Inter‐rater reliability of three most commonly used pressure ulcer risk assessment scales in clinical practice

The objective of this study was to evaluate inter‐rater reliability of Braden Scale, Norton Scale and Waterlow Scale for pressure ulcer risk assessment in clinical practice. The design of the study was cross‐sectional. A total of 23 patients at pressure ulcer risk were included in the study, and 6 best registered nurses conducted three subsequent risk assessments for all included patients. They assessed alone and independently from each other. An intra‐class correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to determine the inter‐rater reliability. For the Braden Scale, the ICC values ranged between 0·603 (95% CI: 0·435–0·770) for the item ‘moisture’ and a maximum of 0·964 (95% CI: 0·936–0·982) for the item ‘activity’; for the Norton Scale, the ICC values ranged between 0·595 (95% CI: 0·426–0·764) for the item ‘physical condition’ and a maximum of 0·975 (95% CI: 0·955–0·988) for the item ‘activity’; and for the Waterlow Scale, the ICC values ranged between 0·592 (95% CI: 0·422–0·762) for the item ‘skin type’ and a maximum of 0·990 (95% CI: 0·982–0·995) for the item ‘activity’. The ICC values of total score for three scales of were 0·955 (95% CI: 0·922–0·978), 0·967 (95% CI: 0·943–0·984), and 0·915 (95% CI: 0·855–0·958) for Braden, Norton, and Waterlow scales, respectively. Although the inter‐rater reliability of Braden Scale, Norton Scale and Waterlow Scale total scores were all substantial, the reliability of some items was not so good. The items of ‘moisture’, ‘physical condition’ and ‘skin type’ should be paid more attention. However, some studies are needed to find out high reliable quantitative items to replace these ambiguous items in new designed scales.     

压疮干预指导组在医院压疮管理中的作用

目的 探讨压疮干预指导组在医院压疮管理中的作用.方法 成立压疮干预指导组,每月1～6日检查1次全院各科使用Braden计分表（压疮危险计分）的及时性和准确性,针对使用中存在的问题进行改良；Braden计分≤12分者,各科负责护士需于24 h内通过院内网络上报压疮干预指导组,组长指定组员24 h内跟踪检查、指导、帮带,及...     

Waterlow危险因素评估表及分级护理法预防压疮效果观察

目的探讨应用Waterlow危险因素评估表及分级护理法预防压疮(PU)的效果。方法按入院顺序随机将838例患者分为观察组420例、对照组418例。观察组用Waterlow危险因素评估法及分级预防护理法,对照组行传统临床经验法及常规护理。结果观察组PU发生率为0.48%(2/420),对照组为4.78%(20/418),两组比较,χ2=15.21,P<0.01,差异有显著性意义。结论Waterlow危险因素评估法及分级护理法能有效控制压疮发生率,提高临床护理质量。     

Waterlow危险因素评估表及分级护理法预防压疮效果观察

目的探讨应用Waterlow危险因素评估表及分级护理法预防压疮（PU）的效果。方法按入院顺序随机将838例患者分为观察组420例、对照组418例。观察组用Waterlow危险因素评估法及分级预防护理法，对照组行传统临床经验法及常规护理。结果观察组PU发生率为0．48％（2／420），对照组为4．78％（20／418）．两组比较，χ^2=15．21．P〈0．01，差异有显著性意义。结论Waterlow危险因素评估法及分级护理法能有效控制压疮发生率，提高临床护理质量。     

Risk Assessment for Pressure Ulcers: An Adaptation of the National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel Risk Factors to Spinal Cord Injured Patients

ABSTRACT

To estimate risk factors for pressure ulcers, we developed quantitative definitions for each of the nine general areas of risk outlined by the 1989 National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (NPUAP) and evaluated each of these factors in a group of spinal cord injured patients by means of a retrospective chart review at a spinal cord injury referral center serving the New England area. All patients (n=364) admitted to the spinal cord injury service between January 1, 1989 and December 31, 1990 were studied.

We identified a pressure ulcer in 81 of 364 patients (22.3 percent). In the univariate analyses, pressure ulcers were associated with Frankel groups A to B with an odds ratio (OR) of 5.7 (95 percent confidence interval 2.8 to 11.9), low albumin with an OR of 4.9 (95 percent confidence interval 2.8 to 8.6), low hemoglobin with an OR of 2.5 (95 percent confidence interval 1.5 to 4.1), age ≥60 years with an OR of 1.9 (95 percent confidence interval 1.2 to 3.2) and three independent measures of co-morbidity: Cumulative Illness Rating Scale (CIRS) with an OR of 3.7 (95 percent confidence interval 2.1 to 6.3), Charlson Index with an OR of 2.2 (95 percent confidence interval 1.3 to 3.8), and International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification count with an OR of 4.2 (95 percent confidence interval 2.4 to 7.2). In the logistic regression model, low albumin, CIRS and Frankel grade A to B and history of pressure ulcers were predictors. This study demonstrates that the NPUAP criteria can be adapted and quantified for spinal cord injured patients who are at high risk for pressure ulcers.     

外科压疮高危患者的循证护理

目的 探讨预防外科压疮高危患者压疮发生的干预方法 .方法 将100例经压疮危险因素评估评分<16分的患者随机分为观察组与对照组各50例.对照组行常规护理.观察组按确立问题、检索证据、评价证据、应用证据等程序行循证护理:卧泡沫床(或气垫床);每2小时翻身1次,平卧位和左、右30°倾斜体位交替进行;平卧位抬高床头时角度不大于30°,足跟处置软枕;病情限制翻身者,每2小时抬高臀部1次,用软枕垫在患者的腰骶部、左右交替;骶尾部、足跟等骨突出处每2小时喷赛肤润1次,并轻拍至吸收(皮肤破溃者禁用);根据血清白蛋白浓度配制膳食或肠内外营养等.结果 观察组患者压疮发生率显著低于对照组(P<0.05),压疮发生时间明显延迟,压疮严重程度明显下降(P<0.05,P<0.01);两组压疮均治愈.结论 循证护理方案可有效降低压疮高危患者的压疮发生率,减轻患者痛苦,提高基础护理质量.     

Relationship between Braden scale score and pressure ulcer development in patients admitted in trauma intensive care unit

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the scores of Braden scale and pressure ulcer development among critically ill patients. All patients who admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) in 3 months (during July-October 2010) were surveyed with Braden scale. Patients who gained higher score of Braden scale were at lower risk for pressure ulcer development compared with the other patients. Braden scale is a useful tool for predicting pressure ulcer development in trauma ICU patients. Also, factors such as age and level of consciousness may influence pressure ulcer development.     

Braden量表对住院患者压疮危险预测效度的Meta分析

目的对前瞻性诊断研究进行Meta分析,以评价Braden量表对住院患者压疮危险预测的有效性。方法计算机检索Cochrane图书馆、PubMed、Springlink、EBSCO、中国知网、维普数据库和万方数据库和其他方式收集关于压疮危险评估量表预测压疮的前瞻性试验研究。利用诊断性研究质量评价工具(QUADAS-2)对纳入的文献进行质量评价,并采用Meta-Disc1.4软件进行数据分析。结果最终纳入20篇文献,共5 896例患者。显示合并灵敏度为0.71(95%CI0.67~0.74),合并特异度为0.69(95%CI0.68~0.70),SROC曲线下面积为0.78。结论 Braden量表作为单独指标对压疮的预测有效性为中等水平。关于Braden量表对住院患者压疮预测的有效性仍需更多研究证实。     

Munro与Braden压疮评估表用于手术患者压疮评估预测效度比较

目的比较Munro与Braden评估表预测手术患者压疮的效果。方法 2名护士分别应用2种评估表,同时、独立、连续地于术前、手术结束、术后返回病房2h内对111例外科手术患者进行压疮风险评估,另1名护士在手术结束、返回病房交接、术后24h、48h、72h评估压疮发生情况并记录,计算ROC曲线下面积、灵敏度和特异度。结果手术结束11例发生压疮(9.9%),术后24h内共有4例压疮患者,其中2例新发(1.8%);Munro评估表术前、中、后的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.850、0.889、0.864,高于Braden评估表(0.727、0.724、0.600);术前、中、后Braden评估表最佳临界值分别为19分、13分、14分,灵敏度分别为0.545、0.909、0.250,特异度0.700、0.350、0.916;术前、中、后Munro评估表最佳临界值为9分、22分、29分,灵敏度分别为0.818、0.909、0.750,特异度为0.610、0.730、0.822。结论 Munro评估表评估压疮更具有针对性,对手术压疮诊断价值高于Braden评估表,但在使用过程中需要与其他医务人员配合,且个别评估指标不是常规监测项目,增加了护理工作量,需进一步研究和加以完善。     

Hip fracture and pressure ulcers - the Pan-European Pressure Ulcer Study - intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors

Pressure ulcers (PU) in patients with hip fracture remain a problem. Incidence of between 8.8% and 55% have been reported. There are few studies focusing on the specific patient-, surgery- and care-related risk indicators in this group. The aims of the study were: - to investigate prevalence and incidence of PU upon arrival and at discharge from hospital and to identify potential intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors for development of PU in patients admitted for hip fracture surgery, - to illuminate potential differences in patient logistics, surgery, PU prevalence and incidence and care between Northern and Southern Europe. Consecutive patients with hip fracture in six countries, Sweden, Finland, UK (North) and Spain, Italy and Portugal (South), were included. The patients were followed from Accident and Emergency Department and until discharge or 7 days. Prevalence, PU at discharge and incidence were investigated, and intrinsic and extrinsic risk indicators, including waiting time for surgery and duration of surgery were recorded. Of the 635 patients, 10% had PU upon arrival and 22% at discharge (26% North and 16% South). The majority of ulcers were grade 1 and none was grade 4. Cervical fractures were more common in the North and trochanteric in the South. Waiting time for surgery and duration of surgery were significantly longer in the South. Traction was more common in the South and perioperative warming in the North. Risk factors of statistical significance correlated to PU at discharge were age >or=71 (P = 0.020), dehydration (P = 0.005), moist skin (P = 0.004) and total Braden score (P = 0.050) as well as subscores for friction (P = 0.020), nutrition (P = 0.020) and sensory perception (P = 0.040). Comorbid conditions of statistical significance for development of PU were diabetes (P = 0.005) and pulmonary disease (P = 0.006). Waiting time for surgery, duration of surgery, warming or non warming perioperatively, type of anaesthesia, traction and type of fracture were not significantly correlated with development of PU.     

Lifestyle intervention for adults with spinal cord injury: Results of the USC–RLANRC Pressure Ulcer Prevention Study

Context/Objective: Medically serious pressure injuries (MSPrIs), a common complication of spinal cord injury (SCI), have devastating consequences on health and well-being and are extremely expensive to treat. We aimed to test the efficacy of a lifestyle-based intervention designed to reduce incidence of MSPrIs in adults with SCI.

Design: A randomized controlled trial (RCT), and a separate study wing involving a nonrandomized standard care control group.

Setting: Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center, a large facility serving ethnically diverse, low income residents of Los Angeles County.

Participants: Adults with SCI, with history of one or more MSPrIs over the past 5 years: N=166 for RCT component, N=66 in nonrandomized control group.

Interventions: The Pressure Ulcer Prevention Program, a 12-month lifestyle-based treatment administered by healthcare professionals, largely via in-home visits and phone contacts.

Outcome Measures: Blinded assessments of annualized MSPrI incidence rates at 12 and 24 months, based on: skin checks, quarterly phone interviews with participants, and review of medical charts and billing records. Secondary outcomes included number of surgeries and various quality-of-life measures.

Results: Annualized MSPrI rates did not differ significantly between study groups. At 12 months, rates were .56 for intervention recipients, .48 for randomized controls, and .65 for nonrandomized controls. At follow-up, rates were .44 and .39 respectively for randomized intervention and control participants.

Conclusions: Evidence for intervention efficacy was inconclusive. The intractable nature of MSPrI threat in high-risk SCI populations, and lack of statistical power, may have contributed to this inability to detect an effect.

Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01999816     

Surgical Management of Pressure Ulcers During Inpatient Neurologic Rehabilitation: Outcomes for Patients With Spinal Cord Disease

Background/Objective: To study efficacy of surgery in the management of pressure ulcers and evaluate the effect of simultaneous comprehensive rehabilitation in improving outcome.

Method: Prospective, follow-up study.

Setting: Neurologic rehabilitation unit of a tertiary care center.

Participants: Patients with spinal cord diseases who had stage lll/IV pressure ulcers underwent surgical reconstruction and inpatient rehabilitation in 2005 with a minimum follow-up duration of 1year. Outcome Measures: Ulcer healing rate, postoperative complications, ulcers recurrence rate, and neurologic (ASIA grade), and functional recovery (Barthel Index).

Statistical Analysis: Frequency analysis and paired t test on SPSS 13.0.

Results: Surgical intervention was carried out in 25 participants (19 men, 6 women), having a total of 39 ulcers (13 Stage III, 23 Stage IV, 3 unstaged). Surgeries performed were debridement (3), split skin grafting (13), and flap mobilization and closure (23). Only 4 participants (16.6%) had initial complications: wound dehiscence (2) and delayed graft healing (2). Follow-up rate was 92.0% (23/25 patients), with a duration of 12 to 21 months (mean, 15.4 ± 7.45 months), and only 4 participants (17.3%) had ulcer recurrence. The majority of participants (13 of 25; 56.5%) improved neurologically on ASIA grade and functional evaluation on Barthel Index, suggesting statistically significant improvement (P < 0.005).

Conclusions: All outcome variables showed significant improvement at follow-up with good ulcer healing rate (87.0%), low initial complication (16.6%) and recurrence rates (17.3%), and good neurologic (56.5%) and functional (P < 0.005) recovery. Timely surgical interventions are necessary for Stage III to IV pressure ulcers, and simultaneous inpatient rehabilitation significantly improves outcome of patients with spinal cord disease.     

Surgical Management of Pressure Ulcers During Inpatient Neurologic Rehabilitation: Outcomes for Patients With Spinal Cord Disease

Background/Objective:

To study efficacy of surgery in the management of pressure ulcers and evaluate the effect of simultaneous comprehensive rehabilitation in improving outcome.

Method:

Prospective, follow-up study.

Setting:

Neurologic rehabilitation unit of a tertiary care center.

Participants:

Patients with spinal cord diseases who had stage III/IV pressure ulcers underwent surgical reconstruction and inpatient rehabilitation in 2005 with a minimum follow-up duration of 1 year.

Outcome Measures:

Ulcer healing rate, postoperative complications, ulcers recurrence rate, and neurologic (ASIA grade), and functional recovery (Barthel Index).

Statistical Analysis:

Frequency analysis and paired t test on SPSS 13.0.

Results:

Surgical intervention was carried out in 25 participants (19 men, 6 women), having a total of 39 ulcers (13 Stage III, 23 Stage IV, 3 unstaged). Surgeries performed were debridement (3), split skin grafting (13), and flap mobilization and closure (23). Only 4 participants (16.6%) had initial complications: wound dehiscence (2) and delayed graft healing (2). Follow-up rate was 92.0% (23/25 patients), with a duration of 12 to 21 months (mean, 15.4 ± 7.45 months), and only 4 participants (17.3%) had ulcer recurrence. The majority of participants (13 of 25; 56.5%) improved neurologically on ASIA grade and functional evaluation on Barthel Index, suggesting statistically significant improvement (P < 0.005).

Conclusions:

All outcome variables showed significant improvement at follow-up with good ulcer healing rate (87.0%), low initial complication (16.6%) and recurrence rates (17.3%), and good neurologic (56.5%) and functional (P < 0.005) recovery. Timely surgical interventions are necessary for Stage III to IV pressure ulcers, and simultaneous inpatient rehabilitation significantly improves outcome of patients with spinal cord disease.     

Development and psychometric characteristics of the SCI-QOL Pressure Ulcers scale and short form

ObjectiveTo develop a self-reported measure of the subjective impact of pressure ulcers on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) as part of the SCI quality of life (SCI-QOL) measurement system.DesignGrounded-theory based qualitative item development methods, large-scale item calibration testing, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and item response theory-based psychometric analysis.SettingFive SCI Model System centers and one Department of Veterans Affairs medical center in the United States.ParticipantsAdults with traumatic SCI.Results189 individuals with traumatic SCI who experienced a pressure ulcer within the past 7 days completed 30 items related to pressure ulcers. CFA confirmed a unidimensional pool of items. IRT analyses were conducted. A constrained Graded Response Model with a constant slope parameter was used to estimate item thresholds for the 12 retained items.ConclusionsThe 12-item SCI-QOL Pressure Ulcers scale is unique in that it is specifically targeted to individuals with spinal cord injury and at every stage of development has included input from individuals with SCI. Furthermore, use of CFA and IRT methods provide flexibility and precision of measurement. The scale may be administered in its entirety or as a 7-item “short form” and is available for both research and clinical practice.     

手术室压疮风险评估表在术中压疮高危患者中的应用

目的探讨手术室压疮风险评估表在术中压疮高危患者中的效果。方法选择2014年1～3月我科手术患者116例,随机分为两组,每组58例,对照组给予常规压疮预防护理,观察组在对照组基础上采用自制手术室压疮风险评估表进行评估,并对中重度危险的患者给予针对性预防措施。比较两组患者压疮发生情况。结果 2014年1～3月我科采用自制手术室压疮风险评估表评估高危患者58例,所有压疮风险评估正确,护理干预措施落实到位,观察组压疮发生1例,发生率为1.7%。对照组压疮发生6例,发生率为10.3%,两组患者压疮发生率比较差异有统计学意义（χ^2=4.435,P〈0.05）。结论应用自制手术室压疮风险评估表,使手术室护士能正确、客观评价患者各方面情况,正确的评估压疮高危患者,提高手术压疮风险的预见性,及时采取有效的护理干预措施,减少了术中压疮的发生。     

围手术期手术患者发生压力性损伤现状及危险因素分析

目的 针对围手术期手术患者压力性损伤发生的现状及危险因素进行总结分析,旨在为压力性 损伤护理管理工作提供参考依据。方法 运用统计学工具采用单因素和多因素分析2021年8月-2022年8月在 我院进行手术的450例患者压力性损伤的发生情况及危险因素。结果 本研究共纳入450例患者,其中16例 发生压力性损伤,发生率为3.55%;单因素分析显示不同性别、术中低血压压力性损伤发生率比较,差 异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;不同年龄、BMI、手术体位、麻醉时间、手术时间、术前压力性损伤风 险评分（waterlow）、术中出血量、手术体位固定装置、合并症、手术分类压力性损伤发生率比较, 差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;经变量赋值后多因素分析结果显示有9个独立性危险因素：①年龄＞ 70岁;②BMI≥27 kg/m2 ;③术中失血量＞80 ml;④术前压力性损伤评分（waterlow）＞14分;⑤麻醉时 间＞3 h;⑥手术时间＞3 h;⑦合并营养不良;⑧合并水肿;⑨手术体位固定装置。结论 受患者自身、手 术、麻醉等多方因素导致围手术期手术患者压力性损伤发生率高,应针对性开展有效的护理措施,以降低 手术室压力性损伤的发生风险。     

Predictors of Pressure Ulcer Recurrence in Veterans With Spinal Cord Injury

Background/Objective:     

应用皮瓣修复乳腺癌术后放射性溃疡

目的探讨应用皮瓣修复乳腺癌根治术后放疗所致放射性溃疡的疗效.方法回顾性分析9例乳腺癌术后放射性溃疡患者,分别采用背阔肌肌皮瓣修复5例、腹直肌肌皮瓣修复1例和局部侧胸皮瓣转移3例修复.结果除1例因局部缺血出现皮瓣部分坏死外,其余皮瓣成活良好,创面修复满意.结论应用血运良好的皮瓣可有效修复乳腺癌手术放疗后放射性溃疡创面.     

规范培训助理护士对减少脑卒中患者压疮发生率的作用

目的探讨规范培训助理护士基础护理对脑卒中患者减少压疮发生率的作用。方法170例脑卒中患者随机分为实验组（85例）和对照组（85例）。所有受试对象在专业护士常规护理基础上,实验组由经过规范培训的助理护士配合护理 对照组由未经过规范培训的助理护士配合护理。结果根据Braden评分评估压疮低、中、高、极高风险构成比,实验组分别为11.8%（10/85）、24.7%（21/85）、34.1%（29/85）、29.4%（25/85）,对照组分别为12.9%（11/85）、23.5%（20/85）、36.5%（31/85）、27.1%（23/85） 组间比较无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。实验组压疮发生率为4.7%（4/85）,显著低于对照组的15.3%（13/85）（P〈0.05）。结论规范培训助理护士基础护理能减少脑卒中患者压疮的发生率。