Macrolide-Resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infections in Children,Ohio, USA

Emergence of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MRMp) challenges empiric macrolide therapy. Our goal was to determine MRMp rates and define characteristics of children infected with macrolide-sensitive M. pneumoniae (MSMp) versus MRMp in Ohio, USA. We cultured PCR-positive M. pneumoniae specimens and sequenced M. pneumoniae–positive cultures to detect macrolide resistance mutations. We reviewed medical records to compare characteristics of both groups. We identified 14 (2.8%) MRMp and 485 (97.2%) MSMp samples. Patients in these groups had similar demographics and clinical characteristics, but patients with MRMp had longer hospitalizations, were more likely to have received previous macrolides, and were more likely to have switched to alternative antimicrobial drugs. MRMp-infected patients also had ≈5-fold greater odds of pediatric intensive care unit admission. Rates of MRMp infections in children in central Ohio are low, but clinicians should remain aware of the risk for severe illness caused by these pathogens.     

Rhabdomyolysis associated with antimicrobial drug-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae

We describe a case of rhabdomyolysis in a patient infected with antimicrobial drug-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae The patient's acute-phase serum levels of interleukin-18 and tumor necrosis factor-α were high, which suggests a pathogenic role for M. pneumoniae. In an era of increasing antimicrobial drug resistance, a system for rapidly identifying resistant M. pneumoniae would be beneficial.     

Macrolide resistance in Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Israel, 2010

Macrolide resistance in Mycoplasma pneumoniae is often found in Asia but is rare elsewhere. We report the emergence of macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae in Israel and the in vivo evolution of such resistance during the treatment of a 6-year-old boy with pneumonia.     

Endogenous Endophthalmitis Caused by ST66-K2 Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae,United States

We describe a case of endogenous endophthalmitis caused by sequence type 66-K2 hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae in a diabetic patient with no travel history outside the United States. Genomic analysis showed the pathogen has remained highly conserved, retaining >98% genetic similarity to the original strain described in Indonesia in 1935.     

Increase in Pneumococcus Macrolide Resistance, United States

During year 6 (2005–2006) of the Prospective Resistant Organism Tracking and Epidemiology for the Ketolide Telithromycin surveillance study, 6,747 Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates were collected at 119 centers. The susceptibility of these isolates to macrolides was compared with data from previous years. Macrolide resistance increased significantly in year 6 (35.3%) from the stable rate of ≈30% for the previous 3 years (p<0.0001). Macrolide resistance increased in all regions of the United States and for all patient age groups. Rates were highest in the south and for children 0–2 years of age. Lower-level efflux [mef(A)]–mediated macrolide resistance decreased in prevalence to ≈50%, and highly resistant [erm(B) + mef(A)] strains increased to 25%. Telithromycin and levofloxacin susceptibility rates were >99% and >98%, respectively, irrespective of genotype. Pneumococcal macrolide resistance in the United States showed its first significant increase since 2000. High-level macrolide resistance is also increasing.     

CTX-M-producing non-Typhi Salmonella spp. isolated from humans, United States

CTX-M-type beta-lactamases are increasing among US Enterobacteriaceae isolates. Of 2,165 non-Typhi Salmonella isolates submitted in 2007 to the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System, 100 (4.6%) displayed elevated MICs (≥2 mg/L) of ceftriaxone or ceftiofur. Three isolates (serotypes Typhimurium, Concord, and I 4,5,12:i:-) contained bla(CTX-M-5), bla(CTX-M-15), and bla(CTX-M-55/57), respectively.     

Spread of Multidrug-Resistant Rhodococcus equi,United States

Multidrug resistance has been detected in the animal and zoonotic human pathogen Rhodococcus equi after mass macrolide/rifampin antibioprophylaxis in endemically affected equine farms in the United States. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) R. equi emerged upon acquisition of pRERm46, a conjugative plasmid conferring resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramins, and, as we describe, tetracycline. Phylogenomic analyses indicate that the increasing prevalence of MDR R. equi since it was first documented in 2002 is caused by a clone, R. equi 2287, attributable to coselection of pRErm46 with a chromosomal rpoB^S531F mutation driven by macrolide/rifampin therapy. pRErm46 spillover to other R. equi genotypes has given rise to a novel MDR clone, G2016, associated with a distinct rpoB^S531Y mutation. Our findings illustrate that overuse of antimicrobial prophylaxis in animals can generate MDR pathogens with zoonotic potential. MDR R. equi and pRErm46-mediated resistance are currently disseminating in the United States and are likely to spread internationally through horse movements.     

Antimicrobial resistance among Campylobacter strains, United States, 1997-2001

We summarize antimicrobial resistance surveillance data in human and chicken isolates of Campylobacter. Isolates were from a sentinel county study from 1989 through 1990 and from nine state health departments participating in National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System for enteric bacteria (NARMS) from 1997 through 2001. None of the 297 C. jejuni or C. coli isolates tested from 1989 through 1990 was ciprofloxacin-resistant. From 1997 through 2001, a total of 1,553 human Campylobacter isolates were characterized: 1,471 (95%) were C. jejuni, 63 (4%) were C. coli, and 19 (1%) were other Campylobacter species. The prevalence of ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter was 13% (28 of 217) in 1997 and 19% (75 of 384) in 2001; erythromycin resistance was 2% (4 of 217) in 1997 and 2% (8 of 384) in 2001. Ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter was isolated from 10% of 180 chicken products purchased from grocery stores in three states in 1999. Ciprofloxacin resistance has emerged among Campylobacter since 1990 and has increased in prevalence since 1997.     

Antimicrobial drug resistance in Escherichia coli from humans and food animals, United States, 1950-2002

We conducted a retrospective study of Escherichia coli isolates recovered from human and food animal samples during 1950-2002 to assess historical changes in antimicrobial drug resistance. A total of 1,729 E. coli isolates (983 from humans, 323 from cattle, 138 from chickens, and 285 from pigs) were tested for susceptibility to 15 antimicrobial drugs. A significant upward trend in resistance was observed for ampicillin (p<0.001), sulfonamide (p<0.001), and tetracycline (p<0.001). Animal strains showed increased resistance to 11/15 antimicrobial agents, including ampicillin (p<0.001), sulfonamide (p<0.01), and gentamicin (p<0.001). Multidrug resistance (≥3 antimicrobial drug classes) in E. coli increased from 7.2% during the 1950s to 63.6% during the 2000s. The most frequent co-resistant phenotype observed was to tetracycline and streptomycin (29.7%), followed by tetracycline and sulfonamide (29.0%). These data describe the evolution of resistance after introduction of new antimicrobial agents into clinical medicine and help explain the range of resistance in modern E. coli isolates.     

婴幼儿与年长儿肺炎支原体肺炎的临床特征及对比分析

目的提高对婴幼儿与年长儿肺炎支原体肺炎的临床认识。方法回顾性分析310例肺炎支原体肺炎患儿临床表现及实验室检查、影像资料与年龄之间的关系。结果婴幼儿(0~3岁)以咳嗽及喘息为著,肺部罗音多见,发热不明显,胸部影像学以小叶性肺炎多见,并发症少,合并呼吸道病毒感染者较多;而年长儿(3岁)以发热及刺激性咳嗽为著,肺部体征不明显,易出现大叶性肺炎改变,易合并胸腔积液,肺不张,并发症多,合并EB病毒感染者较多。结论婴幼儿与年长儿肺炎支原体肺炎的临床特征有显著差异,根据其特点对诊治有所帮助。     

Novel 6-Month Treatment for Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis,United States

The US Food and Drug Administration approved a 6-month regimen of pretomanid, bedaquiline, and linezolid for extensively drug-resistant or multidrug-intolerant tuberculosis after a trial in South Africa demonstrated 90% effectiveness 6 months posttreatment. We report on a patient who completed the regimen using a lower linezolid dose.     

成人呼吸道病毒、肺炎衣原体、支原体感染研究

目的　探讨成人呼吸道疾病患者非典型病原体的分布。方法　应用APAAP和PCR法检测常见 4种 8型呼吸道病毒及CP、MP病原。结果　感染阳性者 334例 ,检出率 42 .9%,其中混合感染率 49.1%;RSV检出率最高 ( 17.1%) ,COPD组RSV检出较高 ( 2 3 .3%) ,肺炎组FluA检出较高 ( 2 0 .7%) ;不同季节检出率均显示第一季度高。结论　非典型病原体是成人呼吸道疾病的重要病原 ,混合感染率为其特点。     

Isoniazid-resistant tuberculous meningitis, United States, 1993-2005

To determine patient characteristics associated with isoniazid resistance in cases of tuberculous meningitis, we conducted a cross-sectional study by using data from the US National Tuberculosis Surveillance System during 1993-2005. Foreign-born patients were more likely to be infected with an isoniazid-resistant strain.     

Clostridium difficile Infections among Hospitalized Children, United States, 1997�C2006

We evaluated the annual rate (cases/10,000 hospitalizations) of pediatric hospitalizations with Clostridium difficile infection (CDI; International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision, clinical modification code 008.45) in the United States. We performed a time-series analysis of data from the Kids’ Inpatient Database within the Health Care Cost and Utilization Project during 1997–2006 and a cross-sectional analysis within the National Hospital Discharge Survey during 2006. The rate of pediatric CDI-related hospitalizations increased from 7.24 to 12.80 from 1997 through 2006; the lowest rate was for children <1 year of age. Although incidence was lowest for newborns (0.5), incidence for children <1 year of age who were not newborns (32.01) was similar to that for children 5–9 years of age (35.27), which in turn was second only to incidence for children 1–4 years of age (44.87). Pediatric CDI-related hospitalizations are increasing. A better understanding of the epidemiology and outcomes of CDI is urgently needed.     

Antimicrobial Drug Use and Macrolide-Resistant Streptococcus pyogenes, Belgium

In Belgium, decreasing macrolide, lincosamide, streptogramins B, and tetracycline use during 1997-2007 correlated significantly with decreasing macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pyogenes during 1999-2009. Maintaining drug use below a critical threshold corresponded with low-level macrolide-resistant S. pyogenes and an increased number of erm(A)-harboring emm77 S. pyogenes with low fitness costs.     

儿童肺炎支原体感染疾病的临床分析

目的报道儿童肺炎支原体感染的临床情况.方法对近3年来血清支原体抗体(IgM)阳性的儿童进行回顾性分析.结果肺炎支原体感染以呼吸道为主占87%,其他感染占17%.结论儿童肺炎支原体感染表现多样,年龄偏小,阿奇霉素治疗安全有效.     

Investigation of Inhalation Anthrax Case,United States

Inhalation anthrax occurred in a man who vacationed in 4 US states where anthrax is enzootic. Despite an extensive multi-agency investigation, the specific source was not detected, and no additional related human or animal cases were found. Although rare, inhalation anthrax can occur naturally in the United States.     

肺炎支原体感染防治若干问题及对策

目的 探讨肺炎支原体感染临床治疗中有效对策.方法 结合近代肺炎支原体感染治疗研究现状部分问题,运用中医辨证和辩病论治结合现代药理学研究进展方法,防治肺炎支原体感染.结果 中西医结合防治此病有效.结论 中西医结合辨证和辩病结合论治防治此病为有效对策.