表皮生长因子受体和环氧合酶-2在宫颈癌中的表达及临床诊断意义

目的 探讨宫颈癌组织中表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)和环氧合酶2(cyclooxygenase,COX-2)蛋白的表达及其与临床病理特征的关系.方法 采用免疫组化的方法分别检测正常宫颈、宫颈癌中EGFR和COX-2蛋白的表达.结果 EGFR和COX-2蛋白的在宫颈癌组织中的阳性表达率,均显著高于正常宫颈组织.EGFR和COX-2的阳性表达均与患者的年龄及肿瘤大小无关(P＞0.05).多元生存分析显示,EGFR和COX-2是独立的预后因子,相对危险度分别为2.52(P=0.004)和1.88(P=0.039).结论 EGFR和COX-2在宫颈组织中的表达水平可能与肿瘤的发生、发展、浸润和转移密切相关,可作为宫颈癌恶性程度判断和预后的重要指标.     

About a case of GIST occurring during pregnancy with immunohistochemical expression of epidermal growth factor receptor and progesterone receptor

The coexistence of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) and pregnancy is very rare. We are the first to add to the literature a case report of GIST occurring during pregnancy with immunohistochemical staining for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and progesterone receptor (PgR). A role of PgR and EGFR in tumor growth should not be excluded, and these findings indicate that the expression of these receptors could provide pertinent biological information required to determine adequate therapeutic regimens. In conclusion, considering that GIST occurring during pregnancy is a rare event, with frequent delay in diagnosis, it is important to consider this diagnosis for early recognition, correct diagnosis, and a better outcome.     

Detection of epidermal growth factor receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 activating mutations in lung adenocarcinoma by high-resolution melting amplicon analysis: correlation with gene copy number, protein expression, and hormone receptor expression

Activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (7p12.3-p12.1) and in the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) (17q21.1) characterize a subset of lung carcinomas. These mutations may relate to the response of the tumor to the tyrosine kinase inhibitors gefitinib and erlotinib. High-resolution melting amplicon analysis is a screening technique that has been shown to be able to detect missense mutations as well as deletions and insertions in tumor DNA isolated from paraffin-embedded tissue sections. In this study, we used high-resolution melting amplicon analysis to screen for EGFR and human HER2 activating mutations in 39 patients with primary lung adenocarcinoma. There were 20 cases that showed bronchioloalveolar histology and 19 cases that did not. The EGFR exons screened were exons 18, 19, 20, and 21, and the HER2 exons screened were exons 19 and 20. Six (15%) of the 39 patients had tumors that contained EGFR activating mutations. Four of the mutations were in adenocarcinomas, which had some bronchioloalveolar features, and 2 mutations were in tumors without bronchioloalveolar features. The EGFR mutations were in exon 19 (2 cases), exon 20 (2 cases), and exon 21 (1 case). One case contained mutations in both exons 18 and 20. One (2.6%) of the 39 patients had a tumor that contained an HER2 activating mutation, and the mutation was located in exon 20. Two of the 6 EGFR mutation-positive cases showed polysomy for chromosome 7, and each one showed overexpression of EGFR as determined by immunohistochemical staining. The other EGFR mutation-positive cases did not show EGFR overexpression and appeared disomic for chromosome 7. The HER2 mutation-positive case was in an adenocarcinoma with bronchioloalveolar features. This tumor did not show overexpression of HER2 and was disomic for chromosome 17. For the non-EGFR mutation-positive cases, 4 (13%) of 32 evaluated cases showed polysomy for chromosome 7 and EGFR. No case showed EGFR gene amplification. Polysomy for chromosome 7 was not related to EGFR overexpression as estimated by immunohistochemistry. Estrogen and progesterone receptor expression was not strong in any of the cases and did not correlate with the presence of EGFR or HER2 mutations.     

表皮生长因子对新生大鼠高氧损伤肺组织EGFR及EGF mRNA表达的影响

目的： 探讨外源性表皮生长因子（EGF）对新生大鼠高氧损伤肺组织EGFR及EGF mRNA表达的影响。方法： 取胎龄21 d剖宫产出生的新生Sprague dawley （SD）大鼠持续吸入95％的O2制作未成熟肺高氧损伤模型，随机分为高氧表皮生长因子（EGF）组和高氧生理盐水（NS）组，另设空气NS对照组；所有组按给药（或NS）时间分为3个亚组，即：a亚组(1-3 d)、b亚组(4-6 d)、c亚组(1-6 d)；各亚组均于生后3、7、14 d分批处死取肺组织。应用免疫组化观察各组肺组织EGF-R的表达，RT-PCR方法检测EGF-mRNA的表达。结果： EGF mRNA的表达随着日龄增加而递增，生后7、14 d高氧组EGF-R及EGF mRNA的表达高于空气对照组，14 d EGFa和c亚组EGF-R的表达均明显高于相应的高氧NS组(P＜0.05)，14 d时EGF组内源性EGF mRNA的表达较NS组明显增加(P＜0.01)。结论： 早期应用EGF可促进肺泡上皮细胞EGF-R的表达，改善高氧所致肺发育受阻，对未成熟肺高氧损伤有一定的保护作用。     

表皮生长因子受体和P53与食管鳞状细胞癌放疗敏感性的关系

目的 分析食管鳞状细胞癌患者标本中表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)和P53表达水平与其临床病理特征的相关性,探讨术前放疗对EGFR和P53表达的影响,为临床食管鳞状细胞癌手术联合放疗的治疗策略提供理论依据.方法 采用免疫组织化学方法检测食管鳞状细胞癌患者标本中EGFR、P53蛋白的表达水平,分析其表达与食管鳞状细胞癌临床病理参数的关系,对比术前放疗对患者癌组织中EGFR和P53表达水平的影响.结果 与正常食管黏膜上皮组织相比,食管鳞状细胞癌组织中EGFR和P53的表达水平均显著升高;食管鳞状细胞癌组织中EGFR和P53的表达均与其组织学分级、浸润程度、有无区域淋巴结转移呈正相关;术前放射治疗可显著降低食管鳞状细胞癌组织中EGFR和P53的表达水平.结论 在食管鳞状细胞癌中,EGFR和P53的表达水平与其临床病理特征有密切关系,且呈正相关,检测两种蛋白的表达水平对食管鳞状细胞癌的恶性程度及预后判断具有重要的临床意义.     

Tumor-associated macrophages,epidermal growth factor receptor correlated with the triple negative phenotype in endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma

It has been well established that tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a tumor-promoting role in endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma (EEC). However, the association with TAMs and the triple-negative phenotype (TNP) in EEC has not yet been reported. We used immunohistochemistry to examine the expression of CD68, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in 186 cases of EEC. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was also used for HER2 amplification, and the association with TAMs count, EGFR expression, and triple-negative phenotype was analyzed. Twenty-eight of 186 patients (15.05%) had the TNP. It was associated with advanced stage disease (P < 0.0001), high grade disease (P < 0.0001), depth of myometrial invasion (P = 0.003), pelvic lymph node metastasis (P < 0.001), lymphovascular space invasion (P = 0.001), and EGFR expression (P = 0.032). Margin TAMs count was also significantly increased in the TNP-positive group, the EGFR-positive group, and the PR-negative group (P < 0.001, respectively). The TNP was associated with a significantly worse overall survival (OS) (log rank test, P = 0.018). The estimated 5-year OS of patients with TNP was 59.1%, while that without TNP was 78.5%. Multivariate analysis showed high margin TAMs, and the histopathological grades were significantly associated with OS. The TNP in EEC is associated with poor prognostic surgical–pathological factors, worse prognosis, as well as with high margin TAMs and overexpression of EGFR, which may serve as potential targeted therapies for the special phenotype in EEC.     

人EGF受体胞外域在大肠杆菌中表达、复性及抗原性鉴定

目的 构建人EGF受体（EGFR）胞外域的原核表达载体并在大肠杆菌中表达,制备EGFR特异性抗体,对表达产物进行鉴定。方法 以PCR方法从克隆的EGFR胞外区cDNA中扩增编码胞外结构域L1、S1、L2（EGFR-LSL）的DNA片段,并在其3′端加入编码His6标签的序列,与pET-3c连接构建EGFR-LSL原核表达载体,在大肠杆菌中进行表达;同时以纯化的EGFRL2结构域蛋白（EGFR-L2）制备抗血清,以此抗血清鉴定表达产物。结果 EGFR-LSL在大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）中获得高效表达,抗His6抗体免疫印迹分析表明,表达产物全部以包涵体形式存在,通过Ni2^＋．NTA柱上复性获得纯化的可溶性EGFR-LSL蛋白;免疫印迹分析表明,EGFR-LSL与小鼠抗EGFR-L2抗血清具有高特异性反应。结论 从大肠杆菌中获得具有特异抗原性的可溶性EGFR-LSL蛋白。     

Immunohistochemical localization of c-erbB-2 protein and epidermal growth factor receptor in normal surface epithelium,surface inclusion cysts,and common epithelial tumours of the ovary

Summary The c-erbB-2 (HER-2/neu) protein is a membrane glycoprotein growth factor receptor showing molecular homology with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). We examined the immunohistochemical reactivity of monoclonal antibodies against both of these proteins in normal surface epithelium, surface inclusion cysts, and common epithelial tumours of the ovary. The ovarian tumours were classified as benign (16), borderline malignant (2), and malignant (19). Normal surface ovarian epithelium was weakly positve for both c-erbB-2 protein and EGFR. In surface inclusion cysts, however, the epithelial cells lining the lumen exhibited stronger staining for c-erbB-2 protein, but no staining for EGFR. All 16 benign ovarian tumours and the 2 borderline malignant ovarian tumours were positive for c-erbB-2 protein and negative for EGFR. Of the ovarian carcinomas, 13 of the 19 (68.4%) were positive for c-erbB-2 protein and negative for EGFR, while 4 showed positivity for both c-erbB-2 protein and EGFR. Two cases were negative for both proteins. Expression of both c-erbB-2 protein and EGFR was found in endometrioid carcinoma with squamous differentiation and in clinically advanced poorly differentiated serous carcinomas. Expression of c-erbB-2 protein appears to be increased and that of EGFR is reduced in the early stage of epithelial ovarian oncogenesis. The expression of EGFR with c-erbB-2 protein in ovarian carcinoma is related both to histological differentiation and/or advanced clinical stage.     

Immunohistochemical detection of the epidermal growth factor receptor in paraffin-embedded human tissues.

Expression of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumour tissues employing two antibodies raised to short synthetic peptides from the cytoplasmic domain of the molecule. Both antibodies gave concordant staining of a series of bladder cancers known to express or lack EGF receptors. There was no cross-reaction with the related c-erbB-2 protein, which was also over-expressed in some cases. Cancers with EGF receptor expression also expressed high levels of TGF-alpha, a receptor agonist.     

Immunolocalisation of epidermal growth factor (EGF), EGF receptor and transforming growth factor alpha (TGFα) during murine palatogenesis in vivo and in vitro

Summary The distribution of epidermal growth factor, the epidermal growth factor receptor and transforming growth factor alpha during murine palatogenesis was investigated immunocytochemically. On embryonic day 12 staining for transforming growth factor alpha was present throughout the palatal mesenchyme, with little in the epithelia. On embryonic day 13 staining increased in the palatal epithelia and in the mesenchyme at the tip of the palate. As the palatal shelves fused together (embryonic day 14.5) intense staining for transforming growth factor alpha was seen in the midline epithelial seam and in the subjacent mesenchyme. On embryonic day 15 there was a generalised increase in palatal epithelial staining; this was most marked in the remnants of the degenerating epithelial seam. Mesenchymal staining was, however, uniform. Whilst palatal staining for epidermal growth factor was sparse, at all stages, staining for its receptor was present throughout the palatal epithelia and mesenchyme. This was most intense in the palatal medial edge epithelia at the time of midline epithelial seam degeneration. The regional and temporal differences in staining for the epidermal growth factor receptor and transforming growth factor alpha suggested that these molecules may play an important role in normal palate development in vivo, particularly in degeneration of the midline epithelial seam.     

针刺对创伤性脑损伤大鼠脑组织EGF和bFGF表达的影响

目的: 观察针刺对创伤性脑损伤模型大鼠脑组织表皮生长因子(EGF)和碱性成纤维生长因子( bFGF)表达的影响。方法: 参照Feeney自由落体冲击造模法建立创伤性脑损伤大鼠模型,将30只大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组和针刺组,每组10只。针刺组给予针刺治疗,每天1次,共治疗7 d。处理结束后,采用免疫组织化学方法检测损伤脑组织EGF和bFGF含量。结果: 与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠脑组织EGF表达下降(P<0.01),而bFGF上升(P<0.01);与模型组比较,针刺组EGF和bFGF表达明显升高 (P<0.01)。结论: 针刺可促进神经再生相关生长因子EGF和bFGF的表达,这可能是针刺促进神经再生和功能恢复、治疗颅脑损伤的机制之一。     

Expression of c-erbB-2 protein and epidermal growth factor receptor in normal tissues of the female genital tract and in the placenta

Summary The c-erbB-2 (HER-2/neu) protein is a membrane glycoprotein growth factor receptor that has molecular homology with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). To investigate the relationship between the expression of c-erbB-2 protein and EGFR in the tissues of the human female genital tract and in the placenta, we examined the immunohistochemical reactivity of monoclonal antibodies against both of these proteins. In the müllerian-derived genital tract, epithelial cells of the fallopian tube, endometrium, and endocervix showed reactivity for c-erbB-2 protein, whereas reactivity for EGFR was distributed mainly in the stromal cells throughout the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy. In addition, the staining intensity for EGFR in the endometrial stroma increased with its decidualization. In the exocervical squamous epithelium, basal cells were cerbB-2 protein-negative and EGFR-positive, but the more differentiated squamous cells of the intermediate layer were c-erbB-2 protein-positive and EGFR-negative. In the placental tissues, cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts of the chorionic villi were c-erbB-2 protein-negative and EGFR-positive. In contrast, intermediate trophoblasts in the extravillous space were c-erbB-2 protein-positive and EGFR-negative. Thus, there is an inverse relationship between the expression of c-erbB-2 protein and EGFR in the tissues of the female genital tract and in the placenta. This suggests that there may be a regulatory mechanism(s) for the expression of both proteins that is associated with the differentiation and/or function of cells in the female genital tract and the placenta.     

Epidermal growth factor receptor expression and growth fraction in human tumours of the nervous system

Summary 100 tumours of the human nervous system were investigated by means of immunohistochemistry in order to determine the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFr) and the proliferative activity as evaluated by demonstration of the proliferation-associated Ki-67 antigen. Epidermal growth factor receptor immunoreactivity was present in 79% (23/29) of the high-grade malignant gliomas examined but in only 9% (2/22) of the low-grade gliomas. Besides the gliomas, EGFr-expression was detectable in smaller amounts in most (13/15) meningiomas, in one anaplastic neurinoma and in individual tumour cells of one medulloblastoma. In addition, EGFr-expression was found in 50% (6/12) of metastatic carcinomas. Seven of eight medulloblastomas, two cerebral primitive neuroectodermal tumours (PNETs), three benign neurinomas, one ganglioneuroma, one metastatic intracerebral malignant melanoma, three spinal plasmocytomas and one immunocytoma showed no detectable EGFr-expression. Our results indicate that (1) the expression of EGFr in human tumours of the nervous system depends on the histological tumour type and (2) in the glioma group is related to the grade of malignancy. A close correlation between EGFrexpression and proliferative activity as evaluated by Ki-67 staining could not, however, be established.Supported by: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, SFB 200     

Assessment of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression in primary colorectal carcinomas and their related metastases on tissue sections and tissue microarray

Metastatic colorectal carcinomas (CRC) resistant to chemotherapy may benefit from targeting monoclonal therapy cetuximab when they express the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Because of its clinical implications, we studied EGFR expression by immunohistochemistry on tissue sections of primary CRC (n=32) and their related metastases (n=53). A tissue microarray (TMA) was generated from the same paraffin blocks to determine whether this technique could be used for EGFR screening in CRC. On tissue sections, 84% of the primary CRC and 94% of the metastases were EGFR-positive. When matched, they showed a concordant EGFR-positive status in 78% of the cases. Moreover, staining intensity and extent of EGFR-positive cells in the primary CRC correlated with those observed in the synchronous metastases. On TMA, 65% of the primary CRC, 66% of the metastases, and 43% of the matched primary CRC metastases were EGFR-positive. There was no concordant EGFR status between the primary and the metastatic sites. A strong discrepancy of EGFR status was noted between TMA and tissue sections. In conclusion, EGFR expression measured in tissue sections from primary CRC and their related metastases was found to be similar and frequent, but it was significantly underestimated by the TMA technique.     

Increased binding capacity of receptors for the epidermal growth factor in benign thyroid nodules and thyroid malignancies

Summary To determine the role of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors in thyroid tumorigenesis, EGF binding was compared in membranes from malignant and from benign thyroid tumors. Surgical specimens were obtained from 28 patients with thyroid carcinomas (3 papillary, 13 follicular, 6 undifferentiated, and 6 medullary carcinomas) and from 30 patients with benign thyroid tumors (15 scintigraphically functional and 15 nonfunctional nodules). In 30 cases normal tissue adjacent to the tumor was also obtained. EGF binding was seen to be increased not only in thyroid carcinomas but also in benign thyroid tumors, particularly in functional thyroid adenomas. The highest EGF binding was found in undifferentiated carcinomas. A direct comparison of the EGF binding characteristics in tumor and adjacent normal thyroid tissue revealed that the increased binding of EGF is due mainly to an increase in the number of binding sites rather than an alteration in receptor affinities. EGF binding capacities were 18.4±16.7 fmol/mg protein in thyroid carcinomas and 10.5±5.2 fmol/mg in the corresponding normal tissue (P<0.05, K _d 0.84±0.26 nM, n=11). In autonomously functioning thyroid adenomas binding capacities were 14.2±8.2 fmol/mg in the nodules and 8.9±4.8 fmol/mg in normal tissue (P < 0.01, K _d 0.73±0.62 nM, n = 15). In conclusion, EGF receptor levels are increased not only in malignant thyroid tumors but also in well-differentiated benign thyroid nodules. The data indicate that an increased expression of EGF receptors, although likely to be important in the regulation of thyroid growth in vivo, is not by itself associated with malignant cell transformation and loss of differentiated function.Abbreviations EGF epidermal growth factor - EGFr epidermal growth factor receptor - TGF- transforming growth factor- Dedicated to Prof. Dr. G. Paumgartner on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

Expression of epidermal growth factor and its receptor in rabbits with ischaemic acute renal failure

Urinary immunoreactive epidermal growth factor (EGF) levels decrease, and renal immunoreactive EGF levels increase in rats with ischaemic acute renal failure (ARF). We investigated the immunohistochemical localization of EGF and EGF receptor in rabbits with ischaemic ARF to clarify the significance of renal EGF. Male New Zealand White rabbits underwent right nephrectomy prior to a 60 min renal artery clamp. At 3, 6, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after ischaemia, serum urea nitrogen and serum creatinine were determined. Guinea pig anti-rabbit EGF antibody and monoclonal anti-EGF receptor antibody were used for the primary incubation. EGF was immunolocalized to the ascending limb of Henle and the distal convoluted tubule in the normal right kidneys. However, in the post ischaemic left kidneys at 6, 24, 48 and 72 h, immunoreactivity of EGF was associated with proximal tubules. In the normal kidneys, antibody to EGF receptor reacted with distal tubules and collecting ducts. In the ischaemic kidneys, EGF receptor was localized in the basolateral membrane in the proximal tubules. The expression of EGF and EGF receptor in renal tubules may play an important role in repair following ischaemic renal damage.     

Controlling receptor/ligand trafficking: Effects of cellular and molecular properties on endosomal sorting

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is the process by which cells internalize ligands that have specifically interacted with cell surface receptors. Within intracellular endosomal compartments, receptor/ligand complexes can be targeted to lysosomes for degradation, recycled back to the plasma membrane, or sorted separately to these destinations. We have developed a mechanistic mathematical model that can account for the spectrum of experimentally observed endosomal sorting outcomes. The central hypothesis of this model is that receptors may be selectively retained by putative endosomal retention components and that this process may be modulated by receptor occupancy. This hypothesis is supported by the recent discovery of an endosomal retention component involved in targeting epidermal growth factor receptors to lysosomes. In this paper, we use the model to predict how changes in key cellular and molecular parameters alter sorting outcomes. This analysis provides guidance for rationally modulating the sorting process in a variety of biomedical applications, either by the manipulation of cellular parameters or the design of ligand properties.