利培酮与舒必利治疗慢性精神分裂症阴性症状的对照研究

目的比较利培酮与舒必利治疗慢性精神分裂症阴性症状的疗效和副作用。方法将符合入组标准的50例慢性精神分裂症患者随机分为利培酮组和舒必利组，用简明精神病症状量表(BPRS)，阴性症状量表(SANS)分别于疗前、疗后12周末进行疗效及副反应评定。结果治疗结束时BPRS总分、SANS总分及各因子分均较疗前明显下降，两组疗效和副反应比较差异无显著性。结论利培酮、舒必利对慢性精神分裂症的阴性症状均有一定疗效，利培酮依从性好、副作用轻，舒必利经济负担轻，两者可作为不同患者首选。     

奎的平与氯氮平治疗以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症对照研究

目的　比较奎的平与氯氮平对以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症的疗效和副反应。方法　对 72例以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症住院患者 ,随机分别用奎的平与氯氮平治疗 ,疗程 12周 ;于治疗前及治疗后 1、2、4、8、12周末用阴性症状量表 (SANS)、简明精神病量表 (BPRS)评定临床疗效 ,用副反应量表 (TESS)评定药物副反应。结果　奎的平组与氮氮平组治疗前后SANS、BPRS总分及减分比较差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 ) ,各组治疗后SANS、BPRS总分与治疗前比较差异有极显著性 (P <0 0 1) ,奎的平在兴趣社交缺乏因子方面的疗效优于氯氮平 (P <0 0 5 ) ;奎的平组的副反应较氯氮平组少而轻。结论　奎的平对以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症有肯定的疗效 ,在某些方面优于氯氮平 ,安全性较高     

利培酮与舒必利治疗以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症对照研究

目的 了解利培酮与舒必利治疗以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症的疗效及副反应的差异。方法 选自符合CCMD—2—R精神分裂症诊断标准、简明精神病评定量表(BPRS)＞35分、阴性症状评定量表(SANS)＞50分的病例，利培酮和舒必利组各20例。经治疗观察和SANS检测分的变化、不良反应量表(TESS)的检测，评定两组的疗效和副反应。结果 利培酮与舒必利两药对阴性症状疗效相当，利培酮副反应较轻互相对安全、依从性高、易于接受。结论 以利培酮与舒必利对照，进一步证实利培酮对精神分裂症治疗效果确切且安全。     

舒必利与氯氮平治疗以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症对照研究

目的 探索舒必利与氯氮平对阴性症状为主的精神分裂症的疗效。方法 对80例以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症住院患者随机分两组分别服用舒必利和氯氮平治疗,采用SANS,BPRS和临床疗效总评量表评定疗效,用TESS评定副反应。结果 舒必利的疗效优于氯氮平,副反应少于氯氮平。结论 舒必利是治疗以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症的可选药物。     

左洛复合并舒必利对精神分裂症阴性症状疗效临床研究

目的　探讨左洛复治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的疗效和安全性。方法　将80 例以阴性症状为主的精分裂症患者随机分为研究组与对照组,分别给予左洛复合并舒必利及单用舒必利治疗,疗程8 周,用SANS、BPRS及TESS评定疗效和安全性。结果　疗后8 周两组SANS、BPRS比较差异有显著性,尤其缺乏活力因子分差异非常显著(P<0 01)。结论　左洛复治疗精神分裂症的阴性症状的疗效可靠,副作用不明显。     

利培酮和氯氮平治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的对照研究

为比较利培酮与氯氮平对精神分裂症阴性症状的疗效与副反应,应用利培酮与氯氮平治疗以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症各22例,疗程12周,用BPRS、SANS、TESS评定疗效和副反应。结果,利培酮组SANS减分率51.47%,氯氮平组减分率52.36%。提示：利培酮与氯氮平对治疗精神分裂症阴性症状均有一定效果,二对阴性症状疗效无显性差异。利培酮副作用发生率较氯氮平少而轻,安全性高,依从性好。     

利培酮联合舍曲林治疗精神分裂症阴性症状临床观察

目的：探讨抗精神病药物利培酮联合抗抑郁药物舍曲林治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的疗效。方法将以阴性症状为主的住院精神分裂症患者66例随机分为2组,研究组口服利培酮联合舍曲林治疗,对照组单用利培酮。疗程12周,使用阴性症状量表（SANS）和副反应量表（TESS）评定疗效及安全性。结果治疗12周末研究组SANS评分与治疗前及对照组的相应时段比较,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0.05）。66例患者不良反应均为轻度至中度。结论利培酮联合舍曲林治疗精神分裂症阴性症状疗效显著,不良反应少。     

舍曲林合并舒必利治疗精神分裂症的临床研究

目的探讨舍曲林合并舒必利治疗精神分裂症的疗效和安全性。方法将86例符合CCMD-3诊断标准的精神分裂症患者随机分为研究组与对照组,研究组给予舍曲林合并舒必利治疗,对照组服用利培酮,疗程8周,用PANSS、CGI、BPRS及TESS评定疗效和安全性。结果疗后8周舍曲林合并舒必利组总有效率为88．37%,维思通组总有效率69．77%,两组比较有显著性差异(P＜0．05)。两组治疗前后PANSS、BPRS评分均有明显下降(P＜0．05),两组间比较研究组两量表总分下降更明显,差异有显著性(P＜0．05),尤其PANSS中一般精神病理量表分、BPRS中缺乏活力因子分、焦虑抑郁因子分差异显著(P＜0．05)。结论舍曲林合并舒必利治疗精神分裂症阴性与阳性症状疗效可靠,不良反应小,大大提高患者的生活质量。     

利培酮联合合曲林治疗精神分裂症阴性症状临床观察

目的探讨抗精神病药物利培酮联合抗抑郁药物舍曲林治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的疗效。方法将以阴性症状为主的住院精神分裂症患者66例随机分为2组,研究组口服利培酮联合舍曲林治疗,对照组单用利培酮。疗程12周,使用阴性症状量表（SANS）和副反应量表（TESS）评定疗效及安全性。结果治疗12周末研究组SANS评分与治疗前及对照组的相应时段比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。66例患者不良反应均为轻度至中度。结论利培酮联合舍曲林治疗精神分裂症阴性症状疗效显著,不良反应少。     

利培酮合并舍曲林治疗慢性精神分裂症的对照研究

目的评价利培酮合并舍曲林治疗慢性精神分裂症阴性症状和副作用。方法将64例慢性精神分裂症患者随机分为单用组（利培酮组）与合用组（利培酮十舍曲林组）,采用阳性症状和阴性症状量表（PANSS）、阴性症状量表（SANS）和副反应量表（TESS）分别于治疗前、治疗后4、8、12周进行疗效及副反应评定。结果治疗8周后合用组PANSS总分、阴性因子分、SANS总分及分量表分均比治疗前明显下降,且阴性因子分显著低于单用组。治疗后4、8、12周TESS评分,合用组低于单用组。结论利培酮合并舍曲林能明显改善慢性分裂症,且副作用较少。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.