UVB照射诱导皮肤成纤维细胞早期衰老的研究

目的 探讨UVB诱导的细胞衰老与肿瘤发生的关系。方法 噻唑蓝（MTT）法检测UVB辐射后的细胞增殖情况,筛选诱导衰老适宜的亚毒性剂量和照射次数。染色法检测衰老相关的β-半乳糖苷酶（SA β-gal）活性。RT－PCR检测衰老相关基因纤维结合素（FN）、骨结合素（ON）和平滑肌22（SM22）的表达。结果 以10 mJ/cm2的亚毒性剂量连续5次照射人成纤维细胞后,衰老的生物学特征得以明显表现：①MTT法检测显示细胞增生能力的减弱。②照射组具有SA β-gal活性的阳性细胞明显增加,照射组和对照组的阳性率分别为82.0%和33.7%（P < 0.01）。③3种衰老相关基因FN、ON和SM22的表达亦明显增强,分别约为对照组细胞的2.7、2.0、2.3倍（P < 0.05）。结论 反复亚毒性剂量UVB照射人成纤维细胞,初步建立一种UVB诱导的应激诱导的早期衰老（SIPS）模型。     

人参皂苷Rg1对UVB损伤PG12及成纤维细胞的保护作用

目的研究人参皂苷Rg1对中波紫外线（UVB）损伤皮肤成纤维细胞以及作为皮肤神经细胞模型的PC12细胞的保护作用。方法实验分为UVB模型组、UVB＋Rg1三个不同浓度保护组、对照组,分别以60mJ／cm^2、100mJ／cm^2强度UVB造成培养的皮肤成纤维细胞、皮肤神经细胞模型PC12（神经元化）细胞损伤,用MTT法检测细胞增殖活性,酶生化法检测光损伤前后细胞培养上清SOD活性、MDA含量。结果强度为60mJ／cm^2、100mJ／cm^2的中波紫外线分别可以造成体外培养的人皮肤成纤维细胞、神经元化PC12细胞增殖活性降低,细胞培养上清SOD活性降低,MDA含量升高,与UVB模型组相比均P〈0．05。给定浓度范围的Rg1能增加细胞的增殖活性,增加细胞培养上清SOD活性、降低MDA含量。结论紫外线可以造成体外培养的人皮肤成纤维细胞及PC12细胞氧化损伤,人参皂苷Rg1对损伤的细胞具有一定保护作用,其机制可能与它的抗氧化、增强细胞活力有关     

芒果苷抑制中波紫外线诱导人成纤维细胞提前衰老的相关研究

【摘要】 目的 研究芒果苷是否对反复亚毒性剂量中波紫外线（UVB）诱导的人二倍体成纤维细胞的早衰起抑制作用及其可能的机制。 方法 实验分成空白对照组（不做处理）,UVB-应激诱导的提前衰老（SIPS）组（单纯照光）,芒果苷4.0 mg/L组（单纯加药）,UVB + 芒果苷1.0 mg/L组、UVB + 芒果苷2.0 mg/L组、UVB + 芒果苷4.0 mg/L组（UVB照射联合药物处理）。成纤维细胞经5次UVB 10 mJ/cm2照射后,用细胞计数法（CCK8法）检测细胞增殖活性,β半乳糖苷酶染色（SA-β-Ga1）计算衰老细胞百分比,流式细胞仪测定细胞周期,蛋白印迹检测衰老相关蛋白p53、p21、p16含量,实时荧光定量PCR（RT-PCR）检测基质金属蛋白酶1（MMP1）、基质金属蛋白酶3（MMP3）、Ⅰ型胶原、Ⅲ型胶原mRNA和衰老相关基因p53、p21、p16 mRNA表达。采用单因素方差分析进行数据统计分析。 结果 UVB + 芒果苷1.0 mg/L组、UVB + 芒果苷2.0 mg/L组、UVB + 芒果苷4.0 mg/L组以及UVB-SIPS组细胞增殖活性（A450）依次为0.322 9 ± 0.011 3、0.336 1 ± 0.016 3、0.342 6 ± 0.014 4、0.288 2 ± 0.020 7（F = 110.08,P < 0.05）,β半乳糖苷酶染色阳性率依次为（88.83 ± 4.54）%、（46.33 ± 5.51）%、（32.17 ± 6.05）%、（93.67 ± 3.75）%（F = 283.54,P < 0.05;与UVB-SIPS组比较,除UVB + 芒果苷1.0 mg/L组外,其他两组均P < 0.05）;G1期细胞阻滞率依次为（72.19 ± 3.42）%、（60.99 ± 2.70）%、（49.80 ± 2.10）%、（82.09 ± 0.89）%（F = 156.01,P < 0.05）。与UVB-SIPS组相比,UVB + 各浓度芒果苷组细胞MMP1和MMP3 mRNA表达降低（F = 69.41、106.41,均P < 0.05）,Ⅰ型胶原和Ⅲ型胶原mRNA表达增加（F = 66.41、46.81,除UVB + 芒果苷1.0 mg/L组P > 0.05外,其他各组均P < 0.05）,衰老相关基因p53、p21、p16 mRNA表达降低（F = 265.60、151.82、329.85,均P < 0.05）,衰老相关蛋白p53、p21和p16的合成减少（F = 160.51、158.53、75.38,均P < 0.05）,各指标检测值的变化与芒果苷浓度之间呈一定依赖性。 结论 芒果苷可能通过下调p53、p21、p16基因的表达来抑制UVB诱导的人二倍体成纤维细胞的早衰。     

Baicalin protects human fibroblasts against ultraviolet B-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers formation

Exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation is a major risk factor for the development of skin cancer. Therefore, it is important to identify agents that can offer protection against UVB-caused DNA damage. Photocarcinogenesis is caused largely by mutations at the sites of incorrectly repaired DNA photoproducts, of which the most common are the cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs). In this study, a DNA damage model of UVB irradiation-induced fibroblasts was established. The immunocytochemical staining, immuno dot blotting and Western blotting were employed in the study. We demonstrated that pre-treatment of fibroblasts with Baicalin dose-dependently reduced the amount of UVB-generated CPDs. Compared with UVB irradiated cells, UVB-induced p53 accumulation was less pronounced in Baicalin-treated cells. Taken together, these results suggest that Baicalin prevent CPDs formation induced by UVB. Baicalin is therefore a promising protective substance against UVB radiation.     

The lazaroid tirilazad is a new inhibitor of direct and indirect UVA-induced lipid peroxidation in human dermal fibroblasts

Lipid peroxidation caused by oxidative stress within the tissue leads to destruction and dysfunction of cellular membranes. Human dermal fibroblasts in the skin are subject to constant photooxidative stress caused mainly by deeply penetrating UVA irradiation. Therefore, the membrane damage caused by this photooxidative stress may be a major promoter of photoaging and photocarcinogenic processes initiated and promoted by long-term UVA exposure of the skin. The oxidative destruction is counterbalanced by a complex network of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants creating the skins line of defence against UVA-induced reactive oxygen species. The lazaroid tirilazad represents a new synthetic group of antioxidants with structural molecular similarity to glucocorticosteroids. We investigated the antioxidative capacity of tirilazad by determining its effects on the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), as a marker of lipid peroxidation, induced directly or indirectly by UVA in human dermal fibroblasts. In a time- and dose-dependent kinetic, we demonstrated that fibroblasts incubated with tirilazad are well protected against subsequent UVA irradiation and show no increase in MDA levels similar to the unirradiated controls. This was also observed when lipid peroxidation was caused chemically by incubation of human dermal fibroblasts with 200 M Fe³⁺-citrate and 1 mM ascorbyl phosphate as a model of indirect UVA-induced skin damage. Lysates of fibroblasts treated this way showed a tenfold increase in MDA levels, whereas preincubation with tirilazad resulted in a significantly lower increase in MDA levels. Furthermore, in a comparison with the well-established radical scavenger Trolox, an -tocopherol analogue, tirilazad offered better protection to the membranes. Our results demonstrate for the first time that the lazaroid tirilazad is an effective inhibitor of direct and indirect UVA-induced increases in MDA as a marker of lipid peroxidation in human dermal fibroblasts.     

人参皂苷和枸杞多糖对UVB诱导培养的成纤维细胞提早衰老的影响

目的 用重复亚毒性剂量UVB辐射培养的皮肤成纤维细胞,观察衰老相关的生物学标志的表达情况,并研究人参皂苷Rb1、Rg1和枸杞多糖对UVB诱导的提早衰老的影响,及对衰老相关的信号分子p16、p21和p53表达的影响。方法 给予培养的皮肤成纤维细胞10次、每次剂量为15 mJ/cm2的UVB辐射。用光镜观察细胞形态学改变,用透射电镜观察细胞超微结构,用β－半乳糖苷酶化学染色法检测衰老细胞,用流式细胞仪检测细胞周期,用RT-PCR检测p16、p21和p53 mRNA的表达水平。结果 三种中药单体对培养的成纤维细胞形态、β－半乳糖苷酶活性、细胞周期和p16、p21和p53 mRNA的表达均没有影响。UVB辐射后,细胞形态和超微结构发生改变;91.5%细胞β－半乳糖苷酶染色阳性;UVB辐射组的G1期细胞数（88.63% ± 4.67%）上升,与对照组（49.18% ± 5.53%）比较差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。UVB + 人参皂苷Rb1、UVB ＋ 人参皂苷Rg1、UVB ＋ 枸杞多糖组G1期细胞数分别为71.04% ± 1.64%、70.38% ± 2.58%、80.09% ± 3.46%,与UVB辐射组比较差异均有统计学意义（P均 < 0.05）。与对照组比较,UVB辐射组的p16、p21和p53 mRNA的表达明显增加（P < 0.05）。与UVB辐射组比较,三种中药单体能明显抑制UVB辐射细胞的p16 mRNA的表达（P均 < 0.05）,人参皂苷Rb1和人参皂苷Rg1能明显抑制p21 mRNA的表达（P < 0.05）,人参皂苷Rb1和枸杞多糖能明显抑制p53 mRNA的表达（P < 0.05）。结论 人参皂苷Rb1、Rg1和枸杞多糖对UVB诱导培养的成纤维细胞提早衰老具有抑制作用,对p16、p21和p53 mRNA表达的下调作用是抑制作用的机制之一。     

Ginsenoside F1 protects human HaCaT keratinocytes from ultraviolet-B-induced apoptosis by maintaining constant levels of Bcl-2

Ginsenosides, the major active ingredients of ginseng, show a variety of biomedical efficacies such as antiaging and antioxidation. Here, we investigate the protective activity of the ginsenoside F1, an enzymatically modified derivative of ginsenoside Rg1, against ultraviolet-B-induced damage in human HaCaT keratinocytes. Ginsenoside F1 significantly reduced ultraviolet-B-induced cell death and protected HaCaT cells from apoptosis caused by ultraviolet B irradiation. Furthermore, ginsenoside F1 prevented ultraviolet-B-induced cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in HaCaT cells. In search of the molecular mechanism responsible for the antiapoptotic effect of ginsenoside F1, we find that protection from ultraviolet-B-induced apoptosis is tightly correlated with ginsenoside-F1-mediated inhibition of ultraviolet-B-induced downregulation of Bcl-2 and Brn-3a expression.     

Topical chloroquine applied before irradiation protects against ultraviolet B (UVB)- and UVA-induced erythema but not against immediate pigment darkening.

Seventeen healthy volunteers were phototested with ultraviolet B (UVB) and UVA before and after topical treatment with chloroquine phosphate. The skin areas treated before but not after irradiation showed higher minimal erythema dose values for UVB and UVA than control skin. The effect was clearly spectral with greater protection afforded against UVB than UVA. The immediate pigment darkening after irradiation with UVA, however, was not affected by pretreatment with the drug. The mechanism of action for this protective effect did not seem to be related to merely absorption and screening, inhibition of the inflammatory reaction or a UV-induced effect on the stereo-isomerization of the drug.     

17β‐estradiol protects human skin fibroblasts and keratinocytes against oxidative damage

Background Reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause severe damage to extracellular matrix and to molecular structure of DNA, proteins and lipids. Accumulation of these molecular changes apparently constitutes the basis of cell ageing. 17b‐estradiol (E2) has a key role in skin ageing homeostasis as evidenced by the accelerated decline in skin appearance seen in the perimenopausal years. Oestrogens improve many aspects of the skin such as skin thickness, vascularization, collagen content and quality. Despite these clinical evidences, the effects of oestrogens on skin at the cellular level need further clarification. Materials and Methods HaCaT and human fibroblasts were cultured under various conditions with E₂ and H₂O₂; then were subjected to immunofluorescence and western blot analysis. Lipoperoxidation was investigated using BODIPY. Results In human fibroblasts oxidative stress decreases procollagen‐I synthesis, while E₂ significantly increases it. Fibroblasts and HaCaT cells viability in the presence of E₂ demonstrates a notably increased resistance to H₂O₂ effects. Furthermore E₂ is able to counteract H₂O₂‐mediated lipoperoxidation and DNA oxidative damage in skin cells. Discussion In this study we highlight that the menopause‐associated oestrogens decline is involved in reduced collagen production and that E₂ could counteract the detrimental effects of oxidative stress on the dermal compartment during skin aging. Furthermore, our data show that physiological concentrations of oestrogens are able to interfere with ROS‐mediated cell viability reduction and to protect human skin cells against oxidative damage to cellular membranes and nucleic acids structure. Conclusion Our experimental data show that the presence of 17β‐estradiol may protect skin cells against oxidative damage and that the dramatic lowering of oestrogen levels during menopause, could render skin more susceptible to oxidative damage.     

Tiron protects against UVB-induced senescence-like characteristics in human dermal fibroblasts by the inhibition of superoxide anion production and glutathione depletion

Background/Objectives: Free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are generated by UV irradiation, may induce an irreversible growth arrest similar to senescence. Tiron, 4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzene disulfonic acid, is a widely used antioxidant to rescue ROS-evoked cell death. The aim of the article was to explore the effects of tiron on skin photoaging and associated mechanisms. Methods: The effects of tiron on cell proliferation were determined using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-Yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide. Senescent cells were determined by morphology and senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity analysis. Intracellular hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion and glutathione concentration were analysed by a fluorescent probe. The concomitant changes of protein expression were analysed with Western blot. Results: Human dermal fibroblasts were induced to premature senescence by sub-cytotoxic doses of irradiated UVB. Strong senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity and increased intracellular superoxide anion were observed in human dermal fibroblasts irradiated by UVB. Tiron blocks UVB-induced glutathione depletion and increase of superoxide anion and protects against UVB-induced senescence-like characteristics in human dermal fibroblasts. Compared with normal fibroblasts, UVB-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts showed a higher ratio of active (hypophosphorylated) to inactive (phosphorylated) forms of Rb and p38, upregulation of p53 or p16 and c-Myc and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) downregulation. After treatment with tiron, p53, p16 c-Myc and IGF-1 as well as phosphorylation Rb and p38 could partially recover. Conclusion: These results indicate that tiron protects against UVB-induced senescence-like characteristics in human dermal fibroblasts via the inhibition of production of superoxide anion and glutathione depletion, and modulation of related senescence proteins.     

Interleukin-1beta and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in dermal fibroblasts mediate UVA-induced matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression

BACKGROUND: Exposure to solar UV radiation is the main environmental factor that causes premature aging of the skin. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-1 is a member of the MMP family and degrades types I and III collagens, which are the major structural components of the dermis. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the involvement IL-1beta and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in MMP-1 expression under ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation. METHODS: IL-1beta and MIF in MMP-1 expression in cultured human dermal fibroblasts and the UVA effects on MMPs production using IL-1alpha/beta-deficient mice were analyzed. Furthermore, fibroblasts derived from MIF-deficient mice were used to analyze the effect of IL-1beta-induced MMPs production. RESULTS: IL-1beta-enhanced MIF expression and induced MMP-1 in cultured human dermal fibroblasts. IL-1beta-induced MMP-1 expression is inhibited by neutralizing anti-MIF antibody. Dermal fibroblasts of IL-1alpha/beta-deficient mice produced significantly decreased levels of MMPs compared to wild-type mice after UVA irradiation. Furthermore, fibroblasts of MIF-deficient mice were much less sensitive to IL-1beta-induced MMPs production. On the contrary, IL-1beta produced significantly decreased levels of MMPs in MIF-deficient mice fibroblasts. The up-regulation of MMP-1 mRNA by IL-1beta stimulation was found to be inhibited by a p38 inhibitor and a JNK inhibitor. In contrast, the MEK inhibitor and inhibitor were found to have little effect on expression of MMP-1 mRNA. CONCLUSIONS: IL-1beta is involved in the up-regulation of UVA-induced MMP-1 in dermal fibroblasts, and IL-1beta and MIF cytokine network induce MMP-1 and contribute to the loss of interstitial collagen in skin photoaging.     

细菌衍生黑素对长波紫外线诱导人皮肤成纤维细胞凋亡和坏死的保护

目的:探讨细菌衍生黑素(b-melanin)对长波紫外线(UVA)诱导人成纤维细胞凋亡和坏死产生的光保护作用,为今后将其用作皮肤光保护剂提供依据.方法:正常人成纤维细胞(NL-FB)和着色性干皮病患者成纤维细胞(XP-FB)经UVA照射12 h后,以四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)法检测细胞存活率,Hoechst33258染色法观察早期凋亡细胞核形态学变化.二氯荧光素二酯(DCFH-DA)标记法测定细胞内活性氧基(ROS)水平.结果:UVA照射诱导细胞的半数致死剂量,XP-FB大约为30 J/cm2,而NL-FB＞40 J/cm2.为了观察不同浓度(0,25,50,100,200,400,和800 μg/mL)的b-melanin是否对细胞存在光保护作用,给予半数致死剂量(30 J/cm2)UVA照射后,经100～400 μg/mL b-melanin处理的XP-FB的细胞存活率均较未处理组明显增高(P＜0.01),而NL-FB的细胞存活率变化不明显.细胞内ROS测定结果显示100、400 μg/mL的b-melanin能明显清除UVA诱导产生的ROS.100 μg/mL b-melanin即能阻止非致死剂量(16 J/cm2)UVA照射诱导的早期凋亡细胞核改变.结论:b-melanin能对UVA诱导人成纤维细胞凋亡和坏死提供有效的光保护,这一作用很可能关系到b-melanin对ROS的清除.本研究还首次提出核酸切除修复机制缺陷的XP-FB是一敏感的可用于测试UVA光损伤作用的体外细胞模型.     

RNA干扰p53基因对中波紫外线诱导的早衰和光致癌相关基因表达的影响

【摘要】 目的 探讨RNA干扰p53基因对中波紫外线（UVB）诱导的人皮肤成纤维细胞（HSF）早衰和光致癌相关基因表达的影响。 方法　利用已构建成功的RNA干扰抑制p53表达的HSF细胞系,加以反复多次亚毒性剂量UVB照射,衰老相关的β半乳糖苷酶（SA β-gal）染色法检测细胞衰老,定制实时定量PCR芯片,检测多种光致癌发生相关基因的表达,包括：参与细胞衰老通路的p53、p21、p19、p16、pRb,衰老相关基因纤维结合素（FN）、骨结合素（ON）、平滑肌22（SM22）,p53依赖的细胞凋亡相关基因bax和bcl-2,UVB诱导的癌基因缺氧诱导因子1α（HIF-1α）、血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）以及负性调控p53的人双微球蛋白2基因（hdm2）。使用SPSS10.0软件对各组间数据进行配对t检验。 结果　抑制p53表达的HSF经UVB照射后SA β-gal活性（19.70% ± 0.85%）较照射前（12.77% ± 0.81%）有所增加（t = 6.45,P ＜ 0.05）,但显著低于正常HSF经UVB照射后（50.48% ± 5.30%,t = 7.86,P < 0.05）,与正常HSF组（18.50% ± 0.45%）差异无统计学意义（t = 2.57,P > 0.05）。基因检测结果表明,抑制p53表达可抑制衰老基因p21、p19、FN、ON、SM22等的表达,但p16通路并不受之影响,在UVB作用下,p16、pRb的表达显著增加,分别上调。抑制p53的表达可使抑凋亡基因bcl-2上调及促凋亡基因bax下调,癌基因HIF-1α、VEGF、hdm2表达明显增加。UVB照射对这些基因表达改变无明显影响。 结论　抑制p53表达能够延缓UVB诱导的早衰。UVB诱导的早衰具有p53依赖的相关肿瘤抑制作用。     

川芎嗪对UVA诱导人皮肤成纤维细胞衰老的拮抗作用及MMP-1、MMP-3 mRNA表达影响

目的 探讨川芎嗪对长波紫外线（UVA）诱导人皮肤成纤维细胞（HDF）衰老的拮抗作用及对基质金属蛋白酶（MMP）-1和MMP-3 mRNA表达的影响。 方法 酶消化法分离 HDF进行原代培养,用不同浓度川芎嗪分别作用UVA多次照射前后的HDF。CCK-8法检测川芎嗪作用24、48、72 h或川芎嗪预处理24 h进行多次UVA照射的各组HDF体外增殖情况。光学显微镜下观察经多次UVA照射的各组细胞形态变化及β半乳糖苷酶染色情况,实时荧光定量PCR检测各组细胞内MMP-1和MMP-3 mRNA相对表达量。 结果 浓度为20、50 mg/L的川芎嗪作用HDF 24、48、72 h对细胞的体外增殖活性无促进或抑制作用,但100 mg/L作用48 h对HDF出现短暂抑制作用,与未给药组比较细胞增殖活性差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。20、50、100 mg/L的川芎嗪预处理HDF 24、48、72 h对经多次UVA照射的HDF体外增殖均有一定的促进作用,各组间细胞增殖活性在3个时间点差异有统计学意义（F值分别为17.451,15.231,23.535,均P < 0.01）。多次UVA照射后HDF形态出现体积变大、颗粒增加及β半乳糖苷酶表达增加等衰老现象,接近复制性衰老的HDF（P55组）。而20、50、100 mg/L的川芎嗪预处理HDF 24 h可减轻这种衰老现象,其中UVA组β半乳糖苷酶阳性率（68.417 ± 1.181）%,UVA + 川芎嗪20 mg/L组（58.167 ± 5.620）%,UVA + 川芎嗪50 mg/L组（45.167 ± 5.502）%,UVA + 川芎嗪100 mg/L组（43.000 ± 2.000）%,未照射组（33.667 ± 5.865）%,P55组（76.000 ± 6.557）%,各组间差异有统计学意义（F = 45.918,P < 0.01）,且UVA + 各浓度川芎嗪组、未照射组与UVA组比较差异有统计学意义（均P < 0.05）。川芎嗪可降低多次UVA照射诱导的HDF表达MMP-1和MMP-3 mRNA,且UVA + 各浓度川芎嗪组、未照射组与UVA组比较差异有统计学意义（均P < 0.05）。 结论 川芎嗪对多次UVA照射诱导的HDF衰老有拮抗作用,并能降低HDF衰老过程中MMP-1和MMP-3 mRNA的表达。     

Repeated exposure of human fibroblasts to UVR induces secretion of stem cell factor and senescence

Background Some of chronic hyperpigmentary diseases, such as melasma, induced by multiple factors including chronic sunlight exposure, can recur even after chemical epidermal removal. Dermal factors may be involved in the pathogenesis of melasma. Changes in dermal fibroblasts resulting from chronic sun exposure might cause melanocytes to synthesize melanin in the epidermis. Objective This study aimed at determining the effects of repetitive ultraviolet (UV) radiation on cultured fibroblasts and the secretion of melanogenic factors. Methods Cultured human fibroblasts were exposed to ultraviolet A (UVA) or ultraviolet B (UVB) for five consecutive days. After each irradiation, the supernatant medium was isolated from each dish and measured for levels of stem cell factor (SCF) and hepatocyte growth factor using an ELISA kit assay. To assess the effect of the keratinocyte-derived factors on fibroblast-secretion of SCF and hepatocyte growth factor, we added supernatants of the UV-irradiated keratinocytes to the non-irradiated fibroblasts. Finally, the irradiated fibroblasts were stained with senescence associated-β-galactosidase to assess their senescent change. Results Fibroblasts irradiated with UVA or UVB for five consecutive days, secreted SCF at levels that increased with repeated UVA or UVB exposure. Conditioned culture medium from UV-irradiated keratinocytes also induced SCF release from fibroblasts, depending on the number of UV exposures. UVA- or UVB-irradiated fibroblasts stained positive for senescence associated-β-galactosidase, and the staining intensity increased with repeated exposure. Conclusion These results suggest that fibroblast senescence and increased SCF secretion after repeated UV irradiation may be related to the pathogenesis of recurring hyperpigmentation disorders induced by chronic sun exposure.     

Replicative senescence of human dermal fibroblasts affects structural and functional aspects of the Golgi apparatus

It is well recognized that the world population is ageing rapidly. Therefore, it is important to understand ageing processes at the cellular and molecular levels to predict the onset of age‐related diseases and prevent them. Recent research has focused on the identification of ageing biomarkers, including those associated with the properties of the Golgi apparatus. In this context, Golgi‐mediated glycosylation of proteins has been well characterized. Additionally, other studies show that the secretion of many compounds, including pro‐inflammatory cytokines and extracellular matrix–degrading enzymes, is modified during ageing, resulting in physical and functional skin degradation. Since the Golgi apparatus is a central organelle of the secretory pathway, we investigated its structural organization in senescent primary human dermal fibroblasts using confocal and electron microscopy. In addition, we monitored the expression of Golgi‐related genes in the same cells. Our data showed a marked alteration in the Golgi morphology during replicative senescence. In contrast to its small and compact structure in non‐senescent cells, the Golgi apparatus exhibited a large and expanded morphology in senescent fibroblasts. Our data also demonstrated that the expression of many genes related to Golgi structural integrity and function was significantly modified in senescent cells, suggesting a relationship between Golgi apparatus function and ageing.