右美托咪定在重症监护患者镇静中的临床观察

目的研究右美托咪定在重症监护患者镇静中的效果及安全性。方法将2011年1月至2012年4月本院重症监护病房收治的需要镇静的60例患者随机分为右美托咪定组(30例)和咪达唑仑组(30例)。调整药物剂量使Ramsay评分控制在3～4分,分别记录镇静起效的时间、停用镇静药物后苏醒时间、谵妄发生率、机械通气时间、ICU留住时间及不良反应的发生率。结果与咪达唑仑组比较,右美托咪定组起效迅速,唤醒所需时间短,谵妄发生率低,治疗剂量内不诱发临床意义的呼吸抑制。两组患者的机械通气时间,ICU留住时间,血流动力学影响发生率相似。结论右美托咪定在重症监护病房是一种较为理想的镇静剂。     

盐酸右美托咪定用于重症监护患者镇静及镇痛的临床观察

目的：分析探讨盐酸右美托咪定用于重症监护患者镇静及镇痛的临床效果。方法86例重症室治疗的患者随机分为对照组和试验组,每组43例。对照组患者采用咪达唑仑药物治疗方式,试验组患者采用盐酸右美托咪定药物治疗方式,比较两组患者的疼痛情况、机械通气时间、心率、血压以及呼吸频率等情况。结果药物调整剂量后两组患者的Ramsay评分在2~4分时,试验组患者的视觉模拟法评分低于对照组患者,试验组患者的唤醒时间明显短于对照组患者;试验组患者出现1例患者血压下降,1例患者出现心动过缓,自主呼吸频率无明显变化;对照组患者出现8例血压下降,6例患者出现心率下降,5例患者出现自主呼吸频率下降,两组患者比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组患者的机械通气时间无明显差异,比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论盐酸右美托咪定在重症监护病房中的镇静、镇痛作用效果明显,对血流动力学的影响较小,值得临床推广应用。     

右美托咪定对重症监护患者镇静及镇痛的影响

目的：探讨右美托咪定在重症监护患者中的应用效果。方法选择我院收治的重症监护患者79例,随机分为观察组和对照组。观察组患者给予右美托咪定治疗,对照组给予咪达唑仑治疗。采用视觉模拟法评定患者疼痛情况;记录两组患者的唤醒时间;记录两组患者的机械通气时间。观察两组患者药物应用治疗过程中的不良反应发生情况。结果观察组患者的疼痛评分低于对照组的疼痛评分,观察组唤醒时间短于对照组的唤醒时间,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0．05）;观察组机械通气时间和对照组机械通气时间相似,差异无统计学意义（ P＞0．05）。观察组不良反应发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0．05）。结论右美托咪定对重症监护患者有较好的镇静和镇痛作用,其镇静镇痛效果优于咪达唑仑,值得借鉴。     

右美托咪定在重症监护病房患者镇静镇痛中的应用

目的：探索盐酸右美托咪定对重症监护病房患者镇静、镇痛的疗效及不良反应。方法选取2013年6月－2014年7月在该院重症病房接受治疗的需使用镇静、镇痛药的患者86例,随机分为右美托咪定组和咪达唑仑组各43例。右美托咪定组使用盐酸右美托咪定对重症监护病房患者镇静、镇痛进行治疗,咪达唑仑组使用咪达唑仑重症监护病房患者镇静、镇痛进行治疗。结果右美托咪定组的VAS评分明显低于咪达唑仑组,唤醒时间明显短于咪达唑仑组,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。2组机械通气时间比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。2组恶心发生率差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。右美托咪定组的顺行性遗忘及呼吸频率下降的发生率均明显低于咪达唑仑组,但心动过缓和低血压的发生率均显著高于咪达唑仑组,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。右美托咪定组满意程度明显高于咪达唑仑组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。结论右美托咪定具有良好的镇静、镇痛作用,但能引起低血压、心动过缓、恶心及顺行性遗忘等不良作用。     

盐酸右美托咪定在重症监护病房患者镇静镇痛中的效果分析

目的探讨盐酸右美托咪定对重症监护病房患者镇静镇痛中的效果。方法选取2017年1月至2018年1月在大连中心医院急诊ICU就诊的40例需要接受镇静、镇痛药的患者,随机分为试验组和对照组,对照组20例咪达唑仑治疗,试验组40例使用盐酸右美托咪定治疗,比较两组患者的VAS评分、唤醒时间、机械通气时间。结果试验组VAS评分、唤醒时间、机械通气时间均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。结论对重症监护病房的患者使用盐酸右美托咪定对患者进行镇静镇痛治疗,效果显著,提高到患者的生活质量,值得在临床推广。     

右美托咪定用于急诊脑外伤气管插管后患者镇静效果观察和护理体会

目的观察右美托咪定用于急诊脑外科气管插管后患者镇静的效果、安全性,并总结护理体会。方法将60例急诊脑外科气管插管后需镇静的患者随机分为两组,右美托咪定组30例,咪达唑仑组30例,观察比较两组的镇静效果和不良反应发生率。结果两组镇静后血压、心率、呼吸频率均较镇静前下降,差异有统计学意义。右美托咪定组患者镇静后血氧饱和度(SPO2)较镇静前显著提高,咪达唑仑组患者镇静后SPO2在90min、120min较镇静前显著提高,差异有统计学意义。两组脑电双频指数(BIS)均较镇静前明显下降,差异有统计学意义。右美托咪定组镇静起效快于咪达唑仑组,差异有统计学意义。镇静后10min、30min咪达唑仑组较右美托咪定组呼吸频率下降明显,差异有统计学意义。右美托咪定组镇静后呼吸抑制发生率高于咪达唑仑组。结论右美托咪定和咪达唑仑均可用于脑外科患者气管插管后的镇静,但前者起效更快,更安全。     

右美托咪定与咪达唑仑用于机械通气重症患者镇静治疗效果比较

目的 比较右美托咪定与咪达唑仑用于机械通气重症患者镇静治疗的临床效果.方法 回顾性分析2017年5月-2018年12月厦门市第五医院收治的机械通气重症行镇静治疗患者70例的临床资料,根据所采用镇静治疗药物不同分为右美托咪定组和咪达唑仑组,各35例.比较2组镇静效果[Ramsay评分、疼痛数字评分法(NRS)评分、拔管时...     

盐酸右美托咪定用于机械通气患者镇静的临床观察

目的探讨以盐酸右美托咪定为基础的镇静对重症监护病房（ICU）机械通气患者镇静效果的影响。方法 40例需机械通气的内科患者随机分为咪达唑仑组（A组）和盐酸右美托咪定＋咪达唑仑组（B组）,每组20例。记录镇静前的APACHEⅡ评分、Ramsay评分和PaO2/FiO2指标。记录镇静中4h、6h和12h的心率、血压和呼吸。镇静达12h时停止药物输注,每30min评估1次镇静深度,记录恢复时间,达到满意镇静深度的时间,镇静满意程度。结果 90%患者单独使用盐酸右美托咪定就能达到满意的镇静效果,如果联合使用咪达唑仑也只需要很低的剂量。比较咪达唑仑用量、调整泵速至镇静满意时间和恢复时间,B组均明显少于A组（P〈0.05）;B组的镇静满意程度明显高于A组（P〈0.05）。结论对机械通气的患者以盐酸右美托咪定为基础的镇静能提高咪达唑仑的镇静效果。     

右美托咪定用于眼科玻璃体手术镇静效果观察

摘 要 目的：在麻醉深度指数（CSI）指导下,评价眼科玻璃体手术中右美托咪定镇静的有效性和安全性。方法：采用前瞻性随机双盲对照试验方法,60例择期行玻璃体手术患者随机分为右美托咪定组（D组,右美托咪定以0.25 μg·kg-1·h-1输注）和咪达唑仑组（M组,咪达唑仑以25 μg·kg-1·h-1输注）。患者入手术室后行常规麻醉监测和CSI监测,术中CSI靶目标值设定为＞80。术中根据CSI值调整药物输注速率。记录术中循环、呼吸参数,术后对患者行镇痛评分、记录不良反应、评估患者和手术医生满意度。结果：D组患者手术开始35~50 min和术毕心率均低于M组（P＜0.05）,疼痛评分显著低于M组（P＜0.05）;两组患者其他血流动力学和呼吸参数、手术满意度和药品不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。 结论：右美托咪定在玻璃体手术中可降低心率,镇痛起效快,且不良反应小,适于该类手术镇静。     

丙泊酚和右美托咪啶对于重症监护病房患者镇静效果的比较分析

目的：对照分析丙泊酚和右美托咪啶对重症监护患者的临床镇痛效果。方法：选取重症颅脑外伤躁动患者44例为研究对象,设为丙泊酚镇静组;同期选取同症患者44例作为参照对象,设为右美托咪啶镇静组,对比观察两组的镇静效果、不良反应等指标。结果：丙泊酚组患者达到镇静满意的时间和停药后唤醒时间明显短于右美托咪啶组,两组差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。机械通气时间,丙泊酚组与右美托咪啶组差异不明显,无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。右美托咪啶组心动过缓的发生率更高,丙泊酚组呼吸抑制、注射部位疼痛的发生率较高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。结论：对于重症颅脑外伤躁动患者而言,给予丙泊酚和右美托咪定都能够起到显著的镇静效果,丙泊酚药物见效快,用药时间短,有时会出现呼吸抑制现象,右美托咪啶抑制呼吸并不明显,但是心动过缓现象时有发生。因此临床用药过程中应该根据具体病情给药。     

Economic evaluation of dexmedetomidine relative to midazolam for sedation in the intensive care unit

Background

Dexmedetomidine is an α₂-receptor agonist administered by continuous infusion in the intensive care unit (ICU) for sedation of critically ill patients who are undergoing mechanical ventilation following intubation. Relative to ICU patients receiving midazolam (a γ-aminobutyric acid agonist) for sedation, those receiving dexmedetomidine spent less time on ventilation, had fewer episodes of delirium, and had a lower incidence of tachycardia and hypertension.

Objective

To assess the economic impact, in a Canadian context, of dexmedetomidine, relative to midazolam, for sedation in the ICU.

Methods

This economic evaluation was based on a cost–consequences analysis, from the perspective of the Canadian health care system. The selected time horizon was an ICU stay (maximum 30 days). Clinical data were obtained from a previously published prospective, randomized, double-blind trial comparing dexmedetomidine and midazolam. This evaluation considered the costs of the medications, mechanical ventilation, and delirium episodes, as well as costs associated with adverse events requiring an intervention. All costs were adjusted to 2010 and are reported in Canadian dollars.

Results

The average cost of the medication was higher for dexmedetomidine than midazolam ($1929.57 versus $180.10 per patient), but the average costs associated with mechanical ventilation and management of delirium were lower with dexmedetomidine than with midazolam ($2939 versus $4448 for ventilation; $2127 versus $3012 for delirium). The overall cost per patient was lower with dexmedetomidine than with midazolam ($7022 versus $7680). Deterministic sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of the difference.

Conclusions

The use of dexmedetomidine was, in most contexts, a more favourable strategy than the use of midazolam, in terms of clinical consequences and economic impact. Dexmedetomidine was less expensive than midazolam and was associated with lower occurrence of delirium and shorter duration of mechanical ventilation.     

右美托咪定：值得期待的重症监护病房的镇静药

催眠和镇静药右美托咪定是一种新型、强效、高选择性肾上腺素仅α_2受体激动药,它在镇静的同时保持病人可以被唤醒,兼有镇痛作用,对血流动力学的影响可以预见,无呼吸抑制作用。目前的研究支持将该药作为重症监护病房(ICU)镇静的首选药物。     

Pharmacokinetic considerations for pediatric patients receiving analgesia in the intensive care unit; targeting postoperative,ECMO and hypothermia patients

Introduction: Adequate postoperative analgesia in pediatric patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) matters, since untreated pain is associated with negative outcomes. Compared to routine postoperative patients, children undergoing hypothermia (HT) or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), or recovering after cardiac surgery likely display non-maturational differences in pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD). These differences warrant additional dosing recommendations to optimize pain treatment.

Areas covered: Specific populations within the ICU will be discussed with respect to expected variations in PK and PD for various analgesics. We hereby move beyond maturational changes and focus on why PK/PD may be different in children undergoing HT, ECMO or cardiac surgery. We provide a stepwise manner to develop PK-based dosing regimens using population PK approaches in these populations.

Expert opinion: A one-dose to size-fits-all for analgesia is suboptimal, but for several commonly used analgesics the impact of HT, ECMO or cardiac surgery on average PK parameters in children is not yet sufficiently known. Parameters considering both maturational and non-maturational covariates are important to develop population PK-based dosing advices as part of a strategy to optimize pain treatment.     

在重症监护病房开展药学服务的实践与方法

目的：探讨临床药师在ICU开展药学服务的方法和切入点.方法：主要从规范抗菌药物的使用,制定深部真菌感染危险因素评估及防治方案,评估患者的肝、肾功能,树立药物经济学理念等方面人手,开展临床药学服务.结果：本院临床药师针对临床各方面需要发挥药学专长,在ICU开展药学服务取得初步成效.结论：临床药师在ICU的药学服务,对合理、安全地使用药物起到了应有的作用.     

右美托咪定对颈丛阻滞患者术中镇痛、镇静以及心率变异性的影响

目的：观察右美托咪定对颈丛阻滞患者术中镇痛、镇静以及心率变异性（HRV）的影响。方法：66例患者随机分对照组和右美托咪定（DEX）组。DEX组：30 μg右美托咪定（1 mL）复合0.375%左布比卡因（29 mL）超声引导双侧颈4颈丛浅支阻滞和单侧颈3、颈4颈丛深支阻滞;首负荷0.5 μg·kg^-1右美托咪定和维持剂量0.2 μg·kg^-1·h^-1右美托咪定持续至术毕。对照组：生理盐水（1 mL）复合0.375%左布比卡因（29 mL）行颈丛阻滞,其方法同DEX组;等量生理盐水同速率首负荷和维持持续至术毕。比较两组各个时（T₀~T₃）Ramsay镇静评分、视觉模拟评分（VAS）、平均动脉压、心率以及心率变异频域参数。结果：DEX组T₁~T₃时Ramsay评分高于对照组,VAS评分低于对照组,有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。DEX组T₁~T₃时低频功率low frequency power（LF）、高频功率（HF）、LF/HF、总功率（TP）与对照组比较,统计学意义（P < 0.05）。结论：右美托咪定复合颈丛阻滞能提高术中镇痛,减少深度镇静,并能维持血流动力学和心率变异稳定,安全性较高。     

右旋美托咪啶对老年腰椎术患者的镇静效果分析及血流动力学影响

目的 探讨右旋美托咪啶(dexmedetomidine,Dex)对老年患者腰椎术患者的镇静效果分析及血流动力学影响.方法 将拟择期行腰椎手术的病人随机分为右旋美托咪定0.5 μg组(A组)、1.0 μg组(B组)和对照组(C组).记录患者各时间点的听觉诱发电位指数(A-line ARX-Index,AAI)、有创平均动脉压(mean arterial pressure,MAP)、心率(heart rate,HR)、呼吸频率(respiratory rate,RR)、血氧饱和度(oxygen saturation,SpO2)和改良警觉/镇静视觉评分(observer's assessment of alert/sedation,OAA/S),并记录术中出现的不良反应.术后24 h随访患者对手术操作的遗忘程度.结果 A、B2组AAI评分、OAA/S评分、MAP及HR均随着时间的延长呈现不同程度的降低,与C组比较差异有统计学意义.3组RR与SpO2值在各时间点差异无统计学意义.A、B2组均不能自主正确回忆麻醉及手术过程,经提示后有部分患者可产生回忆;C组大部分患者可不经提示对麻醉及手术过程产生清楚回忆,与A、B2组比较差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.01).A、B组未见恶心呕吐、寒战、呼吸抑制等不良反应,C组多见不良反应发生.结论 对老年患者腰椎术的麻醉采用1.0 μg/kg Dex给予负荷剂量,按0.5 ug/(kg·h)持续泵入Dex,效果较好.     

Dexmedetomidine in the prevention of postoperative delirium in elderly patients following non-cardiac surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis

The efficacy of dexmedetomidine in the prevention of postoperative delirium (POD) remains ambiguous, however, it has been used to reduce the incidence of delirium in elderly patients. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis study for assessing the effects of dexmedetomidine on POD among elderly patients following non-cardiac surgery. A systematic literature search was performed against the PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases, and all relevant literature published till November 30, 2019, were considered. Our analysis included 16 randomised controlled trials conducted with 4534 patients for exploring the effects of dexmedetomidine on POD in elderly patients following non-cardiac surgery. It was observed that the overall incidence of POD was significantly lower in the dexmedetomidine group than in the control group (risk ratio [RR] 0.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.43–0.61, P < .01). Similar results were obtained from subgroup analysis upon comparison of the placebo (RR 0.52, 95% CI 0.41–0.66, P < .01, moderate quality of evidence), propofol-treated (RR 0.55, 95% CI 0.38–0.78, P < .01, low quality of evidence), and midazolam-treated (RR 0.38, 95% CI 0.20–0.71, P < .01, low quality of evidence) groups. Trial sequential analysis revealed that the cumulative z-value superseded the monitoring boundary and reached the required information size. However, patients who received dexmedetomidine had a higher incidence of bradycardia and hypotension. In conclusion, the meta-analysis revealed that dexmedetomidine appears to decrease the risk of POD in elderly patients following non-cardiac surgery. However, as some of the studies were heterogeneous and of low quality, high-quality trials are necessary for drawing more definitive conclusions.     

咪达唑仑用于重症监护患者镇静的效果评价

目的观察咪达唑仑在重症监护患者中的镇静效果。方法选择2010年1月至2011年12月收治的重症监护患者100例,给予药物镇静治疗,将患者随机分成两组,各50例。对照组给予异丙酚镇静治疗,治疗组给予咪达唑仑镇静治疗,观察两组患者镇静起效时间、达到满意深度时间、苏醒时间及镇静前后与镇静期间心率、平均动脉压、脉搏氧饱和度变化。结果治疗组镇静起效时间、达到满意深度时间、苏醒时间与对照组相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗组心率、平均动脉压、脉搏氧饱和度变化小于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论咪达唑仑对重症监护患者有较好的镇静效果,对心血管及呼吸循环抑制轻微,是重症监护患者理想的镇静剂。     

High risk factors for pulmonary fungous infection in intensive care units of neurosurgery

By analyzing the high risk factors for pulmonary fungous infection in intensive care units of neurosurgery, the strategy of early diagnosis and treatment was explored. According to the domestic diagnostic standard on pulmonary fungous infection, clinical data on 58 patients with the infection in our department were analyzed. One hundred and seventeen strains of fungi were separated from the 58 cases. Candidiasis was the most frequent type, accounting for 92.3% of the cases. Conditions such as the severity of primary diseases, long-time coma, long-term use of broad-spectrum antibiotic, abuse of glucocorticoid, the open airway, and some invasive intubations, may be regarded as high risk factors for pulmonary fungous infection. Fluconazole showed good clinical effects on the treatment of fungous infection. To eliminate these high risk factors, early diagnosis and the use of prophylactic antifungal agents can help reduce the incidence of pulmonary fungous infection. Translated from Chinese Journal of Nosocomiology, 2006, 16(4): 385–388 [译自: 中华医院感染学杂志]