透明质酸钠预防术后硬膜外粘连的组织学和超微结构研究

为了探讨透明质酸钠预防椎板切除后硬膜外粘连机理，本研究采用高分子量（１．５×１０６）透明质酸钠作实验植入材料，使用兔非相邻节段椎板切除动物模型进行实验研究。３０只兔共６０个节段随机分成两组，⑴２％透明质酸钠组；⑵生理盐水对照组。术后２、４、６、８周处死动物取材，分别做光镜、扫描电镜、透视电镜检查。结果表明：高分子透明质酸钠具有明显预防术后硬膜外粘连的效果。它具有屏障作用，能抑制成纤维细胞、炎性细胞的渗出，是预防硬膜外粘连的良好材料     

全椎板切除对幼兔脊柱生长发育影响

目的：本试验通过切除幼兔多个节段的全椎板观察各种手术方法对幼兔脊柱生长发育的影响。方法：选择幼年家兔２４只，日龄４０天，体重４６０ｇ（４００～５５０ｇ），随机分成四组。每组６只。Ａ组：全椎板切除组；Ｂ组：跳跃式全椎板切除组；Ｃ组：全椎板切除原位回植组；Ｄ组：正常对照组。结果和结论：结果表明全椎板切除可以造成幼兔脊柱后凸、侧凸、滑脱并椎管内广泛粘连，跳跃式全椎板切除术、全椎板切除原位回植术可以减少畸形和粘连的发生     

硬膜外纤维化与椎板切除范围的关系及临床意义

目的：探讨硬膜外纤维化与椎板切除范围的关系及临床意义。方法：通过对腰间盘术后有症状患者的CT片椎板切除宽度及高度的测量，来研究硬膜外纤维化影像分级与椎缺损范围的联系。结果：硬膜囊后方的纤维化严重程度与椎板切除范围在统计学上有显著相关性，硬膜囊前方的纤维化与之无相关性。结论：（1）椎板缺损越大硬膜外后方纤维化越严重；（2）硬膜外纤维化的来源于原位，减少创伤、彻底止血才是防治硬膜外纤维化的关键。     

椎板切除术后预防硬膜外瘢痕粘连的实验研究

为了寻找预防椎板切除后硬膜粘连的材料，选用家兔３０只，随机分为三组，每组１０只。每只作Ｌ３、Ｌ５椎板切除，形成两个大小１ｃｍ×０．５ｃｍ的缺损，一个缺损无任何覆盖，作空白对照；另一个缺损分别在硬膜外覆盖几丁糖、聚乳酸（ＰＬＡ）膜及明胶海绵，即为几丁糖组、ＰＬＡ膜组及明胶海绵组。术后２，４，６，８及１０周处死动物，通过肉眼、光镜及透射电镜，观察瘢痕生长及硬膜外粘连情况。结果表明，几丁糖组和ＰＬＡ膜组硬膜外均光滑、无增厚，硬膜外腔隙未见纤维组织增生或粘连；几丁糖具有明显抑制成纤维细胞生长和促进表皮细胞生长的作用，切口愈合快。而各组空白对照和明胶海绵组硬膜外纤维组织增生或粘连明显，硬膜外腔隙基本消失。认为，可生物降解吸收的几丁糖、ＰＬＡ膜能有效地预防椎板切除术后瘢痕粘连。     

单一和多节段腰椎间盘髓核摘除的远期疗效

观察单一节段椎间盘髓核摘除１５７例（Ａ组）和２个节段椎间盘髓核摘除５３例（Ｂ组）的近、远期疗效。２组术前临床表现、病理类型等相近似。术后５年内随访结果表明Ａ组和Ｂ组优良率分别为９１１％和８７８％（Ｐ＞００５），６～１２年随访则分别为８５１％和７５５％（Ｐ＜００５）。结果提示椎板开窗创伤小，对椎管干扰小，单一节段椎间盘髓核摘除，术后造成的腰椎失稳倾向小。半椎板切除椎管探查对椎管干扰大，术后疤痕组织形成多，多节段椎间盘髓核摘除术后造成腰椎不稳倾向大。建议对多节段椎间盘突出采用多节段开窗，对膨出椎间盘慎行摘除     

腰椎椎板切除手术后硬膜外粘连的预防

腰椎椎板切除术后硬膜外纤维化可引起硬膜外或神经根粘连，导致下腰痛或神经根性痛，或可致腰椎手术失败综合征。因此，对腰椎椎板切除术后纤维化的预防越来越受到人们的重视。为了比较自体游离脂肪块和生物降解聚合物隔膜（ＰＥＯ／ＰＢＴ）预防术后硬膜外纤维化的效果，...     

壳多糖膜预防椎板切除术后硬膜周围粘连的实验研究

目的　观察壳多糖膜预防椎板切除术后硬膜周围粘连的作用。方法　２４ 只成年新西兰白兔 Ｌ３ 、 Ｌ５ 水平切除椎板１ ．０ ｃｍ ×０ ．５ ｃｍ , Ｌ３ 硬膜外放置壳多糖膜（ Ａ 点） , Ｌ５ 作为空白对照（ Ｂ 点） 。分别于术后３ 、６ 、１２ 周进行大体形态、光镜观察。结果　 Ａ 点硬膜外粘连程度明显低于 Ｂ 点;光镜观察 Ａ 点粘连范围明显低于 Ｂ 点, Ａ 点硬膜外有空隙,未见明显异物、炎症反应, Ｂ 点硬膜外与瘢痕紧密粘连,瘢痕侵入椎管内,对硬膜有压迫。结论　壳多糖膜具有明显的预防硬膜周围粘连的作用。     

几丁糖膜预防椎板切除术后硬膜周围粘连的实验研究

目的：观察几丁糖膜对预防椎板切除术后硬膜周围粘连的作用。方法：２４只成年新西兰白兔Ｌ３、Ｌ５水平切除椎板１０×０５ｃｍ,Ｌ３硬膜外放置几丁糖膜（Ａ点）,Ｌ５作为空白对照（Ｂ点）。分别于术后３周、６周、１２周进行大体形态、组织学观察。结果：Ａ点硬膜与瘢痕无明显粘连,硬膜外有空隙,未见明显异物、炎症反应;Ｂ点硬膜与瘢痕紧密粘连,瘢痕侵入椎管内,对硬膜有压迫。结论：几丁糖膜具有明显的预防硬膜周围粘连的作用。     

异体半脱钙股骨片重建椎板的实验研究及临床应用

目的探讨异体半脱钙股骨片重建椎板在预防全椎板切除后并发症方面的价值。方法(1)实验研究:38只成年家兔行L4和L6全椎板切除后,根据实验设计,在其中一处用“H”形兔异体半脱钙股骨片重建椎板,另一处作自身对照。于术后2、4、8、12、16、18、23周取材,进行大体和光镜观察;术后16、18、23周行CT扫描。(2)临床应用:18例节段性腰椎管狭窄症患者,行全椎板切除、“H”形异体半脱钙股骨片重建椎板。术后随访0.5～3年,观察临床症状及CT、MRI表现。结果(1)实验研究:与对照节段相比,重建节段硬膜粘连程度明显减轻(P<0.01),硬膜囊形态保持良好,无明显压迫;(2)临床应用:15例患者疼痛基本消失,恢复原来的生活和工作,另3例较术前有明显好转;CT、MRI显示椎管扩大,股骨片无倾斜、移位,脊髓无压迫;均未见明显排异反应;术后3年,异体骨片几乎完全被自身骨质爬行替代。结论异体半脱钙股骨片具有良好的生物相容性、物理学性能和诱导成骨作用,是一种良好的硬膜外覆盖材料,能有效阻止硬膜外粘连,防止术后再狭窄,可用于节段性椎板成形术。     

预防硬膜外瘢痕粘连的实验研究

目的通过动物实验观察几丁糖对预防椎板切除术后硬膜瘢痕粘连的作用。方法24只成年山羊行腰2腰4短节段椎弓根钉系统固定及取自体髂骨行后外侧植骨融合术,腰3水平全椎板切除,切除口约3cm×1.5cm,腰3硬膜外分别放置几丁糖或空白对照各12只。于术后24周进行大体形态、组织学观察,并进行硬膜外瘢痕粘连程度分级。结果几丁糖组硬膜与瘢痕无明显粘连,空白对照组硬膜与瘢痕紧密粘连。结论几丁糖能有效地预防椎板切除术后硬膜外瘢痕粘连。     

A new material for prevention of epidural fibrosis after laminectomy: oxidized regenerated cellulose (interceed), an absorbable barrier

Epidural fibrosis, which may cause persistent back and leg pain, may develop after laminectomy. Several materials have been used in attempts to minimize epidural fibrosis, with varying results. We evaluated the efficacy of an absorbable cellulose adhesion barrier in preventing epidural fibrosis. In 25 New Zealand white rabbits, laminectomies were performed at L3 and L5 vertebrae. The dura mater was covered by the adhesion barrier (Interceed, TC7, Johnson & Johnson, USA) at L3 laminectomy site (group 1), with L5 laminectomy site serving as an internal control (group 2) in each animal. There was no neurological deficit in any of the animals during the postoperative period. Animals were sacrificed at postoperative day 28. The lumbar spine was removed en bloc and placed in neutral, buffered formalin for 72 h. The specimens were then decalcified and embedded in paraffin. Permanent sections of 5 to 7 microm were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Masson trichrome dye. Epidural fibrosis was evaluated in a double-blinded manner. The extent of epidural fibrosis was graded as 0, no reaction seen; 1, mild reaction; 2, moderate reaction; 3, extensive reaction, and 4, severe reaction. The histological findings of each group were compared. For the statistical analysis, Wilcoxon signed rank test was used. In group 1, the fibrotic tissue formation was minimal in 19 and moderate in 6 laminectomy sites. In group 2, the fibrotic tissue formation was determined as being extensive in 17 and moderate in 8 laminectomy sites. Statistical analysis showed significant decrease in epidural fibrosis in group 1 (P<0.05). This study showed that Interceed, which is commercially available in the market, especially for abdominal and gynecological surgeries, could be used to prevent epidural fibrosis.     

Effect of polylactic acid glue in preventing epidural scar mdhesion after laminectomy in rabbits

Objective： To determine the efficacy of polylactic acid glue in preventing epidural scar adhesion after laminectomy in rabbits. Methods： Twenty-four Japanese white rabbits underwent laminectomy （including the attached ligaments） at Lz and Ls. After laminectomy at Ls, polylactic acid glue was sprayed on the dura and nerve roots and this segment was taken as the experimental group. After laminectomy at Lz, nothing was used and this segment was enrolled as the self control group. Four rabbits were killed every two weeks postoperatively till the end of the experiment at 12 weeks. Then the operated spine was observed grossly, histologically and ultrastructurally to check the degree of scar formation, the status of epidural scar adhesion, the absorption of the glue, and the intraceHular structure of fibroblasts. Results： The glue coagulated immediately after spraying and showed excellent hemostatic effect. The glue membrane was easy to be taken away from the dura mater of the samples for 2 weeks and there were no cells in the epidural space in the experimental group. But the dura mater was covered by hematoma in the control group,which formed mild adhesion, with fibroblasts proliferating actively. In the 4th week, some glue shivers remained in the epidural space with fibroblasts increasing a little, and the dura mater was smooth in the experimental group. However, in the control group, the formed scar was fragile and conglutinated with the dura mater diffusely and fibroblasts were much more than those in the experimental group. In the 6th-12th weeks, there was a potential interspace between the scar and the dura mater, and the polylactic acid glue was absorbed completely in the experimental group. Much tough scar was found in the control group, which was very difficult to dissect from the dura mater and the surrounding tissues. From the ultrastructural observation of the fibroblasts, the nucleus became much bigger and the rough endoplasmic reticulum was much more plentiful in the control group than that in the experimental group. Conclusions： Polylactic acid glue can effectively reduce epidural cicatrization and adhesion.     

Effect of polylactic acid glue in preventing epidural scar adhesion after laminectomy in rabbits

Objective: To determine the efficacy of polylactic acid glue in preventing epidural scar adhesion after laminectomy in rabbits. Methods: Twenty-four Japanese white rabbits underwent laminectomy (including the attached ligaments) at L2 and L5. After laminectomy at L5, polylactic acid glue was sprayed on the dura and nerve roots and this segment was taken as the experimental group. After laminectomy at L2, nothing was used and this segment was enrolled as the self control group. Four rabbits were killed every two weeks postoperatively till the end of the experiment at 12 weeks. Then the operated spine was observed grossly, histologically and ultrastructurally to check the degree of scar formation, the status of epidural scar adhesion, the absorption of the glue, and the intracellular structure of fibroblasts. Results: The glue coagulated immediately after spraying and showed excellent hemostatic effect. The glue membrane was easy to be taken away from the dura mater of the samples for 2 weeks and there were no cells in the epidural space in the experimental group. But the dura mater was covered by hematoma in the control group, which formed mild adhesion, with fibroblasts proliferating actively. In the 4th week, some glue shivers remained in the epidural space with fibroblasts increasing a little, and the dura mater was smooth in the experimental group. However, in the control group, the formed scar was fragile and conglutinated with the dura mater diffusely and fibroblasts were much more than those in the experimental group. In the 6th-12th weeks, there was a potential interspace between the scar and the dura mater, and the polylactic acid glue was absorbed completely in the experimental group. Much tough scar was found in the control group, which was very difficult to dissect from the dura mater and the surrounding tissues. From the ultrastructural observation of the fibroblasts, the nucleus became much bigger and the rough endoplasmic reticulum was much more plentiful in the control group than that in the experimental group. Conclusions: Polylactic acid glue can effectively reduce epidural cicatrization and adhesion.     

Attenuation of postlaminectomy epidural fibrosis with monoclonal antibodies against intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and CD-18.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Data from studies in other diseases state implicate cellular adhesion molecules as mediators of fibrosis and scarring. We sought to explore and assess the effect of using monoclonal antibodies against intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and its ligand CD-18 to decrease epidural fibrosis in an animal spinal surgery model. PURPOSE: We hypothesize that use of antiadhesion molecules (anti-ICAM-1 and anti-CD-18) decreases epidural fibrosis in rats after spinal surgery compared with nontreated group and monoclonal anti human immunoglobulin (Ig)G group. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental animal spine surgery (laminectomy) protocol with application of antiadhesion molecules (anti-ICAM-1 and anti-CD-18 group as a specific monoclonal antibody) to surgical site in test group compared with monoclonal antihuman IgG group (as a nonspecific monoclonal antibody) and nontreated group. METHODS: Thirty Sprague Dawley male or female rats weighing 175 to 250 g were used randomly for three groups (nontreated, anti-ICAM-1 and anti-CD-18, monoclonal antihuman IgG). Laminectomy was performed at level L4 in all animal groups. After injection of materials (except nontreated group), the surgical sites were closed in layers. Three weeks later, all rats were killed. Twenty-seven rats were available for histological analysis. The histological sections were evaluated for fibroblast numbers of fibrous tissue within the laminectomy side, adhesion degree between dura mater and fibrous tissue, and new bone formation in the laminectomy region. RESULTS: Comparing the fibroblast numbers in fibrous tissue within groups, the number of fibroblasts were significantly less in anti-ICAM-1 and anti-CD-18 group than nontreated group (p=.037). The number of fibroblasts of monoclonal anti human IgG group was not significantly different from anti-ICAM-1 and anti-CD-18 (p=.608) and the nontreated group (p=.508). In the anti-ICAM-1 and anti-CD-18 applied group, adhesion degree was found significantly less than monoclonal antihuman IgG (p=.036) and nontreated group (p=.036) statistically. There were no significant difference between the monoclonal antihuman IgG group and the nontreated group about adhesion degree (p=.645). CONCLUSIONS: Therapy that targets ICAM-1 could be valuable in the management of epidural fibrosis. Blocking the function of ICAM-1 may provide cellular protection against epidural fibrosis and also it may serve as an important component in this period, acting to promote leukocyte migration across epidural area after laminectomy.     

Reduction of epidural fibrosis and dural adhesions after lamina reconstruction by absorbable cement: an experimental study

Background contextPost-laminectomy epidural fibrosis complicates revision spine surgery and is implicated in cases of “failed back syndrome.” Several materials have been used to minimize epidural fibrosis with varying results.PurposeThe aim of this study was to examine the impact of reconstruction of laminectomy site with a type of absorbable cement (Jectos) to reduce epidural fibrosis.Study designThis investigation is an experimental controlled study, which is designed to evaluate the preventive effects of laminectomy site reconstruction in rat laminectomy model.MethodsTwenty wistar rats were included in this study and divided randomly to two equal groups, namely, subject and control. In both groups, laminectomy was performed in L2 and L4 levels. Control group received no additional treatment. In the subject group, L4 levels were reconstructed by Jectos and L2 levels were non-reconstructed as internal controls. Six months after surgery the rats were sacrificed and the dural adhesion and epidural fibrosis were evaluated macroscopically and microscopically. The study was financially supported by Brain and Spinal Cord Injuries Repair Center. None of the authors have any conflict of interest.ResultsNon-reconstructed levels in both groups showed dense epidural fibrosis with marked dural adherence. L4 reconstructed levels in subject group showed reduced epidural fibrosis macroscopically (p=.024) and microscopically (p=.041). No foreign body reaction or ossification occurred at reconstructed sites.ConclusionsIn the present study, lamina reconstruction with absorbable cement was a safe method that significantly reduced post-laminectomy epidural fibrosis and dural adhesions in rat laminectomy model.     

Influence of TachoComb in comparison to local hemostyptic agents on epidural fibrosis in a rat laminectomy model.

This animal experimental study was designed to examine the effects of TachoComb, a fixed combination of collagen with tissue adhesive, as an interposition membrane on the development of spinal epidural fibrosis in comparison to other hemostyptic materials. In 10 Wistar rats, four laminectomies were performed at lumbar and sacral vertebrae. Alternately, a piece of TachoComb, Spongostan, or Tabotamp was placed into each laminectomy site. One laminectomy site served as an empty control (n = 10). 8 weeks later, the animals were sacrificed, and the spinal column including surrounding muscle tissue was removed en bloc from each rat and fixed in formaldehyde. After decalcification and staining the specimens were graded by a neuropathologist in a blindfold test for severity of epidural fibrosis as "light-moderate" or "marked". Epidural scarring of variable density was seen in all laminectomy sites. Light epidural fibrosis, without any adhesion to dura, as only noted in cases after application of TachoComb (n = 4/10) and Spongostan (n = 1/10). All other slices showed marked epidural fibrosis with dura adherence regardless of the implanted material. Statistical analysis revealed significantly lower epidural fibrosis after application of TachoComb compared to all other groups (p < 0.05). In this series, TachoComb is more effective in reducing the epidural fibrosis than Spongostan, and Tabotamp. However, complete prevention of scar tissue formation was not achieved.     

椎板切除术后早期进行直腿抬高运动对硬膜外纤维化影响的实验研究

[目的]探讨腰椎术后早期进行直腿抬高运动对于硬膜外纤维化的影响。成年新西兰大白兔40只，随机分为2组，全部行S1椎板切除术，实验组于术后模拟人进行直腿抬高运动，而对照组不予任何处理。术后1、2、4、8周每组随机处死5只兔子取材。大体观察1、2周时实验组瘢痕的形成要晚于对照组；4、8周时黏连分级两组存在显著性差异（P〈0．05），实验组重于对照组。2、4、8周时实验组的瘢痕指数高于对照组（P〈0．05）。瘢痕组织学评分1周时两组无差异（P〉0．05），2、4、8周时对照组要优于实验组（P〈0．05）。成纤维细胞及炎性细胞计数，早期实验组细胞数多于对照组（P〈0．05），但晚期两组无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。[结论]腰椎术后直腿抬高运动可增加硬膜外瘢痕的形成，延缓瘢痕的成熟，加重瘢痕对硬膜及神经根的黏连和固定。