增强,其差异有显著性意义;吞噬百分率P＜0．01、吞噬指数（P＜0．001）;药物组（大剂量、小剂量）与空白组相比出现皮肤反应的动物OD值明显提高（P＜0．001）。结论：肝癌止痛散能激活小鼠腹腔吞噬细胞的功能,刺激T的转化。     

Pulsatile Controlled Release and Stability Evaluation of Polymeric Particles Containing Piper nigrum Essential Oil and Preservatives

Considerable efforts have been spent on environmentally friendly particles for the encapsulation of essential oils. Polymeric particles were developed to encapsulate the essential oil from Piper nigrum based on gelatin and poly–ε–caprolactone (PCL) carriers. Gas Chromatography ((Flame Ionization Detection (GC/FID) and Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS)), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA), Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM), Attenuated Total Reflectance–Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR–FTIR), and Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–VIS) spectroscopy were used for the full colloidal system characterization. The essential oil was mainly composed of β-caryophyllene (~35%). The stability of the encapsulated systems was evaluated by Encapsulation Efficiency (EE%), electrical conductivity, turbidity, pH, and organoleptic properties (color and odor) after adding different preservatives. The mixture of phenoxyethanol/isotialzoni-3-one (PNE system) resulted in enhanced stability of approximately 120 and 210 days under constant handling and shelf-life tests, respectively. The developed polymeric system presented a similar controlled release in acidic, neutral, or basic pH, and the release curves suggested a pulsatile release mechanism due to a complexation of essential oil in the PCL matrix. Our results showed that the developed system has potential as an alternative stable product and as a controlling agent, due to the pronounced bioactivity of the encapsulated essential oil.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病的抗炎治疗进展

在全世界范围内慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)是导致成人发病率及病死率的主要原因.各种炎症细胞和炎症介质参与了COPD的发生发展,因此可能成为COPD的治疗靶点.现将糖皮质激素、细胞信号抑制剂、白三烯B4对抗物、趋化因子抑制剂、细胞因子及其调节剂和黏附分子抑制剂在COPD抗炎治疗中的应用作一综述.     

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, tolmetin and sulindac, attenuate oxidative stress in rat brain homogenate and reduce quinolinic acid-induced neurodegeneration in rat hippocampal neurons

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of neurodegenerative disease in the elderly. Anti-inflammatory agents have been shown to be beneficial in preventing neurodegenerative disorders such as AD. In this study we investigated the possible antioxidant and neuroprotective properties of two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), tolmetin and sulindac, using quinolinic acid (QA)-induced neurotoxicity as a model. We used the thiobarbituric acid assay to measure the extent of lipid peroxidation and the nitroblue tetrazolium assay to measure the superoxide anion generated in rat brain homogenate. QA (1 mM) induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenate was significantly curtailed by co-treatment of the homogenate with tolmetin and/or sulindac. Tolmetin and sulindac both reduced the generation of superoxide anions by the known neurotoxin, potassium cyanide (KCN). Intrahippocampal injections of QA induced neurotoxicity in rat hippocampus. N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor counts were conducted do give an indication of the amount protection offered by the NSAIDS. QA drastically reduced the number of NMDA binding sites by approximately 37%. This sharp decrease was considerably attenuated by the pre-treatment of the rats with tolmetin and sulindac (5 mg/kg/bd for five days). This study shows the antioxidant and neuroprotective properties of tolmetin and sulindac and hereby postulates that these drugs have important implications in the prevention or treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as AD.     

非甾体抗炎药预防结直肠息肉的系统评价

目的　评价非甾体抗炎药 (NSAIDs )是否能降低结直肠息肉发生的危险性 ,以及长期使用这些药物的安全性。方法　应用国际Cochrane协作网的系统评价方法对全世界关于NSAIDs与安慰剂或空白对照比较的随机临床对照试验进行系统评价。结果　共有 8篇随机临床对照试验被纳入评价。分析结果显示阿司匹林可以预防结直肠腺瘤的发生 (P =0 0 0 3 ) ,但没有证据支持长期使用苏林酸和塞来昔布可以减少结直肠腺瘤发生的危险性 (P >0 0 5) ,也无证据证明结直肠腺瘤预防与NSAIDs的剂量有关。无论使用阿司匹林还是安慰剂 ,结直肠癌发生的机会相似 (P =0 8)。未发现NSAIDs和安慰剂组间不良反应有差异。结论　在结直肠腺瘤或结直肠癌术后的患者 ,长期使用阿司匹林可减少腺瘤的发生 ;目前尚无常规剂量阿司匹林可减少结直肠癌发生的证据 ,也无长期使用苏林酸和塞来昔布可减少结直肠腺瘤发生危险性的证据     

经皮经肝醋酸注射治疗多囊肝

成人多囊肝简称多囊肝,是一种常染色体显性遗传疾病,表现为肝实质多个弥散分布的囊生病变,常与成人多囊肾伴发.其病程长,早期常无症状,很少影响肝功能,但随着病情发展,可出现腹胀、腹痛及腹部包块,影响正常生活.对多囊肝的治疗方法目前主要有:囊肿穿刺抽液、囊肿穿刺抽液注射入硬化剂、囊肿开窗、肝切除、肝切除联合囊肿开窗和肝移植等.我们采用高浓度醋酸作为硬化剂治疗多囊肝具有较好的治疗效果.     

In-vitro anti-inflammatory and mosquito larvicidal efficacy of nickel nanoparticles phytofabricated from aqueous leaf extracts of Aegle marmelos Correa

In recent years there is a tremendous growth in the interdisciplinary world of nanotechnology across the globe and emergence of its potential applications remains as a big revolution to the industry. Fusion of green nanotechnology and medicine represents one of the major breakthroughs of modern science with the aim of developing nanomaterials for diagnosis, treatment, prevention of various diseases and overall improving health for the beneficial of mankind. In the present study phytofabrication of nickel nanoparticles (nickel NPs) was carried out by using indigenous Aegle marmelos Correa aqueous leaf extracts as a reducing, stabilizing and capping agents. Nickel NPs were characterized by UV-spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, SEM, AFM and TGA studies. Phytosynthesis of nickel NPs was monitored both at room temperature (25 °C) and at 60 °C for 5 h. The green synthesis of triangular shape nickel NPs phytofabricated from A. marmelos Correa aqueous leaf extracts having face centered cubic structure showing an average particle size of 80–100 nm which is in consistent with the particle size calculated by XRD Scherer equation. We further explored and compared nickel NPs of A. marmelos Correa with crude leaf extracts of A. marmelos Correa for its in-vitro anti-inflammatory and mosquito larvicidal efficacy against three blood feeding parasites. The results obtained clearly gives an idea that nickel NPs of A. marmelos Correa (NiNPs of AmC) possess an enhanced anti-inflammatory and larvicidal activity when compared to crude leaf extracts of A. marmelos Correa.