支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞治疗肾动脉分支动脉瘤2例

<正>患者1,女性,28岁。查体发现左侧肾动脉瘤2个月,于2015年7月9日收入院。计算机断层扫描血管造影(computed tomography angiography,CTA)三维重建提示:左肾动脉近肾门处一肾动脉分支动脉瘤,大小约2.5 cm×1.9 cm。出瘤动脉分为3支,分别供应肾脏下极和部分中极(图1A)。拟使用裸支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞治疗肾动脉分支动脉瘤。遂于2015年7月17日行大动脉造影、左肾动脉瘤栓     

肾动脉CT成像在肾段动脉阻断肾部分切除术中的应用研究

目的为临床开展肾段动脉阻断的肾部分切除术提供影像解剖学指导。方法对390侧肾动脉CT成像（CTA）资料进行研究,分析肾动脉一级和二级分支处与肾门上下缘连线（A线）的关系,观察副肾动脉及支配情况。结果390侧肾动脉CTA资料研究结果显示：肾动脉第一级分支处在A线之内者为122例,占31．28％（122／390）,在A线外侧者268例,占68．72％（268／390）。二级分支处在A线之外者187例,占47．95％（187／390）。副肾动脉共出现120侧128支,占30．77％（120／390）,其中支配肾上极的副肾动脉共95支,占74．22％（95／128）,支配肾下极者33支,占25．78％（33／128）。结论①肾动脉是呈节段性分布的,肾段动脉与肾门之间存在一定的空间,为肾段动脉阻断的肾部分切除术提供了安全保障;②副肾动脉出现机率较高,大部分支配肾上极,术中需注意保护副肾动脉,避免不必要的肾单位损伤;③CTA能够提供肾段动脉和副肾动脉的分布特点和个体变异情况,是选择性肾段动脉阻断。肾部分切除术前手术评估的重要手段。     

腹主动脉瘤腔内隔绝术后支架内急性血栓形成闭塞1例

<正>患者男,68岁,体检发现腹主动脉瘤,左肾动脉狭窄9个月。查体:脐周偏右可触及搏动性包块,呈橄榄型,约5cm×13cm。腹主动脉CTA:动脉粥样硬化,腹主动脉瘤(肾下型)伴附壁血栓形成,左肾动脉起始部中度狭窄伴局限性混合斑块(图1)。入院后全麻行腹主动脉瘤覆膜支架腔内隔绝术,主体支架24mm×12mm×170mm,右髂支16 mm×12 mm×100mm。先用4.5 mm×12.0mm球囊预扩张左肾动脉狭窄处,在其内保留导丝;释放主动     

左肾发育不良并腹膜后中肾管源性囊肿一例报告

患者,女,63岁.因B超发现左侧输尿管结石并左肾盂、输尿管重度积水3个月入院.体格检查:左肾区有轻叩击痛.KUB加IVU检查:左肾输尿管未显影,右肾输尿管显影良好.CT检查:左肾形态失常,位置上移,皮质菲薄,呈囊状,左侧输尿管中上段明显扩张,输尿管下段走行区可见斑块状高密度影;右肾未见明显异常.诊断:左侧输尿管结石并左侧肾盂、输尿管重度积水.     

体内原位开窗联合腔内隔绝治疗主动脉弓动脉瘤合并Stanford B型主动脉夹层1例报道

<正>1病例资料1.1一般资料患者男性，41岁，以“胸背部撕裂样疼痛2 h”为主诉于2020年1月19日收住河西学院附属张掖人民医院血管外科。患者既往有高血压病史多年且未正规治疗及监测血压，血压最高达210/150mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)。无糖尿病、冠心病等其他病史。入院时患者血压为200/120 mmHg。行主动脉全程CT血管造影（computed tomography angiography,CTA）检查，提示主动脉弓部瘤样改变，主动脉夹层（Stanford B型），左锁骨下动脉累及（图1a～1d），腹腔干、肠系膜上动脉骑跨真假腔，腹腔干近段狭窄；左肾动脉开口于假腔。     

256层螺旋CTA在左锁骨下动脉窃血综合征患者术前评估的价值

目的应用256层CTA技术观测左锁骨下动脉解剖特点,评价CTA对锁骨下动脉窃血综合征(SSS)介入治疗术前评估的应用价值。方法回顾性分析60例经临床确诊的SSS患者(疾病组)及500例无SSS受检者(对照组)左锁骨下动脉CTA资料,测量受检者左锁骨下动脉自主动脉弓的起始角度;评价疾病组左锁骨下动脉斑块的特点、管腔狭窄及闭塞情况。结果所有受检者左锁骨下动脉自主动脉弓的起始角度为:71.98°±8.26°,疾病组左锁骨下动脉起始角度71.98°的比例明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。疾病组左锁骨下动脉管腔闭塞11例(18.33%),闭塞范围为9~24mm;中度狭窄7例(11.67%),重度狭窄42例(70.00%),狭窄长度8~31mm;偏心性斑块33例,环形斑块16例。以DSA为金标准,CTA诊断左锁骨下动脉狭窄、闭塞的敏感度为96.77%,特异度为100%,诊断符合率为96.97%。结论 256层CTA可准确测量左锁骨下动脉的各项解剖数值;对左SSS术前评估具有重要的应用价值。     

异位嗜铬细胞瘤致肾萎缩1例

<正>患者,女,60岁,因体检发现左肾门肿瘤1个月于2012年6月入院。外院CT平扫加强化扫描提示左肾实质萎缩变薄,左侧肾门可见较大类圆形软组织密度影,CT值约40HU,增强扫描动脉期病变呈明显强化,静脉期及延时期强化程度稍减低。左肾动脉、静脉受压移位。双侧肾上腺大小形态未见异常。考虑为左侧肾门区富血供肿物伴左肾萎缩(图1)。既往高血压病史6年,血压最高达190/100mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa)。口服酒     

颈动脉支架术后过度灌注致脑出血一例

正患者,男,58岁,因"左下肢间歇性跛行3个月加重1个月"入院。高血压2年,血压最高为180/100 mmHg,未规律控制,高血脂3年,未治疗,抽烟史30年,每天20支。体格检查:血压:168/98mmHg,双下肢膝下皮温下降,感觉减退,双侧足背动脉未触及,四肢肌力正常。辅助检查:下肢彩超检查提示:左髂动脉闭塞,左侧股浅动脉狭窄,左侧胫前动脉闭塞,右侧股总动脉狭窄。入院诊断:下     

离体肾肿瘤切除、肾重建和原位自体肾移植技术治疗复杂性肾错构瘤的临床应用

目的:探讨离体肾肿瘤切除、肾重建技术应用于复杂肾错构瘤保留肾单位手术的安全性和可行性。方法:双源CT三维血管成像(CTA)确诊左侧复杂肾错构瘤2例,其中1例为左肾上极巨大错构瘤及肾窦错构瘤,1例为左肾窦内错构瘤。均实施手术切除病变肾脏,在离体后给予UW液灌注和低温保护肾脏,于体外实施肾错构瘤切除及肾实质重建,随后将重建肾脏原位移植于左侧腹膜后肾床。结果:手术均获成功,围手术期无严重并发症发生。术后2周复查肾彩色多普勒提示左腹膜后移植肾动脉及其分支血流通畅,肾实质血流灌注良好。术后4个月双源CT示左腹膜后移植肾动脉及其分支血流通畅无狭窄,肾静脉回流通畅,输尿管无狭窄。结论:离体肾肿瘤切除、肾重建和原位自体肾移植技术治疗复杂性肾错构瘤安全可行,并为治疗复杂性肾脏外科疾病提供了可行途径。     

原发性肾平滑肌瘤一例报告

患者,女,62岁.因体检发现左肾占位于2010年5月29日入院.病程中无发热,无尿频、尿急,无血尿、脓尿,无腰、腹疼痛.彩色多普勒超声检查见左肾中下极实质内类圆形实质性略低回声,大小为3.5 cm×3.0 cm×3.2 cm,包膜完整,略外突,内可见血流信号.CT检查可见左肾类圆形软组织影,大小3.5 cm×3.0 cm,CT值78 HU,病灶被膜光滑,增强扫描可见病灶强化,呈快进快出型改变.肾动脉CT血管造影未见明显异常.术前诊断为左肾实质占位,肾癌可能性大.全麻下行腹腔镜下左肾部分切除术.术中见肿物包膜完整,与正常肾实质分界清楚,表面可见数条滋养血管,周围无明显粘连,肾门未见肿大淋巴结.动脉阻断夹阻断分支肾动脉后,切除肿瘤及其周围约1.0 cm肾组织.术后剖开肿物切面呈灰白色,未见液化坏死组织.术后病理报告:(左肾)间叶组织来源肿瘤,由梭形细胞构成,编织状排列,诊断为(左肾)平滑肌瘤.术后随访1年,未见复发.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.