CT对肝外胆管梗阻性质的鉴别诊断

目的：探讨良恶性肝外胆管梗阻病变的CT表现及其诊断意义。方法：回顾经手术病理证实的肝外胆管梗阻病变76例(良性34例，恶性42例)。结果：肝内胆管呈枯枝状轻中度扩张，肝内外胆管不一致扩张(内轻外重)，肝外胆管远段梗阻，梗阻部胆管呈削尖状狭窄，肝外胆管壁呈弥漫环形增厚，对良性梗阻的诊断有重要意义。肝内胆管呈软藤状重度扩张，肝外胆管中段梗阻，梗阻部胆管呈伴或不伴肿块的截断型或突然狭窄型，肝外胆管壁局限不规则增厚，高度揭示恶性梗阻。结论：良恶性肝外胆管梗阻病变均有特征性CT表现，通过分析胆管形态和临床资料基本能判断梗阻的性质。     

经皮经肝胆道造影术对IgG4相关硬化性胆管炎的诊断价值

目的 分析总结经皮经肝胆道造影术（percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography,PTC）对IgG4相关硬化性胆管炎（IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis,IgG-SC）的诊断价值。方法 回顾性选取3例初诊时应用PTC的IgG4-SC病例,将胆道造影结果与同期的MRCP及肝门部胆管癌的胆道造影结果相比较。结果 与MRCP相比,PTC更灵活、更清楚地显示出IgG4-SC患者胆管狭窄呈长段、均匀、线性、对称的表现,与肝门部胆管癌表现明显不同。结论 PTC显示IgG4-SC的胆管狭窄有明显优势,有助于IgG4-SC的早期诊断和疗效观察。     

肝外胆管梗阻性疾病的MRCP诊断价值

目的探讨磁共振胆胰管成像技术对肝外胆管梗阻性疾病的诊断价值。方法对52例经病理或随访证实的肝外胆管梗阻性疾病患者的MRCP资料进行回顾性分析,总结良恶性肝外胆管梗阻的不同MRCP表现。结果52例中,MRCP均能够准确测定胆管扩张程度和梗阻的水平,其中良性梗阻27例,MRCP主要表现为胆管均匀扩张及逐渐狭窄,肝外胆管较肝内胆管扩张明显,肝内胆管呈“枯树枝状”;恶性梗阻25例,MRCP主要表现为胆管截断,胆胰管扩张,出现“双管征”,肝内外胆管扩张一致。恶性梗阻患者的肝内外胆管扩张程度明显大于良性梗阻者。结论MRCP作为一种无创的影像检查方法,对肝外胆管梗阻性疾病的诊断具有较高准确性,     

自身免疫性胰腺炎的影像表现:7例报道及文献复习

目的:探计自身免疫性胰腺炎(AIP)在动态对比的增强CT(DCE-CT)和内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)中的影像学特点.方法:对7例AIP患者进行动态增强CT及ERCP检查,并采用超声(US)随访AIP类固醇治疗的效果.结果:治疗前ERCP检查,主胰管狭窄段和无病变胰管显示清楚;各例AIP均显示主胰管弥漫性、阶段性或多处局限性狭窄,狭窄段上游胰管轻中度扩张;4例合并胆总管下端狭窄或阻塞.DCE-CT,胰腺显示弥漫性或局限性肿胀,其中3例病灶边缘可见包膜样低密度表现.类固醇治疗后,胰腺肿胀减轻、胆管狭窄的改善.结论:AIP的形态学改变具有一定特征性,ERCP与DCE-CT相结合有助于AIP的诊断.     

经皮经肝胆道镜治疗医源性胆管损伤后再狭窄

目的探讨医源性胆管损伤后肝外胆管再狭窄的原因和治疗方法。方法对我院1998年1月～2005年1月12例（开腹胆囊切除术5例，腹腔镜胆囊切除术7例）医源性胆管损伤后肝外胆管再狭窄，建立经皮经肝通道，采用胆道镜取石、球囊扩张、支架管置入支撑扩张狭窄段胆管。结果8例用F20 Gruntzig型球囊导管扩张狭窄段胆管，2次即可放入6～8mm塑料支架引流管；4例球囊扩张3次后置入。塑料支架引流管置管6～12个月。12例随访2～3年，平均2．6年，无腹痛、发热、黄疸再次发作，B超、MRCP检查胆管无狭窄及再发结石。结论胆道镜取石、球囊扩张支架管置入治疗医源性胆管损伤后肝外胆管再狭窄创伤小，安全可行，效果良好。     

胆管损伤后的一种特殊病理类型─枯枝状胆管炎

报道胆管损伤后的特殊病理类型９例。其胆管虽有损伤性狭窄或梗阻，但近侧胆管不扩张，胆管壁明显增厚、变硬。ＰＴＣ、ＥＲＣＰ等胆道直接造影成功者，可见近侧胆管不扩张，甚或变细，行径强直，分支较少，呈枯枝状，故称之为枯技状胆管炎，由于近侧胆管不扩张，手术治疗极为困难，术后吻合口易狭窄，往往需要再次手术。再手术后仍有症状复发可能，且有一定病死率。认为这是由于损伤后局部炎症严重，引起管壁纤维结缔组织过度增生，管壁增厚，导致虽有胆高压而胆管仍未能扩张；此外，可能与机体免疫功能有关。     

胆管囊状扩张症:新的临床分型与治疗策略

目的 提出胆管囊状扩张症的临床分型及针对不同分型的治疗策略和手术方法.方法 回顾性分析1993年6月至2010年6月解放军总医院收治的434例胆管囊状扩张症患者的临床资料.收集和重新分析患者腹部CT、MRI、MRCP和胆道造影检查结果,根据胆管囊状扩张病变累及胆管树的部位及范围,结合其临床病理特征、发病因素及适用的手术方式提出一种新的胆管囊状扩张症的临床分型;分析新分型中不同胆管囊状扩张症的临床表现、手术方式、围手术期结果、随访结果等资料,针对不同分型胆管囊状扩张症制订治疗策略和手术方法.率的比较采用x2检验,理论频数＜5或总观测频数＜ 30时,采用Fisher确切概率法.结果 根据囊状扩张病变累及胆管树的部位及病理特征将其分为5种类型:(1)A型:周围肝管型肝内胆管囊状扩张.A1型:囊状扩张病变局限分布于部分肝段;A2型:囊状扩张病变弥漫分布于全肝.(2)B型:中央肝管型肝内胆管囊状扩张.B1型:单侧肝叶中央肝管囊状扩张;B2型:囊状扩张病变同时累及双侧肝叶主肝管及左、右肝管汇合部.(3)C型:肝外胆管型胆管囊状扩张.C1型:囊状扩张病变未累及胰腺段胆管;C2型:囊状扩张病变累及胰腺段胆管.(4)D型:肝内外胆管型胆管囊状扩张.D1型:囊状扩张病变累及单叶中央肝管和肝外胆管;D2型:囊状扩张病变累及双侧肝叶中央肝管和肝外胆管.(5)E型:壶腹胆管型胆管囊状扩张.本组434例胆管囊状扩张症患者中,A型24例(A1型17例、A2型7例),B型13例(B1型10例、B2型3例),C型300例(C1型56例、C2型244例),D型96例(D1型17例、D2型79例),E型1例.24例A型患者中,14例伴有先天性肝纤维化,16例合并多囊肾病,区别于其他各型患者.手术方式:24例A型患者中,17例A1型患者行部分肝切除术,3例A2型患者行肝移植,1例A2型患者行囊状扩张病变穿刺引流术,3例A2型患者采用非手术治疗;13例B型患者中,12例患者行肝切除术,1例患者合并胆管癌,采用非手术治疗;300例C型患者中,286例患者行肝外囊状扩张病变切除+胆管空肠吻合术,14例患者因囊状扩张胆管恶变行胆管癌根治性切除术;96例D型患者中,35例患者行肝外胆管囊状扩张病变切除+肝切除(肝内胆管囊状扩张病变累及的部分肝组织)+胆管空肠吻合术,59例患者仅行肝外囊状扩张病变切除术,1例D1型和1例D2型患者伴有胆管癌,行根治性切除术;1例E型患者行EST治疗.399例患者获得随访,随访时间l～15年,平均随访57个月.33例患者出现胆管空肠吻合口狭窄和(或)结石.24例患者并发胆管癌,其中15例患者于随访期内死亡.46例患者因复发性胆管炎伴有吻合口狭窄或结石、肿瘤实施再次手术治疗(胆管空肠再吻合术、内镜下胆管取石术、胆管癌根治性切除术等).其余患者无相关临床症状或偶发轻度的胆管炎,经对症治疗缓解.D型患者中联合肝切除者与仅行肝外胆管囊状扩张病变切除者的症状缓解率、狭窄和(或)结石复发率、再手术率分别为88.2％(30/34)、8.8％ (93/34)、11.8％ (4/34)和64.4％(38/59)、28.8％(17/59)、35.6％ (21/59),两者比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 新的胆管囊状扩张症分型基于囊状扩张病变累及胆管树的部位及其病理特征,对于不同分型的胆管囊状扩张症选择不同的治疗策略和手术方法具有明确的指导作用.     

胆道镜下气囊扩张治疗胆道术后肝内外胆管狭窄

目的探讨胆道术后肝内、外胆管狭窄的治疗方法。方法回顾性分析吉林大学第一医院自2003年1月至2007年12月期间应用胆道镜对37例胆道术后肝内、外胆管狭窄患者行气囊扩张治疗的结果。结果本组37例患者42处肝内、外胆管狭窄均行胆道镜下气囊导管扩张,29例（78.4%）系胆管狭窄伴肝内胆管结石,经气囊扩张后,胆道镜通过狭窄部位,取净远端胆管结石;另8例（21.6%）系单纯胆管狭窄无结石,仅行导管扩张。本组成功率达97.3%（36/37）;1例因胆汁性肝硬变伴弥漫性胆管狭窄扩张失败后行肝叶切除手术。27例狭窄仅需一次性扩张,9例因胆管多处严重狭窄而行多次扩张。全部患者均获随访,随访时间6～24个月,平均12个月,未见结石复发。结论胆道镜下气囊导管扩张治疗胆管狭窄微创、直观、安全、简便易行且疗效可靠,是治疗胆管狭窄并取净结石的理想方法。但需注意操作方法及技巧,防止并发症的发生。     

以肝段切除为主的联合手术治疗肝胆管结石并狭窄

目的探讨以肝段切除为主的联合手术治疗肝胆管结石并狭窄的临床疗效。方法肝胆管结石并狭窄患者66例,均行肝段切除加胆总管探查、T管引流术,行Roux-en-Y胆肠吻合术17例,肝门部胆管、肝断面胆管-空肠双吻合术9例,肝门部胆管扩张成形术4例。结果手术均获得成功,术后发生胆管残石5例(7.6%),切口感染3例(4.5%),胆漏2例(3.0%)。41例(62.1%)获随访,2例肝内胆管结石复发,1例仍有右上腹隐痛,其余随访结果优良。结论根据患者结石及狭窄的具体情况采用以肝段切除为主的联合手术是治疗肝胆管结石并狭窄的有效手段。     

胆管损伤后的一种特殊病理类型—枯枝状胆管炎

报道胆管损伤后的特殊病理类型９例。其胆管虽有损伤性狭窄或梗阻，但近侧胆管不扩张，胆管壁明显增厚、变硬。ＰＴＣ、ＥＲＣＰ等胆道直接造影成功者，可见近侧胆管不扩张，甚或变细，行径强直，分支较少，呈枯，故称之为枯枝状胆管炎。     

Usefulness of Steroid Administration for Diagnosis of IgG4-Related Sclerosing Cholangitis

Immunoglobulin G4-related sclerosing cholangitis (IgG4-SC) is one of the IgG4-related systemic sclerosing diseases and responds well to steroid therapy. A 58-year-old male was admitted with hilar bile duct stenosis revealed by computed tomography. We performed percutaneous transhepatic right portal vein embolization (PTPE) and scheduled a right hepatectomy because a hilar cholangiocarcinoma was first suspected. However, there was no cytologic evidence of malignancy and serum IgG4 was elevated. Steroid therapy was initiated after PTPE. There was no evidence of bile duct stenosis after 4 weeks. Improving diagnostic technique, IgG4-SC was diagnosed and treated with steroid therapy. In some cases, we couldn''t deny the malignancy and performed unnecessary resection. We recommend that steroid administration while waiting for the liver volume to increase after PTPE is useful. The therapy aids in the diagnosis of bile duct stenosis, which has value for a hilar bile duct limit type of IgG4-SC, as in the case reported here.     

胆总管继发结石病人胆囊管形态的变化

目的 分析胆囊结石继发胆道结石病例胆囊管结构的特点,为腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆道探查术提供术式判断的指证.方法 回顾性分析108例腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆囊切除加胆管探查术病例的术前影像检查结果,同时结合术中胆囊管形态、直径和扩张的情况,分析胆囊管结构变化特点.结果 术前B超检查显示108例病人均有胆囊结石,胆总管扩张75例,胆囊管扩张21例,胆总管结石76例.磁共振胰胆管造影(MRCP)检查发现胆总管扩张81例,有明显结石图像的52例,胆囊管扩张36例,发现9例胆囊管异位走行.CT检查显示胆总管扩张45例,有明显结石影的42例,胆囊管扩张19例.胆囊管有明显扩张的病例中,胆囊管和胆总管之间的夹角多呈钝角(22/24例);此夹角呈锐角的病例胆囊管扩张的少(2/28).胆囊管扩张明显的病例胆囊管形态常短粗(24/24),胆囊管细长的病例中胆囊管扩张的少.结论 MRCP对胆囊管的形态和走行有明显的判断和指导作用.胆囊管和胆总管之间的夹角呈钝角,胆囊管短粗的病例,其胆囊管扩张明显.     

Immunoglobulin G4–Related Sclerosing Cholangitis Mimicking Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma Diagnosed With Following Bile Duct Resection: Report of a Case

We report a rare case of immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)–related sclerosing cholangitis without other organ involvement. A 69-year-old-man was referred for the evaluation of jaundice. Computed tomography revealed thickening of the bile duct wall, compressing the right portal vein. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography showed a lesion extending from the proximal confluence of the common bile duct to the left and right hepatic ducts. Intraductal ultrasonography showed a bile duct mass invading the portal vein. Hilar bile duct cancer was initially diagnosed and percutaneous transhepatic portal vein embolization was performed, preceding a planned right hepatectomy. Strictures persisted despite steroid therapy. Therefore, partial resection of the common bile duct following choledochojejunostomy was performed. Histologic examination showed diffuse and severe lymphoplasmacytic infiltration, and abundant plasma cells, which stained positive for anti-IgG4 antibody. The final diagnosis was IgG4 sclerosing cholangitis. Types 3 and 4 IgG4 sclerosing cholangitis remains a challenge to differentiate from cholangiocarcinoma. A histopathologic diagnosis obtained with a less invasive approach avoided unnecessary hepatectomy.Key words: Immunoglobulin G4, Cholangitis, Cholangiocarcinoma, Autoimmune pancreatitis, Hepatectomy, DiagnosisSerum immunoglobulin G4–related sclerosing cholangitis (IgG4-SC) is a type of autoimmune pancreatitis associated with elevated serum IgG4 levels.^1,2 Types 3 and 4 IgG4-SC are difficult to differentiate from bile duct cancer, and hepatectomy has been reported sporadically in such situations.^3,4 We describe a rare case of a patient with IgG4-SC but without pancreatic lesions. Accurate diagnosis was made, without the need for performing a partial hepatectomy.     

Heterotopic gastric mucosa in the hilar bile duct mimicking hilar cholangiocarcinoma: report of a case

We herein report a case of heterotopic gastric mucosa in the hilar bile duct. An asymptomatic 58-year-old male was noted to have mild liver dysfunction in March 2009 during the follow-up for angina pectoris. Abdominal-enhanced CT revealed wall thickening from the upper common hepatic bile duct to the left hepatic bile duct. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) showed stenosis at the junction of the left hepatic bile duct. Although the patient??s serum tumor markers were all within the normal ranges, the possibility of malignant disease of the biliary tree could not be ruled out. Left hepatectomy with the caudate lobe and resection of the extrahepatic bile duct were performed. Histopathologically, the resected specimen showed a polypoid lesion measuring 2 × 2 cm in size that projected into the lumen of the left hepatic bile duct. Microscopic examination revealed this polypoid lesion to be composed of mucous glands resembling gastric fundic glands, with parietal and chief cells. We also review eight other reports of heterotopic gastric mucosa in the biliary tree previously published in the English literature.     

肝胆管结石症取石后胆管壁病变及其转归

目的 探讨肝胆管结石患者在结石祛除后胆管壁病变的变化和转归。方法 回顾性分析遂宁市中心医院肝胆外科从2016年1月1日至2019年12月31日24例肝胆管结石患者的胆道镜图片资料。选取每位患者其中一支有铸型结石的胆管为目标胆管,观察目标胆管在取石完成后即刻的管壁病变情况包括：黏膜充血及脱失、管壁硬化、黏膜下血管网萎缩、胆管狭窄、胆管扩张、黏膜新生物等,并在随访期内对以上黏膜病变的转归进行观察记录,评价是否有好转、不变、恶化。结果 24支目标胆管在取石后95.8%存在黏膜充血及脱失;54.1%存在胆管硬化病变;100%存在黏膜下血管网萎缩,黏膜显现苍白;33.3%存在胆管狭窄;83.3%存在胆管扩张;16.6%的胆管可见乳头样新生物。经3～165周的观察发现：100%的黏膜水肿和脱失可以在1～3周内好转;15.3%的胆管硬化病变稍有好转;黏膜下血管网均未见明显恢复;胆管扩张持续存在;75%胆管狭窄恶化。有2例患者的扩张胆管内发现“草笼”状结构的絮状物。结论 肝胆管结石取净后,急性炎症性黏膜病变在短期内有明显好转,但慢性硬化性胆管的管壁病变依然存在甚至会有加重趋势,这可能是导致患者结石复发和胆管癌变的病理基础。     

围手术处理因素对胆道损伤的预后影响

目的 探讨围手术因索在处理胆道损伤时的重要辅助影响.方法 分析收集四川省达州市中心医院自1987-2006年收治处理的66例胆道损伤病人的临床资料,结合随访结果 ,总结非手术因素对处理胆道损伤的重要预后影响.结果 48例经B超、CT、MRCP、ERCP等影像学检查证实.术中发现胆道损伤经影像学等方法 准确诊断后立即施行修复或吻合手术者44例,9例因损伤后时间较长或病情较重,经有效外引流、支持抗感染等非手术措施治疗在3～6个月后获得二期胆道重建术手术机会,2例死于胆漏所致的全腹膜炎及全身衰竭.1例因十二指肠大小乳头开口于憩室内在切除憩室后致胆胰管损伤行胆肠、胰肠吻合术后死于并发症.3例胆道吻合术后出现吻合口狭窄经球囊扩张治疗近期症状明显缓解.1例胆肠吻合病人因反复发生胆管炎在多次手术后死于全身衰竭.结论 除了手术治疗之外,胆道损伤后的围手术期处理对于胆道损伤后预后有着重要影响.胆道损伤宜及时发现并处理,术中胆道造影可增加诊断正确率并对选择处理方式有重要指导作用,对于合并有严重腹腔感染者,应在良好引流、全身支持、控制感染后择期手术,支撑管的恰当放置和胆道扩张器对降低狭窄率仍有一定作用.     

Development of intrahepatic biliary stones after excision of choledochal cysts

Background: The incidence of intrahepatic cholelithiasis and cholangitis has not yet been well studied postoperatively in patients with choledochal cysts. Methods: One hundred three patients with choledochal cysts had operative cholangiography, underwent standard excision of a choledochal cyst with Roux-en-Y hepatico-jejunal anastomosis, and were at a mean follow-up of 12[frac12] years. The incidence of intrahepatic bile duct stones was analyzed according to the 3 morphologic types of intrahepatic bile duct observed at initial operative cholangiography: type 1, no dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts; type 2, dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts but without any downstream stenosis; and type 3, dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts associated with downstream stenosis. Initially, there was no evidence of intrahepatic bile duct stones in any of the 103 patients. Results: Among 50 type 1 patients, intrahepatic cholelithiasis developed in only 1 patient (2%). Among 43 type 2 patients, 1 patient (2%) had intrahepatic cholelithiasis, and 2 (5%) had postoperative cholangitis. Among 10 type 3 patients, 4 (40%) had intrahepatic cholelithiasis (P [lt ] .01), and 3 (30%) had postoperative cholangitis. Time intervals between the initial surgery and the first identification of intrahepatic stones ranged from 3 to 22 years. Conclusions: One of the major causes of formation of intrahepatic cholelithiasis has been clarified; patients with intrahepatic biliary dilatation with downstream stenosis can get intrahepatic bile duct stones long after excision of a choledochal cyst.