Review of Medicinal Plants and Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients against Aquatic Pathogenic Viruses

Aquaculture offers a promising source of economic and healthy protein for human consumption, which can improve wellbeing. Viral diseases are the most serious type of diseases affecting aquatic animals and a major obstacle to the development of the aquaculture industry. In the background of antibiotic-free farming, the development and application of antibiotic alternatives has become one of the most important issues in aquaculture. In recent years, many medicinal plants and their active pharmaceutical ingredients have been found to be effective in the treatment and prevention of viral diseases in aquatic animals. Compared with chemical drugs and antibiotics, medicinal plants have fewer side-effects, produce little drug resistance, and exhibit low toxicity to the water environment. Most medicinal plants can effectively improve the growth performance of aquatic animals; thus, they are becoming increasingly valued and widely used in aquaculture. The present review summarizes the promising antiviral activities of medicinal plants and their active pharmaceutical ingredients against aquatic viruses. Furthermore, it also explains their possible mechanisms of action and possible implications in the prevention or treatment of viral diseases in aquaculture. This article could lay the foundation for the future development of harmless drugs for the prevention and control of viral disease outbreaks in aquaculture.     

The effect of most important medicinal plants on two importnt psychiatric disorders (anxiety and depression)-a review

Anxiety and depression are highly comorbid psychiatric conditions that the prevalence will be increased to the second greatest risk of morbidity, causing a significant socioeconomic burden. Due to side effects and destructive effects of some chemical drugs, many patients prefer herbal medicines to treat diseases. Although there are key review papers in the area of medicinal plants and psychiatry disorders, they have either covered the area in a relatively cursory manner or focused on a specific plant medicine. In the present study, we tried to present the effect of most important medicinal plants on two important highly comorbid psychiatric conditions-anxiety and depression.     

Toxoplasmosis and anti-Toxoplasma effects of medicinal plant extracts-A mini-review

Toxoplasmosis is a globally diwstributed parasitic protozoan disease,caused by Toxoplasma gondii.The infection can result in more severe symptoms with potentially life-threatening in case of immunocompromised individuals.Sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine are the two drugs used as a part of standard therapy for toxoplasmosis.Researchers have demonstrated the therapeutic effects of medicinal plants for toxoplasmosis,which can be used as an alternative to standard drug therapy with reduced side effects.Traditional herbal plants are used by people to cure a large number of parasitic disorders.This review provides new insights into various medicinal plants that are used traditionally for the treatment of toxoplasmosis and other parasitic infections,which can be useful as an alternative treatment option for Toxoplasma gondii infections.     

Herbal and traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of cardiovascular complications in diabetes mellitus

Cardiovascular diseases, the number one causes of death worldwide, are responsible for the majority of the increased morbidity and mortality seen in patients with diabetes mellitus. Useful therapies for diabetes include lifestyle modification and drugs to lower conventional cardiovascular risk factors, such as metformin, thiazolindinedione, sulfonylureas and evidence-based drugs. These hypoglycemic or antihyperglycemic agents are widely used either for monotherapy or in combination to improve glycemic control and to slow disease progression associated with a decline in pancreatic function in diabetic patients. In addition, a large body of clinical evidence has suggested that the appropriate use of traditional Chinese medicines with modern Western medicinal, or mainstream antidiabetic drugs, can prevent or ameliorate the development of diabetic complications. The traditional Chinese medicine diagnostics are based on "zheng" or "symptom", a system emphasizing the overall function of the human body. Since diabetes is a rather complicated metabolic disorder involving multi-organ damage, a majority of diabetic patients may be subject to multi-pharmacy to combat symptoms resulting from diabetes. Many diabetic patients choose alternative therapeutic approaches such as herbal or traditional Chinese medicine along with the mainstream anti-diabetic drugs, thus making alternative therapy for diabetes a popular remedy. In this review, we will briefly summarize the application of herbal or traditional Chinese medicinal therapy for diabetes with an emphasis on diabetic cardiovascular complications.     

Orphan Drugs

Not only in Europe and USA, but also in many other countries rare disorders—so-called orphan diseases—have attracted more and more attention. The formation of specialized centers for rare disorders has enabled the diagnosis of diseases that have been widely unknown before. In addition, pharmaceutical companies have recognized orphan diseases as a profitable source of revenue. The development and marketing of new drugs for rare diseases—so-called orphan diseases—means a great challenge for all who participate in the health care system: Because the number of patients who are available for a clinical study is mostly very small, it is often very difficult or even impossible to show statistically firm evidence of efficacy. The standard placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial is often inappropriate for the approval procedure of an orphan drug; thus other study designs or other parameters (e.g. biomarkers) have to be used to prove clinical efficacy of the study drug. Only relatively small amounts of drugs can be sold to the generally few patients affected by an orphan disease and clinical trials require an high amount of financial investment; therefore orphan drugs have in general extremely high prices. How long these high expenses can be borne by the health care system in view of the great number of rare diseases remains questionable.     

A review study on analgesic applications of Iranian medicinal plants

Numerous side effects of synthetic drugs have caused medicinal plants to be regarded in recent decades as a reliable source of new drugs. Regarding the analgesic effects of many plants that are pointed in traditional medicine of Iran, many studies have been performed in this field that have caused need to be reviewed. In this study, different methods of testing pain, analgesic activity and possible compounds of medicinal plants and also the possible mechanisms actions of these plants are presented. The data presented in this review paper provide scientific information that might be used for isolation of potentially active compounds from some of these medicinal plants in future.     

Traditional effects of medicinal plants in the treatment of respiratory diseases and disorders: an ethnobotanical study in the Urmia

ObjectiveTo identify, present and review the respiratoty medicinal plants which used by Urmian herbalists.MethodsThe list of traditional healers of West Azarbaijan Province was prepared and data were obtained by direct observation, interviews and the questionnaires After that, herbarium samples were collected from the desired area and deposited in herbarium unit of the Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.ResultsOur results demonstrated that 20 medicinal plants from 10 plant families are used to treat respiratory disorders. Also, the most plant part that used for treating of respiratory disorders was seed (27%) and the most traditional form prescribed by herbalists was boiled (54%). Forty three percentage of Urmia herbalists have used herbs for the treatment of cough.ConclusionsPeople in this area have a strong belief that plants have a positive impact in the treatment of respiratory disorders and they have used medicinal plants since ancient times to treat these disorders. Our study revealed the importance of herbal medicines and traditional medicine in this area as medicinal resource for drug discovery in future.     

Diabetes mellitus and medicinal plants-a review

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders sharing the common underlying feature of hyperglycemia. Along with hyperglycemia, diabetes is associated with micro and macro-vascular complications, which are the major causes of morbidity and death in diabetic subjects. The currently available antidiabetic agents include sulfonylureas, biguanides, thiazolidinediones and alpha glucosidase inhibitors and are widely used to control the hyperglycemia. These drugs fail significantly to alter the course of diabetic complications. They have limited use because of undesirable pathological conditions and high rates of secondary failure. Thus, it is essential to look for more effective antidiabetic agents with fewer side effects. Traditional medicinal plants having antidiabetic properties can be a useful source for the development of safer and effective oral hypoglycemic agents. More than 350 traditional plants are used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, which have been recorded. Only a small number of these have received scientific and medical evaluation to assess their efficacy. However, plant remedies are the mainstream of treatment in underdeveloped regions. This review focuses on diabetes mellitus and the role of plants in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.     

Olfactory disorders due to medications: analysis and review of the literature

INTRODUCTION: Olfactory disorders caused by medicinal drug intake are an uncommon occurrence. However, such an etiology should be systematically taken into account and investigated, as olfactory loss may be reversible once the particular treatment has been stopped. CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND KEY POINTS: An analysis of the literature shows that of the large number of drugs that are apparently responsible for olfactory disorders, this adverse side effect has in fact only been observed in animal study populations, and no clinical case report has been made on the subject. The real toxicity to man is therefore only hypothetical. Of the 150,000 cases recorded in the pharmacovigilance centers in France, only 68 have reported olfactory complications (0.05% of cases), and only 22% of the medical files on this disorder reach a satisfactory level of plausibility. Cardiovascular drugs are mainly implicated in the development of olfactory disorders. Of these, certain drugs in particular should be mentioned: conversion enzyme (ACE) inhibitors which are responsible for taste disorders, some betablockers, and a calcium antagonist (a dihydropyridine derivative). Olfactory disorders have also been reported following administration of drugs used in anesthesia, in cancerology, endocrinology (carbimazole), in immunology (interferon), in the treatment of infectious diseases (ciprofloxacine, dioxycycline, terbinafine), and in rheumatology (D-penicillamine). FUTURE PROSPECTS AND PROJECTS: It is frequently difficult to establish a direct relationship between drug exposure and an olfactory disorder, and it is often not easy to determine with any certainty the causative role of the drug in the development of this disorder.     

The most common herbal medicines affecting Sarcomastigophora branches: a review study

Parasitic diseases cause annual mortality of more than 200 thousand people. Currently many drugs are used to treat parasitic diseases; however, they are mostly expensive, toxic, with side effects and drug resistance. Medicinal plants have been shown to represent natural source of cheap drugs with low toxicity. In this review article, the most common and most effective herbal medicines on pathogenic protozoan Sarcomastigophora branches such as Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Amoeba, Trichomonas and Giardia were reviewed. The recently published papers about different drugs as well as herbal medicines as alternative for synthetic drugs were searched using scientific sites such as Medline, PubMed and Google Scholar. The used terms included: Medicinal plants, herbal medicine, protozoa, Trypanosoma, Sarcomastigophora branches, Leishmania, Amoeba, Trichomonas or Giardia.     

A review of five traditionally used anti-diabetic plants of Bangladesh and their pharmacological activities

Plants are used traditionally throughout the globe to treat various diseases.Traditionally used medicinal plants are an essential part of the health sector in Bangladesh due to its abundance of a vast source of ethno-medicine.Rural people from developing country like Bangladesh are greatly dependent on traditional source of medicine.The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing from recent years; therefore various researches are going on to discover better medicine to treat this disease.This study has focused on five plants which are Andrographis paniculata, Ageratum conyzoides, Swertia chirata, Terminalia arjuna, and Azadirachta indica to find out their traditional formulation as anti-diabetic medicine and their pharmacological activity has also been explored through literature search.The available information about traditional anti-diabetic uses of these plants and their pharmacological activities were collected from various electronic sources like Pubmed, Sci Finder, Elsevier, Springer, Scopus, Scirus, Science Direct, Google Scholar and Web of Science apart from these locally available books and peer reviewed journal were also used to collect information.This study will help to strengthen the relation between traditional medicine, pharmacology and drug development.A clue may be found from the information provided this review to discover new and better anti-diabetic drugs.     

How to measure the impact of musculoskeletal conditions

Musculoskeletal conditions are universally prevalent among all age and gender groups, across all socio-demographic strata of society. Their impact is pervasive yet this is not widely recognised at the level of health policy and priority. Musculoskeletal conditions are a diverse group of disorders with regard to pathophysiology but are linked anatomically and by their association with pain and impaired physical function; encompassing a spectrum of conditions, including inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or gout; age-related conditions such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis; common conditions of unclear aetiology such as back pain and fibromyalgia; and those related to activity or injuries such as occupational musculoskeletal disorders, sports injuries or the consequences of falls and major trauma. The increasing number of older people and the changes in lifestyle throughout the world with increasing obesity and reduced physical activity mean that the burden on people and society will increase dramatically. The growing awareness of the burden increases the need for accurate measurement and assessment of the burden as well as measurement of the impact of any public health action. This chapter considers theoretical and practical issues relevant to measuring the buden of musculoskeltal conditions in populations, societies and individuals.     

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??Abstract??Glucocorticoids are widely used in hematological disorders??including autoimmune blood diseases??such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura??and malignant blood diseases.In malignant blood diseases??glucocorticoids are used alone or in combination with other agents??via its lymphocytolytic effects in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia??lymphoma and multiple myeloma.Long-term use of glucocorticoids can cause a series of side effects??which are dose and time dependent.As doctors specialized in blood diseases??we should weigh the benefits and side effects of glucocorticoids.     

浅谈降压药——血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂ARB

高血压是心脑血管疾病最常见的危险因素之一,而血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂（angiotensin II receptor blockers,ARB)是作用于肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统的常用抗高血压药。近年来,ARB广泛应用于临床,本文从ARB对心、脑、肾等靶器官的保护作用浅谈分析该类药物作为临床一线降压药物的原因。     

Polysaccharides and Their Derivatives as Potential Antiviral Molecules

In the current context of the COVID-19 pandemic, it appears that our scientific resources and the medical community are not sufficiently developed to combat rapid viral spread all over the world. A number of viruses causing epidemics have already disseminated across the world in the last few years, such as the dengue or chinkungunya virus, the Ebola virus, and other coronavirus families such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV). The outbreaks of these infectious diseases have demonstrated the difficulty of treating an epidemic before the creation of vaccine. Different antiviral drugs already exist. However, several of them cause side effects or have lost their efficiency because of virus mutations. It is essential to develop new antiviral strategies, but ones that rely on more natural compounds to decrease the secondary effects. Polysaccharides, which have come to be known in recent years for their medicinal properties, including antiviral activities, are an excellent alternative. They are essential for the metabolism of plants, microorganisms, and animals, and are directly extractible. Polysaccharides have attracted more and more attention due to their therapeutic properties, low toxicity, and availability, and seem to be attractive candidates as antiviral drugs of tomorrow.     

Cefotaxime as the potential cause of transient acquired von Willebrand syndrome

Acquired von Willebrand syndrome (AvWS) is a relatively rare bleeding disorder. It has been reported in association with myeloproliferative disorders, autoimmune diseases, plasma cell dyscrasias and certain drugs. Cefotaxime is a third generation cephalosporin widely used for surgical prophylaxis and as empirical treatment of bacterial meningitis. We report a case of a transient AvWS in association with cefotaxime therapy.     

Central nervous system involvement in rheumatoid arthritis patients and the potential implications of using biological agents

Central nervous system (CNS) involvement is quite unusual in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), although cerebral vasculitis, rheumatoid nodules and meningitis have all been reported, and patients with RA may also have CNS comorbidities such as stroke and neuro-degenerative and demyelinating syndromes. It has been found that biological drugs, especially anti-tumour necrosis factor-alpha (anti-TNF-α) drugs, slightly increase the risk of developing demyelinating diseases, and they are consequently discouraged in patients with multiple sclerosis and related disorders. Furthermore, the risk of opportunistic CNS infections is increased in immunosuppressed patients.To review the current literature concerning CNS involvement in patients with RA (including RA-related forms and comorbidities) and the incidence of new-onset CNS diseases in patients with RA undergoing biological treatment (anti-TNF or non-anti-TNF drugs), the Medline database was searched using the key words ‘rheumatoid arthritis’, ‘central nervous system’, ‘anti-TNF’, ‘abatacept’, ‘tocilizumab’, ‘rituximab’ and ‘anakinra’. Abstracts not in English were excluded.We selected 76 articles published between 1989 and 2017, which were divided into four groups on the basis of whether CNS involvement was RA-related or not and according to the type of biological agent used (TNF inhibitors or other agents). The RA-related diseases included aseptic meningitis, vasculitis and cerebral rheumatoid nodules, which benefit from immunosuppressive treatments. CNS comorbidities included stroke, seizures, dementia and neuropsychiatric disorders, which have been frequently described in biological agent-naïve patients with RA, and other rarely reported neurological diseases, such as extra-pyramidal syndromes and demyelinating disorders. CNS comorbidities are relatively frequent among patients with RA and may be related to systemic inflammation or concomitant medications. The use of anti-TNF drugs is associated with the risk of developing demyelinating diseases, and CNS infections have been described in patients treated with anti-TNF and non-anti-TNF agents. Non-anti-TNF drugs may be preferred in the case of demyelinating diseases, cerebral vasculitis or neurolupus.Patients with RA may suffer from CNS involvement as a manifestation of RA or as a comorbidity. The treatment of such medical conditions should be guided on the basis of their etiopathogenesis: steroids and immunosuppressants are useful in the case of RA-related CNS diseases but are often detrimental in other situations. Similarly, the choice of biological agents in patients with RA with CNS complications should be guided by a correct diagnosis in order to prevent further complications.     

Tratamiento de la enfermedad por cristales de pirofosfato cálcico

Although major advances have been made in the understanding of the pathogenesis, physiopathology and treatment of many rheumatic diseases, calcium pyrophosphate disease (CPPD) is a glaring omission, despite its high prevalence in rheumatology clinics. Current treatment schemes have not been tested in high quality trials and consequently clinicians’ decisions are based on clinical practice results. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, colchicine and corticosteroids are the most widely used drugs, usually with success. However, in some patients, these drugs are ineffective, contraindicated or cannot be used because of side effects. In these patients, other drugs, such as methotrexate or antimalarials, may be useful.     

Hericium erinaceus,a medicinal fungus with a centuries-old history: Evidence in gastrointestinal diseases

Hericium erinaceus is an edible and medicinal mushroom commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries. Several studies have highlighted its therapeutic potential for gastrointestinal disorders such as gastritis and inflammatory bowel diseases. In addition, some components of this mushroom appear to possess strong antineoplastic capabilities against gastric and colorectal cancer. This review aims to analyse all available evidence on the digestive therapeutic potential of this fungus ...