甲状腺乳头状腺癌CD44V6、p53蛋白的表达及意义

目的探讨CD44V6基因蛋白在甲状腺乳头状腺癌组织的表达及其临床意义。方法用免疫组织化学S-P法,检测印例甲状腺乳头状腺癌,12例甲状腺滤泡性腺瘤组织中CD44V6基因蛋白的表达情况,并分析其临床病理意义。结果CD44V6在甲状腺乳头状腺癌与甲状腺滤泡性腺瘤表达差异有极显著意义（P＜0．01）;甲状腺乳头状腺癌颈淋巴结转移组表达阳性率与无颈淋巴结转移组差异有极显著意义（P＜0．01）。p53蛋白在甲状腺乳头状腺癌染色阳性率为68．3%（41/60）;p53蛋白在甲状腺滤泡性腺瘤染色均阴性。甲状腺乳头状腺癌颈淋巴结转移组表达阳性率与无颈淋巴结转移组阳性率差异无显著意义（P＞0．05）。结论CD44V6异常表达与甲状腺乳头状腺癌的恶性行为有关,CD44V6的检测对于甲状腺乳头状腺癌的诊断及转移潜能的判断具有一定临床意义。     

CD147和Ki-67在甲状腺乳头状癌中的表达及意义

目的:探讨甲状腺乳头状癌组织中CD147和Ki-67表达情况及临床意义。方法:应用免疫组化法检测甲状腺乳头状癌、滤泡性腺瘤和正常甲状腺组织（各50例）中CD147和Ki-67的表达。结果:甲状腺乳头状癌组织中CD147阳性表达率明显高于滤泡性腺瘤和正常甲状腺组织（68％ vs 20% vs 0）,三者比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）。CD147表达与淋巴结转移和TNM分期有关（P<0.05）。正常甲状腺组织中Ki-67未见阳性表达,甲状腺乳头状癌、滤泡性腺瘤中阳性表达率为（36％ vs 18%）,三者比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论:CD147和Ki-67表达异常是甲状腺乳头状癌产生的机制之一,与甲状腺乳头状癌的发生及发展有关。CD147可能是甲状腺乳头状癌预后的一项重要预测指标。     

肿瘤转移相关基因在甲状腺乳头状癌的表达与颈淋巴结转移相关性研究

目的：探讨肿瘤转移抑制相关基因nm23-H1,转移相关基因CD44v6在甲状腺乳头状癌的表达与颈淋巴结转移的关系。方法：采用免疫组化S－P法,检测201例甲状腺乳头状癌、30例甲状腺良性病变及30例正常甲状腺组织中nm23-H1和CD44v6的表达情况。结果：1）nm23-H1在甲状腺乳头状癌组的表达阳性率62．7％,明显低于良性病变组和正常组（P＜）．01或P＜0．05）。有转移组nm23-H1的阳性率为54．5％,明显低于无转移组（75．0％）,其蛋白表达与颈淋巴结转移呈负相关。2）CD44 v6在甲状腺乳头状癌组的表达阳性率为71．1％,明显高于两对照组（P均＜0．01）。有转移组CD44v6的阳性率为79．3％,明显高于无转移组（58．5％）,其蛋白表达与颈淋巴结转移呈正相关。3）甲状腺乳头状癌中nm23-H1和CD44v6表达呈显著负相关关系（P＜0．01）。nm23-H1阴性表达伴CD44v6阳性表达的患者发生颈淋巴结转移的可能性大。结论：nm23-H1和CD44v6的表达与甲状腺乳头状癌的颈淋巴结转移密切相关,nm23-H1和CD44v6的表达在淋巴结转移中起协同作用,两者的表达失衡可能与甲状腺乳头状癌发生颈淋巴结转移有密切关系。因此,检测nm23-H1和CD44v6可能作为预测甲状腺乳头状癌颈淋巴结转移潜能的有价值的参考指标。     

VEGF-C和CD44V6与甲状腺乳头状癌颈淋巴结转移的关系

 [摘要]:目的 探讨VEGF-C和CD44V6与甲状腺乳头状癌颈淋巴结转移的相关性。 [方法]采用免疫化学SP法检测80例甲状腺乳头状癌患者肿瘤组织的VEGF-C和CD44V6蛋白表达进行检测,其中伴有颈淋巴结转移(N+)的甲状腺乳头状癌患者38例,不伴颈淋巴结转移(N-)的甲状腺乳头状癌患者42例。结果 颈淋巴结转移组甲状腺乳头状癌原发灶标本VEGF-C和CD44V6的表达阳性率分别为:86.84%和81.58%,不伴颈淋巴结转移组甲状腺乳头状癌原发灶标本VEGF-C和CD44V6的表达阳性率分别为：61.9%和52.38% ,两组之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。VEGF-C和CD44V6的表达呈正相关(r=0.525,P<0.01);结论VEGF-C和CD44V6在甲状腺癌淋巴转移中起着重要作用, VEGF-C和CD44V6可作为甲状腺乳头状癌病理生物学行为的观测指标。     

多灶陛甲状腺乳头状癌中CD44v6和Survivin的表达及其意义

目的探讨多灶性甲状腺乳头状癌（PTC）中CD44v6和Survivin的表达及意义。方法应用免疫组织化学SP法检测47例多灶性PTC中CD44v6和Survivin的表达,并与其癌旁组织及同期122例单灶PTC对照,比较不同临床因素中CD44v6、Survivin表达差异,及CD44v6、Survivin两者在多灶PTC中表达的相关性。结果多灶性PTC占同期PTC的27．8％（47／169）,与家族史、淋巴结转移、腺外浸润有关（X^2=4．189,X^2=6．159,X^2=4．079,均P〈0．05）,而与性别、年龄、是否是微小癌及癌灶大小无关（均P〉0．05）。多灶性PTC中CD44v6和Survivin阳性表达率为70．2％（33／47）和66．0％（31／47）,癌旁组织均为2．1％（1／47）,差异均有统计学意义（X^2=47．184,P=0．000;x^2=42．641,P=0．000）;CD44v6和Survivin的表达与有无腺外浸润（x^2=4．723,P=0．030;X^2=4．023,P=0．045）、有无淋巴结转移（X^2=5．771,P=0．016;x^2=5．686,P=0．017）有关,而与性别、年龄、家族史、是否是微小癌、病灶数目无关（均P〉0．05）;多灶PTC中癌灶间CD44v6和Survivin的表达差异无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）;CD44v6和Survivin在多灶PTC中的表达呈正相关（x^2=10．154,P〈0．01）。术后随访5年。9年9个月,两组PTC患者均健在。结论多发癌灶是PTC的临床特征之一,CD44v6和Survivin在多灶性PTC中高表达,与多灶PTC的发生、侵袭和转移密切相关。     

肺鳞癌及淋巴结转移灶中CD44V6和E—钙粘素的表达及意义

目的：探讨CD44V6和E－钙粘素（E-cd)在肺鳞癌及淋巴结转移灶中的表达及其预后意义,方法应用免疫组织化学S－P法检测20例正常肺组织、72例肺鳞癌原发灶及淋巴结转移灶中CD44V6和E-cd表达,结果CD44V6在正常肺组织、肺鳞癌原发灶及淋巴结转移灶中阳性表达率分别为15．00％（3／20）、66．67％（48／72）和87．50％（63／72）。三者间有非常显著性差异（P＜0．01）。而E-cd的异常表达率分别为0（0／20）51．39％（37／72）和68．065（49／72）,三者间有非显著性差异（P＜0．01）。CD44V6阳性及E-cd异常表达率同肺鳞癌体积大小无关（P＞0．05）,与临床病理分期、癌分化程度及预后显著相关（P＜0．05）。结论CD44V6和E-cd可反映肺鳞癌的生物学特性,是预测其侵袭转移潜能和预后有价值的指标。     

ZNF703和CD44v6在甲状腺乳头状癌中的表达和意义

摘 要：［目的］ 探讨 ZNF703和CD44v6在甲状腺乳头状癌中的表达和临床意义。［方法］ 应用免疫组化方法(SP法)检测ZNF703和CD44v6蛋白在甲状腺乳头状癌组织(40例)、配对癌旁正常甲状腺组织(40例)和结节性甲状腺肿组织(30例)中的表达,并探讨其与甲状腺乳头状癌临床病理特征的关系。［结果］ （1）ZNF703和CD44v6在甲癌组(67.5%、75.0%)的表达均高于癌旁组(7.5%、10.0%)和结甲组(30.0%、13.3%),差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05)。（2）甲状腺癌组织中ZNF703和CD44v6的表达与肿瘤分期(TNM分期）和淋巴结转移有关(P＜0.05);ZNF703和CD44v6的表达与患者的年龄和性别无关(P＞0.05);ZNF703表达与肿瘤直径有关(P＜0.05),直径＞1cm组较直径≤1cm组的表达阳性率高;CD44v6表达与肿瘤直径无关(P＞0.05)。（3）ZNF703和CD44v6蛋白在甲状腺癌组织中的表达呈正相关 (r=0.462,P＜0.05)。［结论］ ZNF703和CD44v6的表达与甲状腺乳头状癌的癌变、肿瘤分期和淋巴转移具有相关性,联合检测可能对甲状腺癌的诊疗和预后评估具有指导意义。     

甲状腺乳头状癌雌激素受体的检测

目的：探讨甲状腺乳头状癌雌激素受体阳性表达的临床病理意义。方法：应用免疫组化ＳＰ法对８０太腺乳头状癌,３０例滤泡状癌及５０例癌旁正常甲状腺组织雌激素受体（ＥＲ）进行测定。结果：甲状腺乳头状癌、滤咆状癌及正常组织ＥＲ阳性率分别为６７．５０％（５４／８０）、２３．３３％（７／３０）、６％（３／５０）,乳头状癌ＥＲ阳性率显著滤泡状癌及正常组织,乳头状癌中原发癌ＥＲ阳性率显著高于复发癌,无淋巴结转移者ＥＲ     

雌激素受体β亚型和Survivin在甲状腺肿瘤组织中表达的意义

目的探讨雌激素受体β亚型（ERβ）和凋亡抑制蛋白Survivin在甲状腺肿瘤组织中的表达及其意义。方法采用免疫组织化学SP法对2003年2月至2007年12月收检的125例甲状腺肿瘤组织蜡块（86例甲状腺癌,39例甲状腺腺瘤）和10例正常甲状腺组织中ERβ和Survivin的表达进行检测。结果ERβ不仅表达于甲状腺上皮细胞的细胞核和细胞质,在间质中也有表达。ERβ在甲状腺癌、甲状腺腺瘤和正常甲状腺组织中的阳性表达率分别为83．72％、51．28％和20．00％,甲状腺癌中ERβ的表达显著高于其他两组（P〈0．05）。Survivin在甲状腺癌、甲状腺腺瘤中的阳性表达率分别为59．30％、17．95％,在正常甲状腺组织中无表达。甲状腺癌中Survivin的表达显著高于其他两组（P〈0．05）。甲状腺癌ERβ和Survivin的异常表达与肿瘤分期以及淋巴结转移有关（P〈0．05）。结论ERβ的表达可能对甲状腺癌发生过程中的细胞增生具有促进作用;ERβ和Survivin的异常表达与甲状腺癌的侵袭和转移有关。     

甲状腺乳头状癌中CD44v6BRAF和Rasp21的表达

目的探讨甲状腺乳头状癌中CD44v6、BRAF和Rasp21的表达,及其与淋巴结转移的关系。方法应用免疫组化sP法,对38例有颈淋巴结转移的甲状腺乳头状癌（PTC＋LNM）患者、22例甲状腺乳头状癌但无颈部淋巴结转移患者和50例甲状腺腺瘤（TA）患者组织中的CD44v6、BRAF和Rasp21进行检测。结果有淋巴结转移组（PTC＋LNM）的CD44v6、BRAF和Rasp21阳性率显著高于无淋巴结转移组（PTC）和甲状腺腺瘤（TA）组（P〈0．05）。结论CD44v6、BRAF和Rasp21的阳性表达与甲状腺乳头状癌的颈淋巴结转移密切相关,可作为甲状腺乳头状癌较好的转移及预后评估指标。     

New and emerging radiosensitizers and radioprotectors

The combination of chemotherapy and radiation has led to clinical breakthroughs in several disease sites, and current work continues to define optimum combinations of proven chemotherapy as well as more recently available, noncytotoxic agents. Administration of systemic therapies allows modulation of radiation response to improve tumor control (radiosensitization) or to prevent normal tissue toxicity (radioprotection). Substantial progress has been made in identifying the targets of standard chemotherapeutic radiation sensitizers and protectors as well as in the introduction of a new generation of molecularly targeted therapies in combination with radiation. We have reviewed the most recent, predominantly early phase clinical trials combining systemic agents with radiation. Although the proof of an improved schedule ultimately needs to come from well-run Phase III trials, the search among schedules could be shortened by the use of surrogate endpoints such as presence of active drug metabolites in the tumor. This has been accomplished only in a few cases and needs to become a more standard part of radiation sensitizer and protector trials.     

Religiosity and Physical and Emotional Functioning Among African American and White Colorectal and Lung Cancer Patients

The literature suggests that religiosity helps cope with illness. The present study examined the role of religiosity in functioning among African Americans and Whites with a cancer diagnosis. Patients were recruited from an existing study and mailed a religiosity survey. Participants (N = 269; 36% African American, 56% women) completed the mail survey, and interview data from the larger cohort was utilized in the analysis. Multivariate analyses indicated that in the overall sample religious behaviors were marginally and positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Among women, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Religiosity was not a predictor of study outcomes for men. Among African Americans, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and vitality. Among Whites, religious behaviors were negatively associated with depressive symptoms. These findings suggest a mixed role of religious involvement in cancer outcomes. The current findings may have applied potential in the areas of emotional functioning and depression.     

Fruit and vegetables and cancer risk

The possibility that fruit and vegetables may help to reduce the risk of cancer has been studied for over 30 years, but no protective effects have been firmly established. For cancers of the upper gastrointestinal tract, epidemiological studies have generally observed that people with a relatively high intake of fruit and vegetables have a moderately reduced risk, but these observations must be interpreted cautiously because of potential confounding by smoking and alcohol. For lung cancer, recent large prospective analyses with detailed adjustment for smoking have not shown a convincing association between fruit and vegetable intake and reduced risk. For other common cancers, including colorectal, breast and prostate cancer, epidemiological studies suggest little or no association between total fruit and vegetable consumption and risk. It is still possible that there are benefits to be identified: there could be benefits in populations with low average intakes of fruit and vegetables, such that those eating moderate amounts have a lower cancer risk than those eating very low amounts, and there could also be effects of particular nutrients in certain fruits and vegetables, as fruit and vegetables have very varied composition. Nutritional principles indicate that healthy diets should include at least moderate amounts of fruit and vegetables, but the available data suggest that general increases in fruit and vegetable intake would not have much effect on cancer rates, at least in well-nourished populations. Current advice in relation to diet and cancer should include the recommendation to consume adequate amounts of fruit and vegetables, but should put most emphasis on the well-established adverse effects of obesity and high alcohol intakes.     

VEGF及KDR在大肠腺瘤和腺癌中的表达及意义

目的：探讨VEGF和KDR在大肠腺瘤和大肠腺癌中的表达及临床病理特征的关系。方法：大肠腺瘤和大肠腺癌组织标本各100例,采用免疫组织化学染色法检测VEGF和KDR在标本中的表达情况。结果：VEGF和KDR在大肠腺癌组中的阳性表达明显高于大肠腺瘤组（P〈0.05）;在正常大肠黏膜均未见VEGF和KDR表达的阳性染色;VEGF阳性表达组中KDR的阳性表达率为70%,显著高于VEGF阴性表达组中KDR的阳性表达率16%,两组比较有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论：大肠腺癌组织中KDR的表达与肿瘤大小、转移情况、浸润深度密切相关;VEGF和KDR在大肠腺瘤中的表达与患者的年龄、性别及分型均无相关性,而与增生程度相关（P〈0.05）。在大肠腺癌患者中VEGF及KDR表达更高,二者具有协同效应。     

肾上腺素能β受体与肿瘤生长及转移

大量研究表明肿瘤细胞可表达β受体，而一些神经递质、药物和社会心理因素可能通过β受体影响肿瘤的生长和转移，β受体激动剂、β受体阻滞剂以及抑郁等社会心理因素可加强或削弱这种作用。这为表达β受体肿瘤的治疗开辟了新的道路，提供了新的治疗靶点。     

Occupational and environmental radiation and cancer

Epidemiologic evidence on the relation between occupational and environmental radiation and cancer is reviewed. Studies of pioneering radiation workers, underground miners, and radium dial painters revealed excess cancer deaths and contributed to the setting of radiation protection standards and to theories of carcinogenesis. Occupational exposures today are generally much lower than in the past, thus any associated increases in cancer will be difficult to detect. Pooling investigations of these more recently exposed workers, however, has the potential to validate current estimates of risk used in radiation protection. New information on the effects of chronic radiation exposure also may come from studies in the former Soviet Union of Chernobyl clean-up workers and of workers at the Mayak nuclear facilities. Studies of environmental radiation exposures, other than radon, are largely inconclusive, due mainly to the difficulties in detecting the low risks associated with low dose exposures. Thyroid cancer, however, has been linked to environmental radiation from the Chernobyl accident and from nuclear weapons tests. Low-level radiation released during normal operations at nuclear plants has not been found to increase cancer rates in surrounding populations. Radon, a human carcinogen, is the most ubiquitous exposure to human populations; remediating high residential-radon levels is recommended, recognizing that the exposure can never be removed completely because it occurs naturally.     

Cell and tissue interactions in carcinogenesis and metastasis and their clinical significance

This review describes a new vision for future directions in the study of metastatic cancer biology and pathology. It is based upon clinical and experimental observations on the constituent cell lineages within a neoplasm and on tumour-host interactions. The vision incorporates information from studies in population biology, developmental biology and experimental pathology as well as investigations upon human malignant disease. The assembled information reveals that invasion and metastasis are supra-cellular manifestations of "emergent behavior" among combinations of normal and malignant cell lineages in vivo. Emergent behavior is a combinatorial interactive process in which a population displays new traits which cannot be achieved by individuals acting separately and which subside when the specific population mix disaggregates. Disruption of such pathological interactions in the field of a developing primary or secondary tumour is, therefore, required to disable the malignant population and arrest progression without tissue destruction. These conclusions originate, in part, from principles which govern the sociobiology and group behavior of bees, ants, fish, birds and human societies. In all these social organisms, external factors can disrupt signaling mechanisms and induce expanding self-perpetuating rogue behavior, leading to social disintegration. These principles also apply to cellular societies composing higher animals, which likewise need intrinsic rules to maintain social order and avoid anarchy, and recognition of this is essential for advancing future research on the mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis and metastasis. Summarised evidence is presented here to support the conclusion that miscommunications between cells and tissues in the region of the developing tumour and its metastases are the main direct perpetrators of malignant disease. Genetic lesions (mutations, deletions, translocations, reduplications, etc.), commonly seen in cancers, can significantly disrupt important molecular pathways in the networks of communications needed to sustain orderly tissue/organ structure and function. However, genetic lesions can also, themselves, be induced by abnormal cell interactions initiated by extrinsic carcinogenic agents such as chemicals, viruses, hormones and radiation. The evidence shows that, irrespective of the initiating cause, it is this miscommunication in the region of a developing tumour and its metastases that is ultimately responsible for the emergence and progression of the disease. The article describes how this information collectively, provides a framework for designing specific novel therapeutic approaches targeting the cell and tissue interactions driving tumour metastasis and its manifold effects on the whole body.     

Vitamin D and melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer risk and prognosis: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis

Vitamin D is formed mainly in the skin upon exposure to sunlight and can as well be taken orally with food or through supplements. While sun exposure is a known risk factor for skin cancer development, vitamin D exerts anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on melanocytes and keratinocytes in vitro. To clarify the role of vitamin D in skin carcinogenesis, we performed a review of the literature and meta-analysis to evaluate the association of vitamin D serum levels and dietary intake with cutaneous melanoma (CM) and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) risk and melanoma prognostic factors. Twenty papers were included for an overall 1420 CM and 2317 NMSC. The summary relative risks (SRRs) from random effects models for the association of highest versus lowest vitamin D serum levels was 1.46 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.60–3.53) and 1.64 (95% CI 1.02–2.65) for CM and NMSC, respectively. The SRR for the highest versus lowest quintile of vitamin D intake was 0.86 (95% CI 0.63–1.13) for CM and 1.03 (95% CI 0.95–1.13) for NMSC. Data were suggestive of an inverse association between vitamin D blood levels and CM thickness at diagnosis. Further research is needed to investigate the effect of vitamin D on skin cancer risk in populations with different exposure to sunlight and dietary habits, and to evaluate whether vitamin D supplementation is effective in improving CM survival.