Dormia basket impacted during ERCP,resolved by laparoscopic bile duct approach: Case report

IntroductionEndoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is the method of choice for treating and removing common bile duct (CBD) stones with high success rates. Among the adverse effects, impaction of the Dormia basket when removing the stones is an unusual complication.Case presentationTwo cases of choledocholithiasis with endoscopic treatment by ERCP and Dormia basket impaction, resolved by a laparoscopic approach to the bile duct.DiscussionLaparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) has been developed as a technique to treat choledocholithiasis and simultaneously vesicular lithiasis by laparoscopy. LCBDE can be by means of a transcystic approach or by choledochotomy. The success of the treatment depends on surgical experience and the availability of adequate equipment, with high effectiveness to eliminate CBD stones and a success rate greater than 95%, it is equally effective for the resolution of adverse events during ERCP.ConclusionLCBDE provides an alternative therapy where there is no other type of treatment for the resolution of complications of ERCP. It is a safe, effective and reliable technique with high success rates, which offers the benefits of a minimally invasive approach.     

THE ROLE OF ERCP AND ENDOSCOPIC SPHINCTEROTOMY IN THE ERA OF LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY

The advent of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has led to some controversy regarding the best method of managing bile duct calculi. This paper reviews the cases of 38 patients who underwent LC and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), from a series of 600 consecutive laparoscopic cholecystectomies. Twenty-nine patients had ERCP performed pre-operatively because of suspicion of choledocholithiasis. Duct stones were confirmed in eight patients. Recent or current jaundice was the best predictor of bile duct stones. Nine patients had ERCP done postoperatively because of duct stones seen on operative cholangiography. In two patients bile duct cannulation was not possible and a third procedure, open duct exploration, was necessary. Techniques in laparoscopic management of duct stones are improving and the role of ERCP and sphinc-terotomy should be limited to jaundiced patients or those with proven bile duct stones in whom laparoscopic procedures have been unsuccessful.     

Percutaneous management of benign biliary disorders in children

Purpose

The goal of this study was to analyze the outcomes of percutaneous transhepatic management of benign biliary disorders in pediatric patients.

Non-traumatic perforation of common hepatic duct: Case report and review of literature HP

IntroductionNon-traumatic biliary perforation other than the gallbladder is extremely rare and most commonly seen in children in association with congenital biliary anomalies. We present a rare case of choledocholithiasis that progressed to spontaneous perforation of the common hepatic duct probably from ischemic necrosis caused by impaction of large biliary stones.CasereportA 62-year-old female presented with diarrhea and jaundice. She was found to have two 2.5 cm stones in the common hepatic duct. Stones could not be extracted by ERCP, and placement of biliary stent was done to restore patency. The patient was lost to follow up and returned after three months with a new onset of similar symptoms. At that time ERCP and a stent change were done without resolution of the symptoms. Patient then underwent an open exploration and was found to have a free perforation in the lateral aspect of the common hepatic duct just at the bifurcation of the right and left hepatic radicals. Through this perforation stones were both extracted and cholangiogram showed free flow with the distal biliary stent. The stent was nowhere near the site of perforation which appeared to be caused by pressure necrosis from the impacted stones.ConclusionImpacted stones in the biliary tree need to be extracted to avoid pressure necrosis and spontaneous perforation. ERCP and stent placement should be used only as temporizing measures to manage the acute obstructive phase. Definitive surgical intervention must follow initial biliary decompression to extract the impacted biliary stones and avoid complications.     

Realización de procedimientos bariátricos por residentes de cirugía general. ¿Compromete la efectividad de la intervención y los resultados postoperatorios?

IntroductionLaparoscopic bariatric procedures such as laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) are technically demanding and require a long learning curve. Little is known about whether surgical resident (SR) training programs to perform these procedures are safe and feasible. This study aims to evaluate the results of our SR training program to perform LRYGB.MethodsWe designed a retrospective study including patients with LRYGB between January 2014 and December 2018, comparing SR results to experienced bariatric surgeons (EBS). In our country, SR have a five-year surgical formative period, and in the fourth year they are trained for 6 months in our bariatric surgery unit, from January to June. In the beginning, they perform different steps of this procedure, to finally complete an LRYGB. We collected demographic data, comorbidities, intraoperative outcomes, and postoperative complications and outcomes after a one-year follow-up.ResultsTwo hundred and eight patients were eligible for inclusion: 67 in group I (SR), and 141 in group II (EBS). Both groups were comparable. There was no statistically significant difference in operating time (166.45 min in group I vs. 156.69 min in group II; P=0.156). Conversion to open surgery, hospital stay, postoperative complications, and short-term outcomes had no significant differences between the two groups. There was no mortality registered during this period.ConclusionImplementation of LRYGB stepwise learning as part of an SR training program is safe, and results are comparable to EBS, without loss of efficiency. Therefore, it is feasible to train SR in bariatric surgery under EBS supervision.     

Balloon sphincteroplasty in pediatric laparoscopic common bile duct exploration

The management of choledocholithiasis in children and teenagers is often a two-procedure process with laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) and either pre- or post-operative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). The addition of laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) during LC can provide definitive treatment for choledocholithiasis during a single anesthetic event. In an effort to minimize sedation and radiation exposure from fluoroscopy, we have employed dilating balloons via a transcystic approach to stretch the sphincter of Oddi with subsequent ductal flushing. We describe the technique of balloon sphincteroplasty as a straightforward adjunct within the pediatric surgeon's skill set to manage choledocholithiasis during LC and our clinical experience.     

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy in management of weight regain after failed laparoscopic plication

INTRODUCTIONWeight regain after bariatric surgery remains a challenging problem with regard to its surgical management.PRESENTATION OF CASEA 30 year-old-female patient with weight regain after failed laparoscopic gastric plication and previous gastric banding was evaluated in a tertiary-care university setting. Her last body mass index was calculated as 40.4 kg/m². Preoperative ultrasonography revealed cholelithiasis. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy with cholecystectomy was planned as a redo surgery. A floopy and plicated stomach with increased wall thickness of the greater curvature was seen. After adhesiolysis between the plicated part of stomach and the surrounding omental tissues, concomitant laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy and cholecystectomy were performed. She was discharged on the 4th post-operative day without any complaint. At the postoperative 3rd month, her body mass index was recorded as 24 kg/m².DISCUSSIONRedo surgery of morbid obesity after failed bariatric surgery is a technically demanding issue. Type of the surgical treatment should be decided by the attending surgeon based on the morphology of the remnant stomach caused by previous operations.CONCLUSIONAs a redo surgery after failed laparoscopic gastric plication and gastric banding procedures, laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy may be regarded as a safe and feasible approach in experienced hands.     

Extrahepatic biliary obstrution secondary to neuroendocrine tumor of the common hepatic duct

IntroductionPrimary neuroendocrine tumors (NET) of the extrahepatic biliary tree are a rare entity with less than 100 reported cases in the literature.Presentation of caseHere, we report a case of NET of the extrahepatic bile duct in a 64-year-old male patient presenting with painless jaundice, direct hyperbilirubinemia, and mildly elevated transaminases. Diagnostic workup with an ultrasound revealed dilation of the intrahepatic biliary ducts, without cholelithiasis or choledocholithiasis. Additional cross sectional imaging identified a stricture at the confluence of the common hepatic and cystic duct junction. Given lack of additional findings presumptive diagnosis of localized klatskin’s tumor was made. The patient subsequently underwent resection of the common bile duct and roux-en-y hepaticojejunostomy reconstruction. Final pathologic diagnosis showed G2 well-differentiated NET of the extrahepatic bile duct, measuring 1.3 × 1.1 × 1 cm.DiscussionWhen a patient is evaluated for a primary bile duct neoplasm, differentiation between cholangiocarcinoma and an unusual bile duct tumor, such as a NET is very difficult before surgical resection and histologic review.ConclusionNET of the extrahepatic biliary tree are a rare entity. Typical presentation is with painless jaundice and other symptoms related to obstruction of the biliary tree and the diagnosis is usually made post-operatively.     

Laparoscopic treatment of known choledocholithiasis

Background: Occasionally patients present to the surgeon with known common duct stones. These will frequently have been detected by imaging modalities: ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) scans, transhepatic cholangiogram (THC) or IV cholangiography. Occasionally there are stones that had failed attempts at endoscopic retrieval (ERCP). Methods: A retrospective analysis of a prospectively gathered database of 77 laparoscopic common bile duct explorations was done to assess the incidence, treatments and outcomes of patients who had known common duct stones (CDS) before surgery. Results: Eighteen patients (23%) were identified as having a preoperative diagnosis of CDS. All underwent a laparoscopic common bile duct exploration. This exploration was successful in all cases. Outcomes were good with a 4% complication rate and one case of retained common duct stones (4%). Conclusions: Before laparoscopic cholecystectomy, known choledocholithiasis was considered a surgical disease except in cases of acute cholangitis or the very morbidly ill. The ability to perform cholecystectomy laparoscopically made many practitioners avoid open common duct exploration and, instead, rely on ERCP as primary treatment for known or suspected common duct stones. As techniques of laparoscopic common duct exploration improve, the ability to deal with common duct pathology surgically has increased, offering new options for treatment of this patient population. We present our experience with 18 patients who presented with known choledocholithiasis and were treated laparoscopically with good results.     

A balanced approach to choledocholithiasis

Background: We set out to review and evaluate the results of an algorithm for managing choledocholithiasis in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods: We performed retrospective review of patients with choledocholithiasis at the time of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) between March 1993 and August 1999. All patients were operated on under the direction of one surgeon (M.E.A), following a consistent algorithm that relies primarily on laparoscopic transcystic common bile duct exploration (TCCBDE) but uses laparoscopic choledochotomy (LCD) when the duct and stones are large or if the ductal anatomy is suboptimal for TCCBDE. Intraoperative endoscopic retrograde sphincterotomy (ERS) is done if sphincterotomy is required to facilitate common bile duct exploration (CBDE). Postoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is utilized when this fails. Preoperative ERCP is used only for high-risk patients. Results: A total of 728 LC were performed, and there were 60 instances (8.2%) of choledocholithiasis. Primary procedures consisted of 47 TCCBDE; 37 of them required no other treatment. In five cases, the stones were flushed with no exploration. Intraoperative ERS was performed three times as the only form of duct exploration. LCD was utilized twice; one case also required intraoperative ERS, and the other had a postoperative ERCP for stent removal. One patient with small stones was observed, with no sequelae. Preoperative ERCP was done twice as the primary procedure. Of the 10 cases that were not completely cleared by TCCBDE, three had a postoperative ERCP and seven had an intraoperative ERS, one of which required a postoperative ERCP. There were three complications (6%) related to CBDE, with no long-term sequelae. There were four postoperative complications (6.7%) and no deaths. The mean number of procedures per patient was 1.12. The average postoperative hospital stay was 1.8 days (range, 0-14). Conclusions: Choledocholithiasis can be managed safely by laparoscopic techniques, augmenting with ERCP as necessary. This protocol minimizes the number of procedures and decreases the hospital stay.     

胆总管结石治疗后复发因素的研究进展

胆总管结石是外科最常见的良性疾病之一,随着科技的进步、医疗技术的提升以及医院硬件设施的完善,经内镜逆行性胰胆管造影术（ERCP）及腹腔镜胆总管探查术（LCBDE）已经成为胆总管结石的主要治疗手段,且具创伤小、恢复快的临床优势。但是,临床多中心研究数据显示,胆总管结石术后复发率为4%~24%,因此,胆总管结石术后复发是外科医生必须面对的挑战和亟待解决的问题。胆总管结石的形成是一个复杂的遗传和环境因素相互作用的过程,其具体机制尚未完全阐明,术后复发机制及相关因素亦成为临床研究的难点和热点。笔者通过整理归纳相关文献,从十二指肠乳头括约肌功能、胆道微生态、胆道解剖三个维度,阐述胆总管结石术后复发的相关机制与研究进展,为预防胆总管结石术后复发提供新的策略和研究方向。     

Is there a role for routine preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for suspected choledocholithiasis in children?

HYPOTHESIS: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is frequently used preoperatively in adult patients with suspected choledocholithiasis. Cholelithiasis occurs much less often in children, and the indications for ERCP are not established. We hypothesized that the natural history of choledocholithiasis in children is spontaneous passage of stones through the papilla and that these children can be managed without routine preoperative ERCP. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of patients treated over a 10-year period. SETTING: Tertiary care children's hospital. PATIENTS: All patients with cholecystectomy for biliary disease. INTERVENTIONS: Cholecystectomy; intraoperative cholangiography for suspected choledocholithiasis: hyperbilirubinemia, gallstone pancreatitis, and ultrasonographic evidence of common bile duct dilation or common bile duct stones; and postoperative ERCP for symptomatic choledocholithiasis: pain and jaundice. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence and complications of choledocholithiasis and frequency of ERCP. RESULTS: One hundred patients (63 females) were studied. Indications included acute cholecystitis (10%), chronic cholecystitis (59%), gallstone pancreatitis (26%), and choledocholithiasis (5%). An intraoperative cholangiography was performed in 45 patients, and common bile duct stones were identified in 13. Expectant management of asymptomatic common bile duct stones was associated with sonographic resolution within 1 week. One patient with intraoperative cholangiography-proven choledocholithiasis required ERCP for symptoms 24 hours after operation. One additional patient, who did not undergo intraoperative cholangiography, developed symptomatic choledocholithiasis and required ERCP. There were no choledocholithiasis- or ERCP-related complications. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that choledocholithiasis occurs frequently in children and that spontaneous passage of common bile duct stones is common. This could explain the relatively high incidence of gallstone pancreatitis. Conservative management of choledocholithiasis is successful in the majority of patients. Routine preoperative or postoperative ERCP is usually not indicated.     

腹腔镜超声技术在胆囊切除胆道探查术中的应用

本文旨在探讨腹腔镜超声技术在LC中的临床应用价值和开创腔镜诊治胆石症的新途径。320例LC病有常规行腹腔镜超声检查(LUS);50例行腹腔镜超声和术中胆管造影(LOC)对比研究。胆管结石采用ERCP/EST和腹腔镜胆囊切除胆总管切开探查取石T管引流或一期缝合术治疗。结果显示LUS平均检查时间15min,对胆道系统和血管系统扫描结果显示:胆囊和门静脉100％显像,肝胆管胆总管98％显像,胆总管未端86％显像,3％发现未预期胆管结石,发现10％胆囊管解剖变异;LUS和IOC对比结果显示LUS胆总管结石敏感性、特异性和总诊断正确率均优于IOC(分别为83％、98％、98％和76％、95％、95％),两者结合则高达100％。ERCP/EST成功率达90％,30例腹腔镜胆总管探查取石术平均手术时间3.5小时,25例置T管引流、5例一期胆管缝合,均获成功,未发生胆漏胆管损伤等并发症,术后残石者经T管胆道镜取石治愈。因此,LC中常规使用腹腔镜超声技术有助于判断胆道生理和病理解剖结构、防止发生胆管损伤;有助于发现或排除肝内外胆管结石、为胆管造影和胆道探查术提供重要指征,降低胆道残石和阴性胆道探查术。腹腔镜超声指导下的腹腔镜胆囊切除胆道探查取石T管引流或一期胆管缝合术安全可靠、为胆石症微创外科诊断和治疗开辟了一条新途径。     

Could cholecystectomy be abandoned after removal of bile duct stones by endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreaticography?

Background/objectiveThe current treatment for choledocholithiasis is endoscopic common bile duct clearance followed by cholecystectomy. However, few studies have investigated whether cholecystectomy is necessary after the endoscopic removal of bile duct stones. This study aimed to determine the rate of patients without symptoms during the follow-up period after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (ERCP).Materials and methodsWe retrospectively analyzed data from patients with choledocholithiasis who underwent ERCP from a single centre.The patients were invited to the hospital for evaluation of symptoms during the follow-up period after ERCP. The primary outcome of this study was to determine the rate of patients with symptoms during the follow-up period after ERCP.ResultsA total of 286 patients with a median age of 57 (18–95) years old were included in the study. Of these, 195patients (68%) remained asymptomatic during the follow-up period of 18 months (1–70) after endoscopic sphincterotomy without cholecystectomy. A total of 75(50%) out of 151 patients who underwent cholecystectomy reported having symptoms after ERCP. In contrast, 119 (88%) out of 135 patients did not undergo cholecystectomy after the ERCP, remained asymptomatic during a median follow-up period of 43 months (11–70). The estimated 5-year asymptomatic rates of the patients after ERCP were 51% for the whole cohort (n = 286) according to Kaplan–Meier analysis.ConclusionMajority of patients with choledocholithiasis who did not undergo cholecystectomy after ERCP were asymptomatic during the follow-up period. Thus, cholecystectomy may be unnecessary after endoscopic sphincterotomy for bile duct stones within a midterm period.     

ERCP in association with laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background With the evolution of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) as the standard operation for benign gallbladder disease, the role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in the management of common bile duct (CBD) stones has to be defined. Methods From November 1990 to April 1994 we attempted LC in 1,788 patients. Eighty-nine patients underwent ERCP preoperatively under the following indications: jaundice or a history of jaundice, cholangitis, gallstone pancreatitis, abnormal liver function tests, and a sonogram showing either CBD stones or a dilated CBD. With intent to minimize the number of unnecessary ERCPs only patients with jaundice, cholangitis, and high abnormalities on the liver function tests (LFTs) were directly referred for ERCP. All other patients with suspected choledocholithiasis were initially investigated with intravenous cholangiography (IVC) and tomography; only patients with positive findings on IVC subsequently underwent ERCP. Eighteen patients underwent ERCP postoperatively and the indications included jaundice, bile leak, and abnormal intraoperative cholangiogram. Results Of the 89 patients having ERCP preoperatively 54 patients (60.7%) were found to have CBD stones which were removed endoscopically in all cases except in one patient where a large CBD stone was removed during laparoscopic exploration of the CBD. Eight patients of the 18 patients having ERCP postoperatively were found to have CBD stones and all of them had their CBD cleared endoscopically. There were no mortalities, while four patients developed a mild pancreatitis. Conclusions Although there is an increasing tendency to clear the bile duct with a laparoscopic approach, ERCP and sphincterotomy has a certain role in conjunction with LC in the management of patients with a high suspicion of CBD stones, particularly in institutions where there is easy access to expert interventional endoscopic techniques.     

Recurrencia de coledocolitiasis tras exploración laparoscópica de la vía biliar principal

IntroductionCholedocholithiasis may be treated following an endoscopic approach or by laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE). Stone recurrence following endoscopic management has been extensively investigated. We analyze the risk factors associated with stone recurrence following LCBDE.MethodsPatients who underwent LCBDE from February 2004 to July 2016 were examined in an univariate and multivariate analysis to assess the association of stone recurrence with the following variables: gender; age; hepatopathy; dyslipidemia, obesity or diabetes mellitus; previous abdominal surgery; presence of cholecystitis, cholangitis or pancreatitis; preoperative liver function tests, number of retrieved stones; method of common bile duct clearance and closure; presence of impacted or intrahepatic stones; conversion to open surgery and postoperative morbidity.ResultsA total of 156 patients were included. Recurrence rate for choledocholithiasis was 14.1% with a mean time to recurrence of 38.18 month. Age was the only independent risk factor for stone recurrence at univariate and multivariate analysis. No patient aged under 55 years developed new common bile duct stones, and 86.4% of the recurrences occurred in patients aged above 65.ConclusionsAge is the only independent risk factor associated to choledocholithiasis recurrence following LCBDE. Different mechanism in common bile duct stone development may be present for younger and older patients.     

LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY AND MANAGEMENT OF CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS

The advent of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has led to a reassessment of the approach to the management of choledocholithiasis. In a consecutive series of 418 patients undergoing LC, common bile duct (CBD) stones were suspected pre-operatively in 130 patients. Forty-five of the patients (35%) were found to have CBD stones on either pre-operative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP; 20) or on operative cholangiography (OC; 25). Common bile duct stones were detected on OC in a further 12 of 288 patients (4.2%) without pre-operative suspicion of choledocholithiasis. Of the total of 57 patients with CBD stones, the duct was cleared by pre-operative ERCP and endoscopic sphincter-otomy (ES) in 15 patients. In 13 patients, two of whom had had a pre-operative ERCP and ES, duct clearance was achieved by relaxing the sphincter pharmacologically and flushing the CBD via the OC catheter. One patient had an on-table ERCP and ES with successful stone extraction during LC. Eleven patients were converted to open operation with bile duct exploration. Sixteen patients had a postoperative ERCP. In five patients the CBD stones had passed spontaneously in the time between LC and ERCP. Ten patients required ES to clear the duct of stones. One patient had a failed ERCP and is still awaiting a repeat. The remaining patient was scheduled, but did not return for follow-up ERCP. In summary, pre-operative ERCP was indicated in less than 10% of patients in this series. It was possible to deal with over one-third of CBD stones found at LC by the simple technique of pharmacological relaxation of the spincter of Oddi and flushing the duct through the cholangiogram catheter. Of the patients who required follow-up ERCP, one third had passed their CBD stones by the time of the examination and the rest required ES for stone extraction. Less than 3% of the entire series of patients were converted to open operation for exploration of the common bile duct.     

Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration by choledochotomy

Background: Management of cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis usually requires two separate teams—the gastroenterologist/surgical endoscopist and the laparoscopic surgical team. This requires two separate procedures that potentially increase the overall morbidity and cost. Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration by choledochotomy (LCBDE-C) averts this problem with a single approach. Methods: In 1990–1991, unsuspected stones found at laparoscopy with intraoperative cholangiogram done routinely underwent postoperative ERCP. Residual stones had been found after ERCP in 16 of 22 preoperative ERCP patients and we began to seek an alternative technique. Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration by choledochotomy has achieved a high rate of success. Results: Technically successful LCBDE-C has been accomplished in 143 of 148 patients (96.6%). Retained bile duct stones have been found on postoperative cholangiogram in three patients (2.0%), all of which have been successfully removed by postoperative ERCP. Thus 140 or 148 patients had their bile duct successfully cleaned by the one-step technique alone (94.6%). Conclusions: We believe that most laparoscopic surgeons who have acquired the skills of intracorporeal suturing can be successful at laparoscopic common bile duct exploration by choledochotomy. The disadvantage of T-tube presence will likely be eliminated by future developments with intraoperative antegrade sphincterotomy-like procedures, but the ability to see both proximal and distal biliary tree with the choledochotomy in all cases seems to offer more than adequate results at this point in the evolution of the laparoscopic approach to calculus biliary tract disease. Received: 3 April 1997/Accepted: 18 September 1997     

Making common duct exploration common-balloon sphincteroplasty as an adjunct to transcystic laparoscopic common bile duct exploration for pediatric patients

BackgroundLaparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) at the time of cholecystectomy has well-established benefits for managing pediatric choledocholithiasis. However, providers increasingly favor ERCP pre-or-post laparoscopic cholecystectomy (ERCP+LC) due to perceived complexity of LCBDE. We refined a stepwise method employing wire-ready balloon dilation of the Sphincter of Oddi. This study compares outcomes of balloon sphincteroplasty (LCBDE+BSP) with standard transcystic LCBDE (LCBDE-STD) and ERCP+LC.MethodsWe performed a retrospective chart review of pediatric patients who underwent LCBDE-STD and LCBDE+BSP since 2018. A report of consecutive choledocholithiasis patients prior to 2018 yielded an ERCP+LC cohort. Age, operative time, complications, and length of stay (LOS) were compared across all groups. Success rate and fluoroscopy time were compared between LCBDE groups.Results44 patients were identified (14:LCBDE-STD; 15:LCBDE+BSP; 15:ERCP+LC) . There was no difference in patient age or BMI. Operative time was longer in the LCBDE+BSP group (p =< 0.05). ERCP+LC demonstrated increased LOS (4.36 ± 2.78 vs 1.31 ± 0.93; p =< 0.05) and complications compared to LCBDE groups including three stent placements and one stent migration. LCBDE+BSP had a higher success rate than LCBDE-STD (100% vs 78%; p = 0.06). The three patients who failed LCBDE-STD required postoperative ERCP. Average fluoroscopy time was not significantly impacted by addition of sphincteroplasty.ConclusionIncorporating LCBDE into standard management of pediatric choledocholithiasis reduces LOS and avoids additional invasive procedures regardless of the specific technique employed. This stepwise approach to wire-ready cholangiography with balloon sphincteroplasty is a viable method for LCBDE that utilizes techniques familiar to pediatric surgeons and provides definitive management under a single anesthetic.Level of evidenceLevel III.     

腹腔镜联合内镜逆行胰胆管造影术治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的临床体会

目的:探讨内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)联合腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的最佳组合方式。方法:回顾分析2007年1月至2012年11月为203例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者行ERCP+内镜乳头括约肌切开术(endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST)联合LC的临床资料。其中138例先行ERCP+EST取出胆总管结石,再行LC(ERCP+LC组);65例先行LC再行ERCP+EST(LC+ERCP组)。对比分析两组手术成功率、总住院时间及并发症情况。结果:两组均无穿孔、出血及重症胰腺炎等严重并发症发生。ERCP+LC组住院时间短[(7.2±2.1)d vs.(8.1±1.9)d],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。ERCP+LC组术后胆管残余结石4例,发生急性轻型胰腺炎1例、胆管炎1例,并发症发生率为4.3%;低于LC+ERCP组的12.3%(P<0.05)。结论:对于胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的患者,先行ERCP+EST取石,再行LC,手术并发症较少,住院时间短,是较理想的组合方式。