磷酸钙及不完全弗氏佐剂与乙肝核酸疫苗混合免疫小鼠的研究

目的：观察磷酸钙与不完全弗氏佐剂混合作为乙肝核酸疫苗的佐剂能否提高乙肝核酸疫苗的免疫效果。方法：将乙肝核酸疫苗与磷酸钙形成共沉物,再与不完全弗氏佐剂混合免疫小鼠,不同时间内观察小鼠外周血中ＨＢｓＡｇ与抗一ＨＢＳ的变化,从而观察小鼠的免疫应答。结果：两种佐剂能提高乙肝核酸疫苗的免疫效果。结论：核酸疫苗免疫中使用佐剂值得进一步研究。     

黄芪多糖作为一种佐剂免疫活性研究进展

疫苗佐剂是一种免疫刺激物,加入疫苗后可刺激机体产生更强效应更长时间的免疫应答。目前市面上常用的铝佐剂在一般情况下只能诱导Th2型免疫反应,油乳剂虽然可以诱导Th1和Th2型免疫反应,但副作用较大。因此研究者期待寻找一种更加安全高效的佐剂。黄芪多糖因其免疫学活性对巨噬细胞、树突状细胞、T/B细胞、Treg细胞具有免疫调节作用,在动物模型中作为疫苗佐剂能够刺激机体的免疫应答,是一种很有开发潜力的佐剂。本文基于这些研究综述了黄芪多糖作为一种佐剂的免疫学研究进展。     

乙肝核酸疫苗NV—HB／s接种小鼠的免疫反应

目的：研究乙型肝炎核酸疫苗NV－HB／s经肌肉注射、皮下注射、转化伤寒杆菌CVD908后再经口服等不同途径接种小鼠后，小鼠产生体液免疫应答的规律，以及磷酸钙在提高核酸疫苗免疫能中的作用。方法用自制的乙肝核酸疫苗、佐剂化乙肝核酸疫苗及口服疫苗，以不同接种途径免疫小鼠，分别检测小鼠外周血中的HBsAg及抗HBs；肌肉组织标本中的 苗质粒以及C－myc mRNA。结果：肌注NV－HB／s 3天后，在接种部位检出了HBsAg;1月后外周血中检出了抗HBs。肌注与皮下注射对HV－HB／s的免疫效能无显著影响。口服接种所诱生的抗HBs阳转率及滴度低于肌肉注射与皮下注射。磷酸钙处理可降低核酸疫苗的用量，增加其安全性。结论：乙肝核酸疫苗NV－HB／s能有效地诱导小鼠产生抗HBs，在免疫后6个月内，质粒的注入未见癌基因的激活。     

疫苗佐剂的作用机制及研究进展

接种疫苗是目前预防传染性疾病最为经济有效的方法。佐剂是为了提高抗原免疫原性而添加到疫苗当中的物质,适宜比例佐剂的加入可以更好地辅助疫苗刺激机体,达到高效持久的免疫应答,降低疫苗的生产成本和药物的使用剂量,减少药物进入人体中产生的毒副作用。该文就常用佐剂及其免疫应答性质方面作一综述。以期为设计与选择安全有效的疫苗佐剂提供参考。     

鼻腔黏膜免疫佐剂鞭毛蛋白的研究进展

疫苗接种是预防传染病最为有效的措施。鉴于大多数病原主要通过黏膜途径感染机体,预先在黏膜表面建立有效的免疫应答是预防病原入侵的最佳方式。鼻腔免疫是一种高效、无痛的黏膜免疫途径,既可诱导系统免疫应答,又能诱导广泛的黏膜免疫应答。然而,大多数疫苗尤其是亚单位疫苗经鼻腔接种后难以诱导有效的黏膜免疫应答,需要借助佐剂的辅助作用。佐剂是一种非特异性免疫增强剂,通过激活天然免疫来增强适应性免疫应答从而达到提高疫苗保护效力的目的,是疫苗尤其是亚单位疫苗的重要组成部分。鞭毛蛋白作为鼻腔黏膜免疫佐剂的效应已被广泛证实：在增强系统免疫应答的同时,还能增强黏膜应答,尤其是分泌型IgA的产生。该文就鞭毛蛋白的分子结构、诱导的信号通路、作为疫苗佐剂的应用及机制方面的研究进展作一综述。     

乙肝病毒表面抗原基因疫苗诱导小鼠细胞及体液免疫应答的 …

为观察乙肝病毒ＨＢｓＡｇ基因疫苗免疫小鼠后的细胞及体液免疫应答,将该疫苗定向克隆于质粒ｐｅＤＮＡ３巨细胞病毒启动子下游,构建能在真核细胞内表达的重组基因疫苗ｐｃＤＮＡ－ＨＢｓＡｇ。将此疫苗通过多点肌肉注射免疫Ｂａｌｂ／Ｃ小鼠后第六周,实验组小鼠均出现抗－ＨＢｓＩｇＧ阳性,其抗体水平明显高于对照组,同时Ｔｈ１免疫应答相关的细胞因子ＩＬ－２及γ干扰素水平显高于对照组,表明本文构建的基因疫苗ｐｃＤＮＡ３     

白细胞介素2增强HBV基因疫苗的免疫效应

目的：构建乙型肝炎病毒基因疫苗ｐＣＲ３．１－Ｓ,观察重组人白细胞介素２（ｒｈＩＬ－２）作为佐剂对其诱导ＮＡＬＢ／ｃ小鼠产生免疫应答的影响．方法：以ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测免疫小鼠血清抗ＨＢｓ,另用＾３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ参入法测定淋巴细胞增殖活性,初步研究不同免疫组的体液和细胞免疫应答．结果：ｒｈＩＬ－２组免疫小鼠抗ＨＢｓ抗体和淋巴细胞增殖活性与对照组相比有显著差异（Ｐ〈０．０５）．结论：ＨＢＶ基因疫苗可诱发ＢＡＬ     

鼻黏膜免疫佐剂提高疫苗免疫效应的作用机制及进展

大量研究表明,通过鼻黏膜免疫的疫苗可诱导机体生成免疫球蛋白A(immunoglobulin A,IgA),有望成为疫苗的有效作用途径之一.但单独使用疫苗鼻黏膜免疫后不会在鼻腔中诱导强IgA产生,需要添加免疫佐剂激活先天免疫应答,增强抗原特异性IgA产生和细胞应答.目前应用的鼻黏膜免疫佐剂种类繁多,但佐剂促进免疫应答的具体机制仍不清楚.本文讨论了鼻黏膜免疫佐剂在鼻相关淋巴组织(nasal-associated lymphoid tissue,NALT)中促进免疫应答的途径,为进一步对鼻黏膜免疫佐剂的相关研究提供参考.     

共表达HIV—1CN与IL—2基因产物免疫鼠T淋巴细胞亚群的研究

目的：研究细胞因子在机体免疫应答过程中的免疫佐剂效应。方法：以表达中国流行株ＨＩＶ－１ｇａｇ－ｇｐ１２０基因的核酸疫苗质粒ｐｃＤＮＡＧＰ及共表达中国流行株ＨＩＶ－ｌｇａｇ－ｇｐ１２０基因与ＩＩ－２基因的核酸疫苗质粒ｐＧＰＨ－２银川市Ｂａｌｂ／ｃ鼠,用流式细胞仪测定１００００个免疫鼠脾淋巴细胞中ＣＤ４＾＋,ＣＤ８Ｔ细胞数及ＣＤ４＾＋／ＣＤ８＾＋比值。结果：ｐＧＩＬ－２与ｐｃＤＮＡＧＰ比较,ｐＧＩＬ－２免疫鼠ＣＤ＾４和ＣＤ＾８Ｔ细胞数明显提高。结论：在机体的免疫应答过程中,细胞因子ＩＬ－２能很好地发挥免疫佐剂的作用。     

猪白细胞介素4的基因克隆及其在囊尾蚴DNA疫苗中的应用

目的：克隆猪白细胞介素4（IL－4）cDNA，观察其在抗囊尾蚴免疫中的疫苗佐剂作用。方法：通过RT－PCR法获得带有5'AUG侧翼翻译优化突变序列的猪IL－4 cDNA，测序后重组入真核表达载体pcDNA，在体外瞬时表达的基础上与囊尾蚴保护性抗原DNA疫苗联合免疫仔猪。结果：获得的猪IL－4cDNA列与献报道的完全一致，在体外瞬时表达中获得了有生物学活性的猪IL－4。其与囊尾蚴保护性抗原DNA疫苗联合应用可有效提高个体体液免疫应答水平。结论：构建了一高效表达猪IL－4的真核表达质粒，初步实验证实了其在抗囊尾蚴DNA疫苗中的佐剂效应。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.