Classification of biomaterials and their related complications in abdominal wall hernia surgery

Summary The value of the use of biomaterials for the repair of abdominal wall hernias is gaining increasing recognition. The use of synthetic mesh to achieve a tension-free repair has resulted in a significant reduction in postoperative pain, in length of the recovery period, and in the number of recurrences. However, certain physical properties of biomaterials can lead to undesirable consequences. These include increased risk of infection, seroma formation, biomaterial-related intestinal obstruction, and fistula formation and failure of repair due to shrinkage of the mesh. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the mechanism of these problems with special emphasis on pore size, molecular permeation and shrinkage of biomaterials and their effects on infection, seroma formation, and recurrence of mesh repair of abdominal wall hernias.     

Use of Teflon mesh for repair of abdominal wall defects in neonates.

Since 1975, we have employed Teflon mesh sutured to the fascial rim in four newborns with giant omphaloceles, with approximation of skin flaps over the mesh. By stabilizing the anterior abdominal wall, the Teflon mesh has prevented formation of large ventral hernias. The mesh has been retained in place for a year or longer, until the growth of the child permits excision of the prosthesis and fascial approximation without difficulty. A similar technique has been successfully employed in a fifth neonate following transabdominal correction of congenital bilateral eventration of the diaphragm to avoid unacceptable increase in intra-abdominal pressure with primary closure of the abdominal wall. The Teflon mesh appears ideally suited for this technique. It is well incorporated into the fascial rim with minimal foreign body reaction. At the time of secondary repair, the mesh can easily excised from the smooth underlying pseudomembrane covering the bowel. All infants achieved stable abdominal walls by this technique. Three patients have undergone excision of the Teflon mesh and fascial repair at 12, 15, and 36 mo of age without difficulty.     

Elasticity of the anterior abdominal wall and impact for reparation of incisional hernias using mesh implants

Summary. Mesh implantation to repair incisional hernia involves extensive disturbance of the integrity of the abdominal wall. To define the physiological requirements, we measured the elasticity of the abdominal wall of 14 anatomic samples. The complete abdominal wall was excised and stretched at a strain of 0–24 N in horizontal, vertical and oblique (upper and lower abdomen) directions. The resulting mean distension at 16 N was in the range between 11% and 32% for all directions. Furthermore, we found significant differences between tissue samples from male and female subjects, as well as considerable inter-individual differences in each group. Textile analysis of common mesh materials at 16 N showed elasticities in the range of 4%–16%. Comparing the textile characteristics with the physiological elasticity revealed inadequate properties in at least some of the mesh materials. Our findings indicate that the flexibility of the abdominal wall must be more or less restricted by extensive implantation of large meshes and recurrences may possibly be provoked at the margins of implanted materials. Electronic Publication     

构建生物可降解性复合支架修复腹壁缺损的可行性研究

目的:探讨采用聚乳酸(polylactic acid,PLA)、甲壳素与明胶为原料,构建生物可降解性复合支架,修复腹壁缺损的可行性。方法:采用1%戊二醛交联的明胶作为支架内芯,PLA和甲壳素以7∶1比例纺丝编织构建支架的外网套,将明胶嵌入外网套,以构建生物可降解性复合支架。将支架浸于磷酸盐缓冲溶液(PBS)中震荡,以检测支架的降解时间;采用直接接触和MTT法检测支架的细胞毒性;通过拉伸、胀破实验测定其力学性能;将密度为1×107/mL的成纤维细胞种植至支架上,观察细胞的黏附、增殖、分化及基质分泌情况。结果:交联明胶的降解时间为(54.8±0.5)d,可适应在细胞长入后的早期降解。外网套的降解时间为(312.5±6.5)d,可维持较长时间的力学强度;横向断裂强度为(319.2±37.8)N,纵向断裂强度为(620.4±45.2)N,可以满足修复腹壁缺损的力学要求。细胞毒性实验显示支架细胞毒性为0～1级,增殖良好;与未交联组(对照组)相比,无统计学差异(P0.05)。成纤维细胞种植在支架上培养5 d后长满支架表面;细胞种植7 d后,开始分泌胞外基质。结论:由交联明胶作为内芯,PLA及甲壳素编织物作为外网套构建的生物可降解性复合支架具有良好的机械性能、降解性、生物相容性,体外实验结果证实其可满足腹壁缺损修复的要求。     

生物补片在治疗感染和污染腹壁缺损方面的体会（附34例病例）

目的观察生物补片在感染或污染状态下腹壁缺损中的应用的情况。方法回顾分析我院疝和腹壁外科治疗和培训中心从2007年3月至2011年1月期间收治的34例腹壁感染或污染伴有腹壁缺损的患者,进行腹壁修复时采用了脱细胞组织生物型补片治疗。对手术方式,术后的恢复情况,术后的并发症,随访复发的情况进行分总结。结果Ⅰ期愈合31例,Ⅱ期愈合3例。在Ⅱ期愈合中无补片取出的情况。术后随访3～30个月不等,术后3个月起发现膨出10例。结论生物补片为这类患者的治疗,提供了有益的帮助。     

国产人工合成材料修补腹壁缺损在组织中的耐受性

人工合成材料周围组织中成纤维细胞／炎性细胞比率是评价材料在组织中耐受性最佳标准：本实验利用这个标准通过对动物实验对国产四种人工合成材料：碳纤维网、涤纶布、硅橡胶膜和丝绸在组织中耐受性对比研究结果是：涤纶布在组织中耐受性最佳，其次是碳纤维网，最差的是丝绸材料。     

Single institutional experience using biological mesh for abdominal wall reconstruction

Background

Complex ventral hernias remain a challenge. We present a study evaluating outcomes of complex ventral hernia repair using human-derived acellular dermal matrix (AlloDerm) and porcine-derived acellular dermal sheet (Permacol).

Methods

A retrospective review of 251 patients undergoing complex hernia repair was performed. Primary outcome was hernia recurrence; and secondary outcomes included early and late complications and mortality.

Results

Recurrence for Permacol versus AlloDerm was 32% versus 47% (P = .02). There was a difference in early complications (48% vs 30%, P = .007) and also late complications (30% vs 21%, P = .16) of Permacol versus AlloDerm. Overall survival was 85% for the Permacol group versus 78% for the AlloDerm group (P = .23). Recurrence for Permacol versus AlloDerm for underlay technique was 19% versus 22% and that for bridging technique was 44% versus 57%.

Conclusion

There exists a high complication rate from both Permacol and AlloDerm in complex ventral hernia repair especially when used as a fascial bridge.     

A complication of the use of Prolene Mesh in the repair of abdominal wall hernias

Summary The use of Prolene Mesh has become standard practice in the repair of inguinal hernias and has so far proved to be virtually free of complications [Liechtenstein 1987]. Its use in the repair of other difficult hernias, particularly incisional hernias, has obvious attractions. We present complications encountered in the use of prolene mesh in the repair of three very large abdominal hernias.     

复合补片修补腹壁肿瘤切除后巨大腹壁缺损的临床疗效

目的探讨复合补片修补腹壁肿瘤切除后巨大腹壁缺损的临床疗效。 方法回顾性分析2015年2月至2017年8月,新疆医科大学第四附属医院收治的55例腹壁肿瘤切除术后巨大腹壁缺损患者临床资料,根据植入补片的不同分为试验组（35例）和对照组（20例）,2组患者均行腹壁肿瘤切除术,试验组植入Proceed补片,对照组植入Composix Kugel补片。比较2组手术相关临床参数、手术前后不同时间疼痛程度、切口愈合情况、并发症、肿瘤复发及转移情况。 结果2组铺置补片时间及术后自主活动时间比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。术后12 h至7 d,2组患者视觉模拟评分均呈逐渐降低趋势,且均明显低于术前（P<0.05）,但2组间均无明显差异（P>0.05）。拆线后伤口均达到一期愈合,2组总并发症发生率比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。随访1年,试验组肿瘤原位复发1例,对照组肿瘤远处转移1例,2组患者腹壁修复材料腹腔面光滑,且均未见腹壁修复材料与肠管黏连。 结论采用Proceed补片和Composix Kugel补片对腹壁肿瘤切除后巨大腹壁缺损进行修复和重建,效果均较好,安全性高。     

Repair of large midline incisional hernias with polypropylene mesh: Comparison of three operative techniques

Polypropylene mesh is widely used for the reconstruction of incisional hernias that cannot be closed primarily. Several techniques have been advocated to implant the mesh. The objective of this study was to evaluate, retrospectively, early and late results of three different techniques, onlay, inlay, and underlay. The records of 53 consecutive patients with a large midline incisional hernia — 25 women and 28 men, mean age 60.4 (range 28–94) — were reviewed. Polypropylene mesh was implanted using the onlay technique in 13 patients, inlay in 23 patients, and underlay in 17 patients. Either the greater omentum or a polyglactin mesh was interponated between the mesh and the viscera. The records of these 53 patients were reviewed with respect to: size and cause of the hernia, pre- and postoperative mortality and morbidity, with special attention to wound complications. Patients were invited to attend the outpatient clinic at least 12 months after implantation of the mesh for physical examination of the abdominal wall. Postoperative complications occurred in 14 (26.4%) patients. The onlay technique had significantly more complications, as compared to both other techniques. Reherniation occurred in 15 (28.3%) patients. The reherniation rate of the inlay technique was significantly higher than after the underlay technique (44% vs 12%, P=0.03) and tended to be higher than the onlay technique (44% vs 23%, P=0.22). Repair of large midline incisional hernias with the use of a polypropylene mesh carries a high risk of complications and has a high reherniation rate. The underlay technique seems to be the better technique.     

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生物补片用于修补腹壁疝及缺损已10余年,积累了一定的临床经验。多数术者认为生物补片为外科医生修复腹壁疝和腹壁缺损、特别是有污染和感染的病人提供了重要的工具。大部分临床结果表明生物补片修补疝和腹壁缺损近期效果良好,远期效果有待进一步观察研究。对于生物补片种类与治疗效果关系,补片放置方法与治疔效果的关系,污染、感染情况下与清洁状况下使用生物补片效果差别,需要多中心、前瞻性随机对照研究。     

平片无张力、疝环充填式及传统疝修补术的随访研究

目的:研究平片无张力疝修补术、疝环充填式疝修补术与传统疝修补术的手术效果。方法:分析平片无张力疝修补术,疝环充填式修补术,传统疝修补术的手术时间、术后并发症及术后复发率。结果:平均手术时间在平片无张力疝修补组为50.5min,疝环充填式修补组为46.4min,传统疝修补组为50.8min,3组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。术后复发率平片无张力疝修补组为4.72%(13/275),疝环充填式修补组为1.02%(1/98),传统疝修补组为7.59%(18/237)。后组显著高于前两组。术后腹股沟区不适发生率疝环充填式修补组高于其他两组。结论:随访表明,疝环充填式与平片无张力疝修补能明显降低术后复发率,疝环充填式疝修补的疗效最好但术后局部不适发生率最高。     

A rare case of primary actinomycosis of the anterior abdominal wall: diagnosis and treatment

We present the case of a 60-year-old man who presented with a left hypochondrial swelling first noticed 4 weeks prior to admission to our clinic. Based on the findings of the ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging investigation, a tumour of uncertain origin of the abdominal wall was suspected, also involving the small bowel. The swelling, including the affected lateral and transverse oblique muscles as well as the subcutaneous tissue and the adjacent omentum majus, was completely excised. The resulting myoaponeurotic defect of the left lateral abdominal wall was closed with interrupted Vicryl sutures and stabilised with a PTFE prosthesis (20 × 10 cm) that was placed intraabdominally and secured by spiral tackers and interrupted transfascial monofilament Prolene sutures. Microscopic examination of the excised specimen revealed an actinomycosis of the anterior abdominal wall, which is extremely rare. The surgical treatment was followed by antibiotic therapy for 6 months. This treatment resulted in full recovery with no further complications.     

生物补片一期修复污染状态下的腹壁疝和腹壁缺损

目的：评价生物补片用于污染或感染状态下腹壁缺损一期修复的安全性和有效性。方法 2010年4月以来17例腹壁缺损手术均因肠外瘘或肠造口、切口感染或同时肠道手术等原因而处于感染或污染状态：切口疝6例,腹股沟嵌顿疝1例,肠外瘘8例、直肠癌柱状切除术2例。腹壁缺损范围在(3 cm ×2 cm)～(6 cm×17 cm),均采用...     

肌后间隙修补法治疗腹壁切口疝患者的疗效

目的探讨肌后间隙修补法（Sublay）在腹壁切口疝患者治疗中的手术效果。 方法回顾性分析2015年1月至2017年8月,首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院疝和腹壁外科107例行Sublay手术的腹壁切口疝患者的临床资料,分析患者的一般资料、手术方法、并发症及术后转归情况,随访其有无切口疝复发及补片相关并发症发生情况。 结果本组患者均顺利完成手术,平均手术时间（60.3±7.8）min,平均住院时间（17.6±5.3）d,所有患者术后恢复良好,2例患者出现脂肪液化,经换药后伤口愈合;1例患者出现皮下血肿,1例患者出现血清肿,经局部加压保守治疗后治愈,无伤口感染及局部异物感,无死亡患者。随访时间6～38个月,平均随访时间（22.7±10.8）个月,无切口疝复发,无死亡患者,无补片感染、慢性疼痛及局部异物感等补片相关并发症发生。 结论肌后间隙修补手术（Sublay）治疗腹壁切口疝结果满意,手术疗效较好。     

Temporary closure of full-thickness abdominal-wall defects with mesh grafts

Introduction: A simple technique is presented here for temporarily covering massive, full-thickness, abdominal-wall defects, when they cannot be closed directly. Methods: The exposed viscera can be covered with a meshed split-thickness skin graft to close the wound and seal off the abdominal cavity from the outside. Once the patient's general condition improves, the epidermal layer of the mesh graft should be removed by dermabrasion to minimize the risk of epidermal cysts, and the defect should be closed either by primary closure or by a local or free flap, depending on the defect size. Received: 24 April 1998 Accepted: 13 October 1998     

腹壁肿瘤切除术后巨大/超大腹壁缺损的外科修复重建策略

腹壁肿瘤、尤其是恶性肿瘤R0切除术后会导致巨大、甚至超大腹壁缺损,选择合理的腹壁修复重建技术是治疗关键。本文总结了腹壁恶性肿瘤的临床特点、治疗现状、肿瘤扩大切除后腹壁缺损的术前评估和腹壁缺损修复重建的术式选择;重点阐释了腹壁缺损类型、缺损大小、缺损周围组织情况和患者全身情况对术式选择的重要性。     

The influence of differing pore sizes on the biocompatibility of two polypropylene meshes in the repair of abdominal defects

Two types of monofilament polypropylene meshes of markedly different construction, configuration and pore size were compared and used to repair full-thickness muscle defects in the abdominal wall of 22 mongrel dogs to assess their biocompatibility with host tissues. The defects were repaired with Prolene (Ethicon) woven mesh (pore size=164×96 μm) and with an experimental, extruded mesh called T mesh (pore size=3 mm×4 mm). On the 30th postoperative day, the animals were sacrificed, and the segments of the abdominal wall containing the implanted meshes were excised. Although the Prolene mesh had greater tensile strength before implantation, 30 days after implantation, the T mesh showed similar tensile strength to Prolene mesh. The collagen densitometry showed a significant increase of total and mature collagen type I deposition in the T mesh. This suggests that the increased mature collagen type I deposition significantly increases the tensile strength of the reinforced mesh tissue and that the larger pore in the T mesh contributed to this finding by allowing increasing fibber orientation within the pores as a result of in vivo tension. Electronic Publication