Sonographically guided core needle biopsy of bone and soft tissue tumors.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the value of sonographically guided core needle biopsies of musculoskeletal tumors as a reliable alternative to fluoroscopy and computed tomography. METHODS: A prospective study was performed in 74 patients referred for image-guided needle biopsy of primary or recurrent musculoskeletal neoplasms and suspected solitary metastasis. Imaging studies performed before biopsy established the feasibility of sonographic guidance in 65 lesions, of which 38 were soft tissue tumors and 27 were bone lesions with extraosseous masses. The lesions were located mainly in the appendicular skeleton. Tissue samples were obtained with a 14-gauge cutting needle coupled to an automated biopsy device under local anesthesia and sonographic guidance. Statistical analysis was based on 48 biopsies confirmed by successful clinical treatment (10 cases) or surgical resection (38 cases). RESULTS: An accurate diagnosis was obtained in 47 (97%) of 48 biopsies; sensitivity was 96%, and specificity was 100%. The method did not yield sufficient tissue to establish a diagnosis in 1 case. Considering all 65 biopsies, high-quality specimens were obtained in 96%. The procedure was carried out expeditiously, and there were no complications. CONCLUSIONS: Sonographically guided core needle biopsy is accurate and safe, obviating open biopsy in most soft tissue masses and bone tumors with extraosseous masses in the appendicular skeleton. In such patients, the sonographically guided procedure is the most prompt and effective method for obtaining tissue samples.     

Sonographically guided percutaneous needle biopsy of soft tissue masses with histopathologic correlation.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of sonographically guided percutaneous core biopsy of soft tissue masses. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients who underwent sonographically guided biopsy of soft tissue masses at our institution during a 50-month period. Core biopsy histopathologic results were compared with surgical or clinical follow-up. RESULTS: One hundred eighty-three patients, 76 male and 107 female, with a mean age of 48.5 years were included in the study. Thirteen patients had more than 1 biopsy, and the total number of biopsies performed was 196. Five patients were lost to follow-up. Biopsy results were diagnostically accurate in 174 (91%) cases. Thirteen biopsies were inconclusive. No complications occurred. The overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and accuracy in separating malignant from benign lesions were 97%, 99%, 99%, and 98%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Sonographically guided core needle biopsy is an accurate and safe means to obtain tissue samples for the histopathologic diagnosis of soft tissue masses. It obviates the need for open biopsy and should be performed routinely for treatment planning.     

Accuracy of sonographically guided 14-gauge core-needle biopsy: results of 715 consecutive breast biopsies with at least two-year follow-up of benign lesions

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to examine the diagnostic accuracy of sonographically guided 14-gauge core-needle biopsy (CNB). METHODS: Sonographically guided 14-gauge CNBs of 715 breast lesions were performed in 652 patients. Histopathologic results were correlated with imaging findings, and repeat biopsy was recommended in the cases of discordance between the radiologic and pathologic results. Long-term follow-up was used for patients with CNB findings of a benign lesion. RESULTS: Sonographically guided CNB revealed malignancy in 311 lesions (43%). Thirty-one lesions with CNB findings indicating benign conditions underwent additional image-guided or excisional biopsy because of indeterminate pathologic features, disagreement between radiologic and pathologic results, surgeon preference, or patient request. Within these 31 cases, 9 malignancies were diagnosed. The duration of follow-up for the remaining 373 benign lesions varied from 27 to 60 months. In 3 of these 373 cases, carcinoma was diagnosed at the site of CNB. The false-negative rate of 14-gauge sonographically guided CNB was 3.7%, and the sensitivity of sonographically guided CNB for the diagnosis of breast cancer was 96.3%. CONCLUSIONS: Sonographically guided 14-gauge CNB is a safe and accurate method for evaluating breast lesions that require tissue sampling. Radiologic-pathologic correlation and follow-up of benign lesions are essential for a successful breast biopsy program.     

Sonographically guided renal mass biopsy: indications and efficacy.

PURPOSE: To review the clinical indications, pathologic results, and success rate of all our sonographically guided solid renal mass biopsies over a 5-year period. METHODS: Between 1993 and 1998, 44 consecutive patients underwent sonographically guided percutaneous biopsy of a solid renal mass. Indications included prior history of nonrenal malignancy, metastatic disease of unknown primary origin, previous contralateral nephrectomy for a renal cell neoplasm, a renal transplant mass, suspected renal lymphoma, history of tuberous sclerosis, and poor surgical candidacy. Aspiration biopsies were initially performed with 22- to 18-gauge spinal needles. If the initial cytologic evaluation findings were nondiagnostic, core biopsies were then performed with 20- to 18-gauge core biopsy guns. Dictated sonographic reports of the biopsies were reviewed to determine the following: indication for biopsy, location and size of the renal mass, needle gauge and type, number of needle passes, and complications. Final cytologic and surgical pathologic records were reviewed. RESULTS: Thirty-six (82%) of the 44 biopsy specimens were diagnostic. Aspirated smears were diagnostic in 24 (67%) of these cases, with the diagnosis made on the basis of cell block alone in an additional 2 (6%). A definitive diagnosis came from core biopsy alone in 10 cases (28%). The 18-gauge core needle yielded diagnostic results more reliably than the 20-gauge core needle, and a significant correlation was seen between core biopsy needle size and the rate of diagnostic core samples (P = .017). Pathologic diagnoses included renal cell carcinoma (n = 18), lymphoma (n = 4), oncocytic neoplasm (n = 4), transitional cell carcinoma (n = 2), angiomyolipoma (n = 1), papillary cortical neoplasm (n = 1), and metastatic carcinoma (n = 6). Complications were seen in 4 (9%) of 44 cases; all were treated conservatively. CONCLUSIONS: For specific clinical indications, sonographically guided fine-needle aspiration and core biopsy of a solid renal mass can be performed safely. In many cases, a definitive diagnosis can be made on the basis of fine-needle aspiration alone. However, diagnosis may ultimately require core biopsy, for which 18-gauge core needles would be more reliably diagnostic than 20-gauge needles.     

Fourteen-gauge ultrasonographically guided large-core needle biopsy of breast masses.

OBJECTIVE: Large-core needle biopsy of the breast can be performed with stereotactic or ultrasonographic guidance. However, ultrasonographically guided large-core needle biopsy has notable advantages, including the absence of ionizing radiation, increased patient comfort, and greater cost-effectiveness. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of ultrasonographically guided large-core needle biopsy for the diagnosis of breast cancer in palpable and nonpalpable breast masses. METHODS: The study was a retrospective review of consecutive ultrasonographically guided large-core needle biopsies for indeterminate breast masses. A total 424 ultrasonographically guided core biopsies were performed in 367 patients with 1 or more breast masses. Ultrasonographically guided core biopsy was performed with a 14-gauge spring-loaded needle and a freehand technique. Correlation of ultrasonographically guided core biopsy pathologic findings with subsequent surgical pathologic findings or long-term imaging follow-up was performed. RESULTS: Of 424 indeterminate breast lesions for which histopathologic findings were obtained by ultrasonographically guided core biopsy, 234 cancers were diagnosed. Twenty-eight additional lesions had either questionable but not definitively malignant pathologic features (n = 11) or radiologic-pathologic discordance (n = 17) and were surgically excised. Of these, 8 additional cancers were diagnosed. Patients or surgeons chose excision of 41 additional lesions that were benign on ultrasonographically guided core biopsy No cancer was found in these surgical specimens. One additional cancer was diagnosed at a 6-month imaging follow-up because of interval growth. On the basis of surgical and long-term imaging follow-up, the sensitivity of ultrasonographically guided core biopsy for the diagnosis of breast carcinoma was 99.2% (95% confidence interval, 95.6%-99.9%) in 173 palpable breast masses and 93.2% (95% confidence interval, 87.1%-97%) in 251 nonpalpable masses. In cancers diagnosed on the basis of immediate surgical excision as a result of ultrasonographically guided core biopsy that showed either questionable pathologic features or radiologic-pathologic discordance, the sensitivity of ultrasonographically guided core biopsy for the diagnosis of breast cancer was 99.2%. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasonographically guided large-core needle biopsy is a sensitive percutaneous biopsy method for the diagnosis of breast cancer in palpable and nonpalpable breast masses.     

US-guided percutaneous needle biopsy of the spleen using 18-gauge versus 21-gauge needles

PURPOSE: To compare the techniques of sonographically (US)-guided percutaneous needle biopsy of the spleen using 18-gauge and 21-gauge needles. METHODS: Forty-two patients undergoing 43 spleen biopsy procedures for focal lesions (n = 27 [16 single, 11 multiple]) or diffuse splenomegaly (n = 15) were analyzed. Two groups were divided randomly according to needle type: group 1 comprised 25 patients biopsied with an 18-gauge cutting needle for histologic examination; group 2 comprised 17 patients biopsied with a 21-gauge needle for histologic and cytologic examinations. Diagnostic accuracy, complication rate, and number of needle passes were compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS: Correct histopathologic diagnosis was obtained in 36 cases, whereas incorrect diagnosis occurred in 6 cases. The accuracy of US-guided spleen biopsy in this series was 85.7%, with 1 patient (2.4%) having postprocedural hemorrhage. Compared with the 21-gauge needle, the 18-gauge needle had higher diagnostic accuracy (P < 0.05), required fewer needle passes (P < 0.05), and there was no significant difference in overall complication rate. CONCLUSION: Because biopsy with an 18-gauge needle yields larger and unfragmented samples with higher diagnostic rate compared with a 21-gauge needle, and no increased rate of major complication requiring surgical intervention, it may be advantageous to use an 18-gauge cutting needle in the US-guided needle biopsy of splenic lesions.     

Sonographically guided core biopsy in the assessment of thyroid nodules

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to assess the value of sonographically guided core biopsy in the evaluation of thyroid nodules by comparison with fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) performed with and without sonographic guidance. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of a consecutive series of 645 thyroid samples obtained at a single center. Samples came from 422 patients who underwent FNAC (with or without sonographic guidance), sonographically guided core biopsy, or excision of thyroid tissue with or without prior frozen sectioning. Final diagnoses were obtained from surgery or clinical follow-up. Initial and final diagnoses were compared. RESULTS: Adequate samples for assessment were obtained in 87% of core biopsies, compared with 60% of cytology aspirates (p <0.001). Sonographically guided core biopsy and sonographically guided FNAC both had zero false-negative rates for the diagnosis of malignancy, compared with a 7.0% false-negative rate (95% confidence interval, 2.0-12.0%) for aspiration cytology when sonography was not used. With core biopsy, 11% of patients required surgical confirmation of the diagnosis, compared with 43% of patients following FNAC (p <0.001). There were no major complications following core biopsy. CONCLUSIONS: Sonographically guided core biopsy provides an accurate and safe alternative to FNAC in the assessment of thyroid nodules.     

Ultrasound-guided biopsy of palpable breast masses

Objective: Breast ultrasound and US-guided interventional procedures of the breast are increasingly being applied and integrated in the diagnostic work-up and management of breast patients. The aim of the study was to assess the reliability of ultrasound-guided (US-guided) needle core biopsy of palpable breast masses with a 1.2 mm needle (18 gauge) in a fully automated firing device as an alternative to the existing surgical routine, i.e. surgical excision or palpation-guided Tru-Cut biopsy with a 2.0 mm needle (14 gauge) in a semi-automated device. Method: US-guided biopsy of palpable breast masses was prospectively, consecutively and openly compared to open surgical biopsy in a design closely connected to the routine diagnostic work-up of these patients. Results: 106 Patients with a palpable mass in one of their breasts were included in this study. The final diagnosis was the histological result of the open surgical biopsies, which were: 49 malignant lesions, 14 fibroadenomas, and 43 cases of fibrocystic disease. Forty-six malignant tumors were detectable ultrasonically and US-guided biopsy was performed, yielding adequate and correctly positive diagnoses in 41 cases (89%). Three US-guided samples were adequate for diagnosis but yielded a false-negative result. Two samples were excessively fragmented and thus inadequate for diagnosis. All 14 fibroadenomas were correctly diagnosed ultrasonically and US-guided sampling yielded a correct diagnosis in all but one case which was inadequate. The remaining 43 cases showed no abnormality on the sonogram and open biopsy yielded fibrocystic disease. Conclusion: US-guided biopsy of palpable breast masses can obviate open surgical biopsy whenever a mass is ultrasonically visible and it is strongly advocated to implement the procedure in the diagnostic work-up of these patients.     

Safety and efficacy of sonographically guided random core biopsy for diffuse liver disease.

Sonographic guidance is commonly used in the biopsy of focal hepatic lesions, but biopsy for diffuse disease is often non-image-guided. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of real-time sonographically guided random core biopsy in the assessment of diffuse liver disease in 210 patients. The two most common indications for biopsy were viral hepatitis (in 113 patients) and elevated liver function test results of unknown cause (in 54 patients). Ultrasonography and pathology reports were reviewed retrospectively to determine number of needle passes and final diagnoses. Adequate tissue was obtained in all 210 patients, with 259 of 269 (96%) passes having been successful. Specimens were submitted for light microscopy and other tests as indicated. No difference in success rates was found for right and left lobe biopsies. No major complications occurred. Minor complications occurred in 10 of 210 (4.8%) patients and were self-limited. Sonographically guided core liver biopsy is a safe and effective method for the diagnosis of liver disease.     

超声引导下粗针穿刺活组织病理学检查诊断胰腺占位性病变的临床应用价值

目的 评价超声引导下粗针穿刺活组织病理检查诊断胰腺占位性病变的临床应用价值。方法 2012年2月至2013年11月上海交通大学附属第一人民医院收治34例胰腺占位性病变患者,共36个病灶。应用18 G粗针和自动活检枪对所有患者行常规超声引导下穿刺,并记录病灶部位、大小、病灶周边及内部血管分布、穿刺针数、取材是否满意等,所取组织标本行病理学检查,并与临床最终诊断结果进行对比。结果 32个病灶穿刺2针,2个病灶穿刺3针,2个病灶穿刺4针,平均穿刺（2.17±0.51）针。本组穿刺取材满意率为89%（32/36）。36个胰腺占位性病灶穿刺活组织病理学检查结果为：胰腺恶性肿瘤31个,包括导管腺癌27个,淋巴瘤2个,小细胞神经内分泌癌、子宫平滑肌肉瘤转移各1个;非恶性肿瘤5个,包括良性病变3个,不典型增生、肉芽组织各1个。本组36个胰腺占位性病灶临床最终诊断为胰腺恶性肿瘤34个,非恶性肿瘤2个。超声引导下粗针穿刺活组织病理检查诊断胰腺占位性病变的敏感度为91%（31/34）,特异度为100%（2/2）,准确性为92%（33/36）,阳性预测值为100%（31/31）,阴性预测值为40%（2/5）,约登指数为0.91。2例患者术后出现轻微上腹部疼痛,1例患者术后出现一过性血淀粉酶浓度升高,无胰腺炎、胰瘘、腹膜炎、出血或肿瘤沿针道种植等严重并发症。结论 超声引导下粗针穿刺活组织病理检查是一种简便快速、安全有效地诊断胰腺占位性病灶的方法。     

Sonographically guided core needle biopsy of cervical lymphadenopathy in patients without known malignancy.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the efficacy of sonographically guided core needle biopsy (core biopsy) for diagnosing the causes of cervical lymphadenopathy in patients without known malignancy. METHODS: One hundred fifty-five sonographically guided core biopsies performed in 155 patients with cervical lymphadenopathy were retrospectively evaluated. None of the 155 patients had any known primary malignancy. Final diagnoses were determined by the histologic examination from excision biopsy when performed or by the clinical and sonographic follow-up for more than 12 months. When a lymph node diagnosed as benign by sonographically guided core biopsy regressed spontaneously or by subsequent management, the diagnosis made by the sonographically guided core biopsy was considered correct. When a lymph node diagnosed as benign by sonographically guided core biopsy was unchanged or increased in size with subsequent management, excision biopsy was performed. Diagnostic yield, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and complications of core biopsy were evaluated. RESULTS: Histologic diagnosis could be made by sonographically guided core biopsy in 146 (94%) of the 155 patients. The histologic diagnoses were reactive hyperplasia in 44 patients, tuberculosis in 37, Kikuchi disease in 25, metastasis in 16, lymphoma in 16, normal in 7, and toxoplasmosis in 1. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of sonographically guided core biopsy were 97.9%, 99.1%, and 97.9%, respectively. There were no procedure-related complications. CONCLUSIONS: Sonographically guided core biopsy is a safe and efficient tool for diagnosing the cause of cervical lymphadenopathy in patients without known malignancy and may obviate unnecessary excisional biopsy.     

超声引导下经皮肺和胸膜穿刺活检的应用

目的探讨超声引导下经皮肺、胸膜穿刺活检的组织学诊断准确性和并发症。方法对120例外周型肺占位和胸膜病变进行超声引导下的穿刺活检。结果120例患者均成功取材。病理结果示腺癌34例,鳞癌40例,低分化癌14例,小细胞癌4例,恶性间皮瘤4例,间皮瘤6例,结核病变4例,炎性病变12例,隔离肺2例。其中3例假阴性,活检结果为炎性病变,手术后病理结果示鳞癌。气胸7例,未经治疗自愈,咯血1例,其它112例均未出现明显并发症。结论超声引导下对外周肺、胸膜病变活检,具有准确性高、并发症少的特点,对临床诊疗具有重要的价值。     

超声引导经皮肺肿物穿刺自动活检术的临床价值

目的 探讨超声引导经皮肺肿物穿刺自动活检方法及其临床应用价值。方法 采用B型超声仪对40例肺肿块术前体表定位，确定穿刺线路，术中在超声实时监测下应用自动活检枪配套切割式活检针进行穿刺活检，术后观察并发症。结果 40例均取材成功。病理诊断35例为肺癌，3例为炎性假瘤，2例为结核球，均可确诊。穿刺后无一例出现气胸、出血等并发症。结论 超声实时引导经皮肺穿刺自动活检是一种安全、准确、经济的确诊外周部肺肿物的方法。     

Diagnostic sensitivity of ultrasound-guided needle biopsy in soft tissue masses about superficial bone lesions.

We evaluated the value of ultrasound-guided needle biopsy in 20 soft tissues masses about superficial bone lesions in 20 oncology patients. Sonographically guided needle biopsies were performed without an on-site pathologist. A diagnostic sensitivity of 95% and specificity of 100% in separating a benign or a malignant lesion was obtained. Fine needle aspiration cytology allowed the specific cell type of malignancy to be diagnosed in 80% of cases, while core needle biopsy allowed it in 91%. Real-time ultrasonographic guidance permits precise needle placement into the targets, avoidance of hypervascular areas, and flexibility of patient positioning so that needle biopsy can be performed quickly and safely on soft tissue masses about superficial bone lesions.     

A feasibility study of high intensity focused ultrasound for liver biopsy hemostasis

This study was conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) application to control post-liver-biopsy hemorrhage. Anesthetized Yorkshire pigs (n = 3; mean weight = 23.0 kg) were used and the liver organ was exposed surgically by an open laparotomy. Core biopsies were performed on the hepatic parenchyma with 14-gauge (n = 41) and 18-gauge (n = 33) core biopsy needles. The focus of HIFU (4.23 MHz) field was applied for 15 to 45 s to the needle entry site in the liver immediately after needle retraction. Blood loss from a biopsy site was determined using surgical sponges as absorbent applied at the site. Mean blood loss for control sites was 6.16 g (14-gauge, n = 20) and 1.22 g (18-gauge, n = 10). Virtually no blood loss was measured for biopsies after HIFU application (n = 44) for using needles of both sizes. Our results indicate that intraoperative HIFU application could successfully induce hemostasis after liver biopsy in a porcine model.     

超声引导经皮细针穿刺活检在胰腺占位性病变诊断中的作用

目的 探讨超声引导经皮细针穿刺组织学活检在胰腺占位性病变诊断中的价值。 方法 96例胰腺占位病变患者，用BARD自动活检枪和20G活检切割针行超声引导下经皮穿刺活检。 结果 本组穿刺活检成功率100％，取材满意率83．3％（80／96）。90例获得明确病理诊断，包括胰腺癌61例，胰腺囊腺癌15例，胰腺炎性病变13例，无功能性胰岛细胞瘤1例，6例因组织标本量少未提示病理诊断，本组诊断准确性93．7％，无严重并发症发生。 结论 超声引导经皮细针穿刺胰腺病变组织学活检是一种简便、安全、有效、诊断准确性高的方法，可使多数患者获得明确的病理诊断，为临床治疗提供依据。     

Utility of sonographically guided biopsy in metabolically suspected recurrent lymphoma.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of sonographically guided biopsy of [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-avid foci on positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) in patients with lymphoma. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 56 patients with lymphoma (25 male and 31 female; mean age, 48.5 years; range, 22-80 years) who underwent sonographically guided biopsy of hypermetabolic FDG-avid foci precisely localized by PET/CT. Biopsies were performed up to 3 months after PET/CT. The accuracy of core biopsy was calculated and compared with clinical follow-up and histopathologic results of open biopsy. RESULTS: Sixty-six sonographically guided biopsies were performed in the 56 patients. Histopathologic results were conclusive in 53 (80%) of 66. No complications occurred during or after the procedure. The overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and accuracy for diagnosis of lymphoma were 100%, 95%, 97%, and 98%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Sonographically guided biopsy is a safe and effective means for investigating metabolically active lesions on FDG-PET/CT in patients with known lymphoma.     

超声引导下脾粗针穿刺活检的探讨性研究

目的探讨超声引导下经皮粗针穿刺活检在脾中的安全性和有效性。方法25例行超声引导下脾穿刺活检的患者,局灶性病变19例(单发11例,多发8例),结节大小(3.76±1.37)cm;弥漫性病变6例。18G组织切割活检针配以自动弹射式活检枪取病变组织至少2条,活检后患者平卧位监测生命体征1个小时。最后诊断以术后病理(14例)及综合临床相应治疗过程和影像学检查为标准(11例)。结果25例患者,每例进针次数为2～3次,平均(2.28±0.46)次;11例加做了免疫组化(恶性10例,良性1例),24例明确了诊断,准确率96%,1例假阴性患者最后诊断为Castleman's病;1例并发了出血。结论只要患者的凝血功能正常范围,应用18G粗针行超声引导下脾经皮穿刺活检是安全、有效、可行的。     

超声引导穿刺活检对乳腺癌内乳淋巴结定性的诊断价值

目的:探讨超声引导经皮穿刺活检对乳腺癌内乳淋巴结定性的诊断价值。方法:对20例乳腺癌患者的肿大内乳淋巴结,在超声引导下行经皮穿刺活检。结果:穿刺活检成功率85.0%(17/20)。16例获得明确病理诊断,均发现癌细胞,诊断准确率94.1%(16/17),无严重并发症发生。结论:超声引导经皮穿刺乳腺癌肿大内乳淋巴结组织学活检是一种简便、安全、有效、诊断准确性较高的方法,能为临床诊断和治疗提供依据。     

超声引导下经皮穿刺活检在肺周围型小病变中的应用

目的评价超声引导下穿刺切割活检在直径〈2cm的肺周围型病变中的诊断正确性和安全性。方法35例患者肺周围型病变患者（直径〈2cm），选用18G或16G穿刺活检针行超声引导下切割活检，标本送组织病理检查，结果与手术病理及临床随访的最后诊断进行比较。结果35例患者，组织取材满意率为94％（33／35）；明确诊断为86％（30／35）；其中恶性病变91％（20／22），良性病变77％（10／13）；穿刺后并发症其5例，气胸2例，咯血3例。结论超声引导下对肺周围型病变切割活检是一种安全、有效．且诊断正确性高的方法．即使在较小病变（直径〈2cm）中，也能取得较好效果。