Expression of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in Human Lungs

The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in lungs of patients with or without adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We compared the expression of iNOS by immunohistochemical analysis and polymerase chain reaction in the human lungs collected during open-lung biopsy or at autopsy. The expression of iNOS mRNA was present in all lung samples; however, only 3 out of 11 lung samples showed weak staining for iNOS. Although the involvement of nitric oxide in animal models of ARDS is reported, production of nitric oxide in human lungs is still controversial. The data presented here suggest that human lungs express iNOS mRNA but that the production of iNOS protein may be tightly regulated and is expressed in pulmonary inflammation.     

慢性肾炎致慢性肾衰竭患者心衰发生相关危险因素分析

目的：了解慢性肾炎致慢性肾衰竭患者血压、血红蛋白、血清白蛋白、血脂、血肌酐、电解质及尿素氮、胱抑素C、同型半胱氨酸及高敏C反应蛋白等指标与心力衰竭发生之间的关系,分析并探讨相关危险因素。方法：回顾性分析我院343例慢性肾炎致慢性肾衰竭患者心衰发生及其同期血压等指标变化情况,了解其规律及相互关系。结果：（1）343例患者有77例合并发生心衰（22．4％）,其中19岁～39岁占20．5％,40岁～59岁占22．8％,〉60岁占33．3％;合并发生心衰多为CKD5期患者（97．4％）。（2）血压、血红蛋白、CO2CP、血肌酐、高敏C反应蛋白在有无心衰发生组存在统计学差异（P〈0．01）,其中血压、血肌酐、光抑素C、高敏C反应蛋白等与心衰发生呈负相关（P〈0．05）,而年龄、钙磷、血清白蛋白及血脂、尿素氮、同型半胱氨酸组间无统计学差异。结论：慢性肾炎致慢性肾衰竭患者心力衰竭发生率很高,其发生可能与高血压、贫血、酸中毒、血肌酐及微炎症状态等因素有关。     

红细胞生成素对慢性肾衰竭大鼠外周血内皮祖细胞Ang-1表达的影响

目的：观察红细胞生成素（EPO）对慢性肾衰竭大鼠（CRF）外周血内皮祖细胞（EPC）血管生成素-1（Ang-1）表达的影响.方法：采用分阶段5/6肾切除制备大鼠CRF模型.实验动物随机分为3组：假手术组、CRF模型组、EPO治疗组.从第3周开始,治疗组大鼠每次皮下注射重组人EPO 50 U/kg,每周3次,共6周.8周时取其外周血分离与培养EPC,并检测EPC的功能.采用实时荧光定量PCR和western印迹方法检测外周血EPC 的Ang-1 mRNA和蛋白的表达.结果：与模型组比较,EPO治疗能提高CRF大鼠外周血EPC数量及其增殖、黏附与形成血管腔样结构的能力（均P〈0.05）;并可上调外周血EPC 的Ang-1 mRNA及蛋白的表达（均P〈0.05）.结论：EPO可动员慢性肾衰竭大鼠外周血EPC,并能增加外周血EPC血管生成素1表达.     

慢性肾衰竭小鼠模型的建立及生物学特征

目的：通过制备小鼠慢性肾衰竭（CRF）模型,观察小鼠的生物学特征,有助于研究CRF的发病机制,预防终末期肾病的发生.方法：30只6-8周龄C57雄性小鼠适应性饲养1周后,5/6肾切除法（5/6 NX）切除模型组左肾上下极,1周后切除右肾,6周后处死.动态观察小鼠一般情况、血清常规和生化指标、测量体重和血压变化,检测肾脏组织病理学的变化.结果：与假手术组和正常对照组相比,模型组小鼠6周后出现体重减低、血清高尿素氮、高肌酐、高磷、贫血、血压升高和尿量增多（均P〈0.05）.肾脏病理发现残肾单位代偿性肥大,系膜基质增生,胶原沉积增多.结论：5/6 NX是理想的CRF小鼠模型制作方法,CRF小鼠具有营养不良,高血压和钙磷代谢紊乱等特征.     

Chronic Renal Failure in Kidney Transplant Recipients. Do They Receive Optimum Care?: Data from the UK Renal Registry

We report the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and related complications in a national cohort of RTR (n=9542), and compare this with dialysis patients. The majority of RTR were classified as having CKD stage 2T (21.6%) or 3T (57.5%) with 15.7% classified as CKD stage 4T and 3.1% as stage 5T. Only 2.1% of RTR were in CKD stage 1T. The proportion of patients with stage 4T and 5T CKD who lost their graft in the following year was 8% and 49%, respectively. The prevalence of anemia (hemoglobin <11 g/dL) increased from 4.4% in stage 1T to 51.5% in stage 5T and compared with 30% in dialysis patients (p<0.0001). Hypertension, hyperphosphatemia, elevated Ca x PO(4), raised iPTH and hypoalbuminemia rose with increasing CKD stage. For many variables, the achievement of standards was lower in stage 5T RTR than in dialysis patients. There were center differences in median estimated glomerular filtration rate and percentage of patients with hemoglobin <11 g/dL (p<0.0001). In conclusion, many patients in stage 4T-5T have CKD-related complications that fall below targets established for nontransplant CKD patients. They are at increased risk of graft loss. More attention needs to be paid to managing these complications and preparing these patients for a return to dialysis and/or retransplantation.     

中药对慢性肾衰竭氮质血症及肾血流参数的影响

目的 :探讨中药参麦注射液及复方丹参注射液对慢性肾衰 (CRF)病人血尿素氮、肌酐的治疗作用及其延缓CRF的机制。方法 :1992年～ 1999年本院肾科住院病人 148例 ,BUN11～ 42mmol/L ,Scrl177～ 44 2 μmol/L ,Ccr10～ 2 5ml/min之间。入院后随机分为两组 ,参麦组 (SMI) 76例 ,复方丹参组 (FDI) 72例 ,分别使用参麦注射液或复方丹参注射液 2 0ml,加入 5 %葡萄糖液中静脉滴注 ,每日 1次 ,15d为一疗程。定期复查血象、肝肾功能、彩色多普勒能量图 (CDPI) ,检测肾血流参数、收缩期峰值 (Vmax)、舒张末期流速 (Vmin)、肾血管阻力指数 (RI) ,随访 3年 ,并作相关分析。结果 :治疗后两组病人临床症状均有明显改善 ,BUN、Scr均有降低 ,但参麦组更为明显 ,总有效率 93.4% ;RI与BUN相关系数分别为 0 .78,0 .6 1;Vmin与BUN、Scr的相关系数分别为 - 0 .91、- 0 .75 ;3年后 ,SMI组 86 .4%的病人病情稳定 ,未进入尿毒症期 ;FDI组有 6 2 .4%的病人Scr稳定在 177～ 44 2 μmol/L之间。 结论 :中药SMI、FDI均是治疗CRF有效药物 ,SMI更为明显 ,其改善氮质血症及延缓CRF的进展机制与改善肾动脉血流参数Vmax、Vmin及RI有关。彩色多普勒能量图不仅对肾血流参数的诊断很有价值 ,而且对治疗效果的监测和指导用药也很有意义。     

Donor and Recipient Origin of Mesenchymal and Endothelial Cells in Chronic Renal Allograft Remodeling

Chronic transplant dysfunction (CTD) is the leading cause for limited kidney graft survival. Renal CTD is characterized by interstitial and vascular remodeling leading to interstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy and transplant vasculopathy (TV). The origin of cells and pathogenesis of interstitial and vascular remodeling are still unknown. To study graft-versus-recipient origin of interstitial myofibroblasts, vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs), we here describe a new rat model for renal CTD using Dark Agouti kidney donors and R26 human placental alkaline phosphatase transgenic Fischer344 recipients. This model showed the development of CTD within 12 weeks after transplantation. In interstitial remodeling, both graft- and recipient-derived cells contributed to a similar extent to the accumulation of myofibroblasts. In arteries with TV, we observed graft origin of neointimal SMCs and ECs, whereas in peritubular and glomerular capillaries, we detected recipient EC chimerism. These data indicate that, within the interstitial and vascular compartments of the transplanted kidney, myofibroblasts, SMCs and ECs involved in chronic remodeling are derived from different sources and suggest distinct pathogenetic mechanisms within the renal compartments.     

Pathophysiological Role of Leptin in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure, in Kidney Transplant Patients, in Patients with Essential Hypertension, and in Pregnant Women with Preeclampsia

This paper is a summary of results obtained in our studies on leptinemia in patients with chronic renal failure treated with recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO), in kidney transplant patients, in patients with essential hypertension, and in pregnant women with preeclampsia. In this study, we found that rHuEPO treatment has a suppressive effect on leptinemia in patients with end-stage renal failure. These results suggest that the appetite stimulating effect of rHuEPO may be mediated by a reduction of leptin synthesis and release. At the early stage of successful kidney transplantation, a significant decline of leptinemia was noticed, which was not related either to the excretory function of the graft or the kind and dose of immunosuppressants. In kidney transplant patients with grafts functioning well for 2.5 years, significantly elevated leptinemia was found. From these results, we may conclude that factors other than the excretory function of the graft and the kind and dosage of immunosuppressants may be involved in the pathogenesis of abnormal leptinemia in these patients. Both in normotensive subjects and patients with essential hypertension, a positive correlation was found between leptinemia and mean blood pressure, suggesting that leptin may be involved in the regulation of blood pressure. Both healthy and preeclamptic pregnant women show higher leptinemia than nonpregnant women. In preeclamptic women, leptin levels in maternal vein blood, umbilical cord blood, and amniotic fluid were significantly higher than respective values found in healthy pregnant women. In contrast to healthy pregnant and nonpregnant women, in women with preeclampsia, no correlation was found between the body mass index (BMI) and leptinemia. In preeclamptic women the abnormally elevated leptinemia was not related to blood pressure. Finally, no correlation was found between leptinemia in maternal and umbilical cord blood. From these studies, it follows that the elucidation of abnormal leptin secretion in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia needs further study.     

Reduction of Blood Pressure Retards the Progression of Chronic Renal Failure in Man

The effect of blood pressure reduction on the progression rateof chronic renal failure (CRF) was studied in 28 patients withCRF of diverse aetiology entering a prospective study (observationtime 7–24 months, mean 16 months). Endogenous creatinineclearance was 12–66 ml/mm (mean 30±3 ml/mm). Weaimed to keep the blood pressure below 160/90 mmlHg. Dietaryprotein was not restricted. The progression rate of CRF wasassessed from the regression coefficients of the regressionsof creatinine clearance and the inverse of s-creatinine, respectively,on time. Progression rate and the means of all recordings ofmean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and urinary protein excretion,respectively, in each patient during the prospective phase werecompared with retro spective data from the proceeding period(observation time 4–25 months, mean 19 months). The patientsreceived various combinations of antihypertensive drugs includingdiuretics, beta-blockers and vasodilatory drugs. In 19 patientsMAP decreased from 109±2 to 102±2 mmHg (groupI), whereas MAP increased from 105±2 to l08±2mmHgin nine patients (group II). In group I proteinuria was significantlylower (P<0.05) and the progression of CRF was approximately50% slower (P.<0.01) in the prospective phase than in theretrospective phase; no changes were observed in group II. Calculatedfor all patients, significant correlations were observed betweenthe change in MAP and the change in progression rate and proteinexcretion, respectively. These results indicate that loweringof blood pressure results in decreased proteinuria and retardationof the progression of CRF irrespective of the aetiology.     

非透析肾衰竭患者微炎症、白蛋白、前白蛋白与营养不良的关系

目的：探讨慢性肾衰竭非透析患者微炎症状态、血清白蛋白、前白蛋白与营养不良之间的关系。方法：143例慢性肾脏病（CKD）4～5期的非透析CKD患者通过主观综合营养评估（SGA）法分为营养良好组和营养不良组,测定白蛋白、前白蛋白等生化营养指标,同时应用DEXA法测定所有患者全身肌肉组织及脂肪组织含量,以C反应蛋白（CRP）水平评价慢性炎症的状态。结果：143例患者平均CRP（4．64±7．51）mg／L,CRP升高（〉8mg／L）的比例为21．67％,营养不良组平均CRP及CRP升高比例均显著高于营养良好组（P〈0．01）,营养不良组的前白蛋白水平较低（P〈0．05）,血清白蛋白水平差异无统计学意义。CRP水平与血清Alb呈极显著负相关（Rho=-0．338,P〈0．01）,与Pre—Alb呈极显著负相关（Rho=-0．347．P〈0．001）。Pre—Alb水平与LBM之间存在显著相关（Rho=0．257,P〈0．05）;Logistic回归分析显示：低FMDXA百分比、高血清CRP水平和低肾小球滤过率是营养不良的独立危险因素。结论：非透析CKD患者中存在微炎症状态,微炎症状态与CKD患者营养不良、低蛋白血症直接相关,血清前白蛋白较白蛋白更好地反映非透析CKD患者的营养状况。     

Erythropoiesis in the Anaemia of Chronic Renal Failure: The Response to CAPD

Fifteen patients with chronic renal failure commencing CAPDtreatment were studied by a sensitive ferrokinetic technique.All were severely anaemic with a low red cell volume (RCV).Plasma volume (PV) was raised in twelve. Mean red cell lifespan(MRCL) was reduced in eleven subjects, and marrow iron turnover(MIT) was inappropriately low but this was not related to erythropoietinlevels. Six patients were restudied after several months CAPD. PV fellin four and RCV increased in all six. MRCL rose to normal inthree. The other three subjects had an increase in MIT. Erythropoietinlevels did not change significantly. The major cause of uraemicanaemia is a failure of erythropoiesis to match fully the demandsof red cell destruction.     

慢性肾衰竭患者白细胞介素13水平及血液透析对其影响

目的：探讨慢性肾衰竭(CRF)不同损害期患血浆白细胞介素13(IL—13)水平和临床意义以及血液速析(HD)对其影响。方法：应用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测CRF患血浆IL—13水平对IL不同肾功能损害期患血浆IL—13水平，并与肌酐清除率(Ccr)做直线相关分析，观察HD对尿毒症患血浆IL—13水平的影响。结果：CRF患血浆IL—13水平较正常对照组增高，且随着肾功能损害程度的加重而增高，至尿毒症期达到最高，与Ccr呈负相关；初次HD使尿毒症患血浆IL—13水平降低，维持HD2个月后，血浆IL—13水平降低更为明显。结论：IL—13可能参与CRF患免疫炎症调节进程，HD可使其水平降低。     

伴有慢性肾衰竭的马兜铃酸肾病与IgA肾病的配对研究

目的:了解伴有慢性肾衰竭的马兜铃酸肾病患者与IgA肾病患者的临床病理差异.方法:分析11例马兜铃酸肾病患者的临床病理资料,并与经肾活检确诊的IgA肾病患者进行配对比较.结果:两组患者的年龄、性别、血肌酐水平无明显差异(P>0.05),马兜铃酸肾病患者镜下血尿发生率低于IgA肾病患者(P<0.05).在血肌酐水平无明显差异时,马兜铃酸肾病患者血红蛋白浓度明显低于IgA肾病患者(P<0.01),尿蛋白定量和肾脏的长径少于IgA肾病患者(P<0.05).间质纤维化程度重于IgA肾病患者(P<0.05),而间质炎细胞浸润少(P<0.05).结论:伴有慢性肾衰竭的马兜铃酸肾病患者临床发展隐匿,与IgA肾病比较,肾小管间质损伤是造成肾功能损害的主要原因,因此要重视对马兜铃酸肾病的早期防治.     

慢性肾衰竭患者血液透析前后氨基酸谱和蛋白质水平的变化

目的：观察慢性肾衰竭（CRF）患者血液透析（HD）前后血清蛋白质和氨基酸（AA）谱变化。方法：对20例CRF患者HD前后蛋白质和氨基酸浓度进行比较。结果：透析后血清视黄醇结合蛋白（RBP）、白蛋白（Alb)和前白蛋白（PA）较透析前有所下降，而转铁蛋白有所增高，但均无统计学意义。血清丝氨酸（Ser)、苏氨酸（Thr)、谷氨酸（Glu)、脯氨酸（Pro)、甘氨酸（Gly)、丙氨酸（Ala)、半胱氨酸（Cys)、赖氨酸（Lys)浓度，透析后下降显著（P＜0．01），余无显著性改变。结论：HD影响机体蛋白质、氨基酸代谢，可使部分血清氨基酸蛋白质丢失，加重机体营养不良。     

柴半六合汤对慢性肾衰竭合并胃肠道症状患者胃泌素、胃动素及生长抑素的作用

目的:观察柴半六合汤对慢性肾衰竭(CRF)合并胃肠道症状患者的作用以及对胃泌素(GAS)、胃动素(MTL)及生长抑素(SS)的影响。方法:将60例CRF合并胃肠道症状患者随机分为两组,治疗组30例给予柴半六合汤,对照组30例给予尿毒清颗粒口服,2月后观察两组疗效、实验室指标以及血浆GAS、MTL及SS的变化。结果:临床综合疗效治疗组90.0%,明显优于对照组73.3%;治疗组治疗后胃肠道症状有明显改善或缓解,与对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗组的血尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Scr)、GAS和MTL水平下降,内生肌酐清除率(Ccr)、及SS水平提高,与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:柴半六合汤能调节胃肠激素水平,减轻CRF患者胃肠道症状,延缓CRF的进展。     

Molecular Basis for the Management of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Chronic Renal Failure

Abstract: Recent clinical and experimental data suggest that the resistance of parathyroid cells to the physiological concentration of calcitriol plays an important role in the pathogenesis and the progression of secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal failure. This resistance is due to the decreased density of the calcitriol receptor in parathyroid cells, which may result from impaired up-regulation of calcitriol receptor. Since patients with larger parathyroid glands were more resistance to calcitriol pulse therapy than those with smaller glands and calcitriol receptor density inversely correlated with gland weight, the size of the parathyroid gland may serve as a marker for the degree of resistance to calcitriol. Furthermore, the possible role of phosphorus in the control of parathyroid function has been suggested recently. Thus, it is most important to prevent the progression of parathyroid hyperplasia in chronic renal failure by the early use of active vitamin D, calcitriol pulse therapy, and dietary phosphorus restriction.     

The Effects and Pharmacokinetics of rhG-CSF in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure

Abstract: The pharmacokinetics and effects of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) on neutrophils and immunological function were studied in 10 patients wtih end-stage renal failure. A single dose and 2–week consecutive dosing of 50 μ-g/m² of rhG-CSF were drip infused intravenously, and plasma rhG-CSF levels, peripheral blood cell counts, coagulation, and neutrophil and immunological functions were determined during treatment. The mean half-life of rhG-CSF in patients (2.47 ± 0.64 h) was prolonged to about twice that of healthy subjects, and hemodialysis did not affect the pharmacokinetics. A marked increase in neutrophils and a slight increase in lymphocytes were observed with the single and consecutive administration of rhG-CSF, but no significant changes were noted in other leukocyte fractions and erythrocyte and platelet counts. The neutrophil alkaline phosphatase value increased significantly following rhG-CSF administration, and other neutrophil functions were also ameliorated in several patients with neutrophil dysfunction. In consecutive administration, however, mild bone pain and increased serum alkaline phosphatase were observed in about half the patients, but neither accumulation of rhG-CSF nor antibody production was detected. From these results, it is concluded that rhG-CSF is safe and effective for the treatment of neutropenia and neutrophil dysfunction in patients with renal failure.     

Effect of Haemodialysis on Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Pathology in Patients With Chronic Renal Failure

Upper gastrointestinal tract pathology observed at autopsy in94 patients with end-stage renal disease (GFR<10 ml/min)was analysed retrospectively. To better evaluate the effectof haemodialysis on this pathology, the chronic renal failurepatients were subdivided into three groups: 19 patients whohad died before haemodialysis treatment could be undertaken(group I), 21 patients who had died during the first month (groupII), and 54 patients who had died after at least one month ofhaemodialysis treatment (group III). The results revealed thatthe number of patients with upper gastrointestinal tract pathologywas significantly higher in groups I and II (58% and 57% respectively)as compared to group III (31%) and controls (35%). No differencecould be demonstrated between group III and controls. The mostprevalent lesions observed were gastritis, followed by gastricand peptic ulcers. The incidence of this pathology appearedto decline as the duration of dialysis therapy increased. Mortalitycaused by upper gastrointestinal tract pathology remained highduring the first two years of treatment in group III, despitea smaller incidence of upper tract lesions. This was explainedby a relatively higher proportion of haemorrhage.     

Vitamin D3 Metabolites in Chronic Renal Failure and After Renal Transplantation

Circulating vitamin D3 metabolites were measured in 31 adultpatients with chronic renal failure and 31 adults between 3and 30 months after renal transplantation. No subject excretedover 1 g urinary protein daily nor received vitamin D or itsmetabolites. There was a positive correlation between 1,25(OH)₂D3and GFR between 15 and 90 ml/min in both chronic renal failure(r=0.60, P<0.001) and transplant subjects (r=0.49, P<0.01)and between 1.25(OH)₂ and 25(OH)D3 after transplant (r=0.69,P<0.001), but not in chronic renal failure (r=0.22, P=ns).There was a weak inverse correlation between 1,25(OH)₂D3 andserum phosphate in chronic renal failure (r=0.36, P<0.05)but not post transplant (r=0.03, P=ns). Compared with 1,25(OH)₂D3concentrations in 16 normal subjects (mean±SEM: 39.5±1.9 pg/ml), chronic renal failure subjects with mild renal impairment(GFR 45–90 ml/min, mean: 61.5±3.3 ml/min, n=17)had reduced 1,25(OH)₂D3 (28.9±2.7 pg/ml, P<0.01).In transplant subjects with mild impairment (GFR 45–90ml/min, mean: 61.4±3.7), 1,25(OH)₂D3 was positively (r=0.79,P<0.001) and iPTH inversely correlated (r=0.51, P<0.05)with 25(OH)D3. In each of nine such subjects studied, seasonalvariations in 1,25(OH)₂ (P<0.001) and PTH (P<0.05, 1-tailedtest), as well as in 25(OH)D3 and 24,25(OH)₂D3 were observed.We conclude that (1) 1,25(OH)₂D3 may be reduced early in thecourse of chronic renal failure and that (2) because of abnormaldependence of 1 ,25(OH)₂D3 on 25(OH)D3, low 25(OH)D3 may resultin reduced 1,25(OH)₂D3 values post transplant. Increased PTHin such cases suggests the functional significance of theseobservations.     

Renal transplantation, chronic dialysis, and chronic renal insufficiency in children and adolescents. The 1995 Annual Report of the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study

The 1995 Annual Report of the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study summarizes data voluntarily collected from 123 centers on 5,197 children and adolescents grouped into three cohorts: (1) patients who received renal transplants on or after 1 January 1987 (n = 3,066), (2) patients who were maintained on peritoneal dialysis (PD) or hemodialysis (HD) on or after 1 January 1992 (n = 1,488), and (3) patients treated for chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) on or after 1 January 1994 (n = 643). The transplant and dialysis information update previous registry data whereas the CRI information reflects 1st-year registry data. Three-year graft survival rates were 83% and 66% for living donor grafts and cadaver donor (CD) grafts, respectively. Triple drug maintenance therapy with prednisone, cyclosporine, and azathioprine was used by >70% of all transplant recipients through 5 years of follow-up. The 2-year CD survival has steadily improved from 65% in 1987 to 82% in 1992. Fifty malignancies have been reported, the majority of which are lymphoproliferative disorders. The 2-year patient survival posttransplantation is 95%. Mortality rates for the youngest patients have drastically improved over the past 2 years. Approximately two-thirds of patients in the dialysis cohort are maintained on PD; automated PD remains the preferred modality. Overall, the peritonitis rate is one infection every 13.3 patient months, the frequency of infection being greatest in the youngest patients. Whereas the primary reason for dialysis modality termination is transplantation, approximately 40% of the entire dialysis cohort (PD and HD) were not considered active transplant candidates. Baseline CRI data revealed the most common primary diagnoses to be obstructive uropathy (24%) and aplastic/hypoplastic/dysplastic kidneys (19%). The standardized height deficit in the CRI cohort was greatest in the youngest patients and those with the most impaired renal function.