多发性神经病变、器官肿大、内分泌异常、M蛋白、皮肤病变综合征99Tcm-MDP全身骨显像分析

目的 探讨多发性神经病变、器官肿大、内分泌异常、M蛋白、皮肤病变（POEMS）综合征骨显像表现及临床价值。方法 回顾性分析8例POEMS综合征患者的临床、影像学资料,与CT表现进行比较,总结POEMS综合征的骨显像特点。结果 8例患者中多发性骨髓瘤3例,浆细胞增生3例,浆细胞瘤2例。6例骨显像阳性,其中2例为溶骨性破坏灶,4例为硬化性病变。5例可见四肢关节对称性放射性浓聚,其中1例治疗后好转。结论 POEMS综合征溶骨性病变及较大硬化性病灶呈放射性浓聚,伴四肢关节对称性浓聚;骨显像有助于其早期诊断及病情评价。     

长骨良性纤维组织细胞瘤的影像表现

目的 分析骨良性纤维组织细胞瘤(BFH)的影像表现。方法 经手术病理证实的9例BFH患者均接受X线检查,且其中4例接受MR平扫及增强扫描,4例接受CT检查。结果 9例BFH均为位于下肢的单发病灶,其中胫骨5例,股骨3例,腓骨1例。X线片均表现为偏心溶骨性骨破坏区,边界清晰,骨皮质变薄,可有不同程度的硬化缘;CT平扫显示骨质破坏区为与肌肉密度相仿的软组织密度影,2例病灶位于膨胀的骨壳内,2例位于胫骨的病灶穿破骨皮质,未见软组织肿块;所有病灶均未见骨膜反应。病灶T1WI呈等低信号,T2WI呈混杂高信号,增强MRI呈均匀或不均匀中度或明显强化。结论 长骨BFH的影像表现可为临床诊断提供依据。     

CT和MR诊断颅内嗅神经母细胞瘤

目的 探讨CT和MR诊断颅内嗅神经母细胞瘤的价值。方法 收集经病理证实的15例嗅神经母细胞瘤,分别行CT和MR扫描,分析其形态、骨质改变、密度、信号及强化特点。结果 本组病灶形态表现多样,3例呈圆形,4例呈椭圆形,4例呈蘑菇形,4例呈不规则形。4例病灶累及双侧筛窦、上颌窦及蝶窦,5例累及眼眶,6例累及颅底骨;10例病灶明显侵犯颅内脑实质。病灶CT均呈软组织密度影,5例病灶密度均匀,6例可见囊变区,4例可见钙化。病灶MRI表现为T2WI呈等、稍高信号,T1WI呈等、低信号,信号不均匀;当病灶侵犯脑实质可见脑内广泛水肿。增强后呈均匀或不均匀中等—明显强化。结论 嗅神经母细胞瘤多数呈跨越颅内外生长,CT检查能很好地显示嗅神经母细胞瘤骨质破坏的程度,MR检查能很好地显示颅内外侵犯的范围。     

骨良性纤维组织细胞瘤的影像学表现及与病理对照分析

目的 探讨骨良性纤维组织细胞瘤（BFH）的影像学表现及其病理学特点。方法 回顾性分析经手术及病理证实的19例骨BFH患者的影像学资料,并与相应病理结果进行对照。结果 19例均接受X线检查,15例接受CT检查,17例接受MR检查。X线平片BFH表现为不同程度膨胀性骨质破坏,病灶呈单房或多房状,骨皮质变薄。CT示BFH病灶边界相对清楚,周围可见硬化边,其内见不连续的骨性分隔,CT值0~75 HU,其中2例病灶中心可见新生骨。MR检查显示5例病灶T1WI呈等低信号,T2WI及快速反转恢复序列（TIRM）呈高信号;8例T1WI以等低信号为主,其间夹杂散在斑点状稍高信号,质子密度加权像（PDWI）及T2WI呈高低混杂信号;4例T1WI及T2WI呈索条或斑片状低信号。术中见瘤体为黄褐色肉芽组织,镜下见5例BFH病灶以大量组织细胞为主;8例组织细胞、泡沫细胞、成纤维细胞混杂存在;4例以大量成纤维细胞为主;2例见大量新生骨小梁。结论 骨BFH影像学表现有一定特征,与其病理学特点相对应。     

CT和MR诊断腮腺基底细胞腺瘤

目的 探讨CT及MR诊断腮腺基底细胞腺瘤（BCA）的价值。方法 回顾性分析11例经手术病理证实的腮腺BCA患者的CT及MRI表现,并与同期经手术病理证实的52例腮腺多形性腺瘤及36例腮腺淋巴乳头状囊腺瘤进行比较。结果 11例腮腺BCA病灶均为单发,呈类圆形或椭圆形,平均最大径（22.36±8.79） mm,多位于浅叶（8/11）。6例接受CT检查,平扫5例病灶密度不均,1例密度均匀;增强扫描病灶均明显强化,边缘强化较明显,1例可见强化壁结节。5例接受MR检查,11例病灶T1WI均呈均匀低或稍低信号,T2WI呈低信号,均可见低信号包膜;增强扫描病灶均明显强化,并以边缘环形强化为主,其中1例可见明显强化壁结节。CT或MRI见血管贴边征象10例,静脉回流进同侧下颌后静脉或颈外静脉者7例。结论 腮腺BCA的CT和MRI表现具有一定特征性,有助于诊断及鉴别诊断。     

单发婴儿型肝脏血管内皮细胞瘤的CT与MRI表现

目的 分析单发婴儿型肝脏血管内皮细胞瘤(IHE)的CT与MRI表现。方法 回顾性分析12例单发IHE,其中3例同时接受CT、MR平扫及增强扫描,5例仅接受CT平扫及增强扫描,4例仅接受MR平扫及增强检查。结果 12例单发IHE中,9例病灶在肝右叶,2例在肝左叶,1例累及肝脏右前叶及左内叶;CT平扫8例病灶均呈低密度,边界清晰,其中4例病灶内可见钙化;增强扫描5例病灶动脉期明显环形强化,3例边缘结节条索样强化;2例病灶由肝动脉供血,增强各期强化程度逐渐下降,以向心性强化为主。MR平扫7例中,6例病灶T1WI呈低信号,1例低信号内混杂高信号,T2WI均为高信号内斑片条索样低信号,T2抑脂明显高信号;增强后均以环形向心性强化为主。结论 单发IHE的特征性CT、MRI表现有助于提高诊断准确率。     

肺癌患者肋骨病变的SPECT/CT影像分析

目的 分析217例肺癌患者全身骨显像肋骨病灶的SPECT/CT结果。方法 对全身骨显像发现肋骨病变的217例肺癌患者加行肋骨病变SPECT/CT显像,并进行分类分析。结果 共发现154个肋骨放射性浓聚灶,其中良性病灶71个,包括肋骨骨折灶55个,肋软骨钙化灶11个,骨质增生灶5个;恶性病灶51个,包括破骨性转移37个,成骨性转移14个;性质待定病灶32个,CT无异常发现或表现为肋骨髓腔局部稍高密度影,多位于肋骨与肋软骨交界处。结论 肺癌患者肋骨病灶性质多样,肋骨骨折、肋软骨钙化等良性病变占较大比例,诊断时要注意鉴别,避免误诊。     

原发性肾上腺淋巴瘤影像学表现及其病理相关性

目的 探讨原发性肾上腺淋巴瘤（PAL）的CT、MRI表现及其与病理学的相关性。方法 回顾性分析经病理证实的13例PAL的CT、MRI表现,均为弥漫大B细胞型非霍奇金淋巴瘤,其中3例经手术证实,10例经穿刺活检证实;其中8例乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）升高。11例（18个病灶）接受CT检查,6例（11个病灶）接受MR检查,4例同时接受CT和MR检查。结果 9例为双侧病灶,4例单侧病灶,共22个病灶。病灶最大径为2.60~13.40 cm,16个病灶呈类圆形、椭圆形,2个呈不规则形,4个基本保持肾上腺形状。18个病灶CT平扫呈软组织密度影,9个病灶MR T1WI呈低信号、T2WI呈稍高信号。CT或MR增强扫描中,病灶均呈轻中度渐进性均匀或不均强化,其中4个在MR增强静脉期或延迟期出现网格状强化。结论 PAL影像学表现具有一定特征性,结合LDH检查可提高术前正确诊断率。     

原发性肝透明细胞癌的CT、MRI表现

目的 分析原发性肝透明细胞癌(PCCCL)的CT、MRI表现。方法 回顾性分析29例经病理、免疫组化证实的单发PCCCL患者的临床特征、CT及MRI表现。结果 29例PCCCL均有乙肝病史,均无HCV感染史,19例伴有肝硬化,AFP阳性19例。29例PCCCL均为单发病灶,位于肝右叶者19例,多呈圆形、类圆形或分叶状。23例患者接受CT扫描,平扫19例呈低密度,2例呈低、等混杂密度,2例呈低、高混杂密度;增强扫描19例具有普通型肝细胞癌(HCC)的典型"快进快出"强化特征,10例病灶有假包膜。7例接受MR扫描(其中1例先后接受CT、MR检查),平扫T1WI 中PCCCL呈稍高/稍低信号,T2WI中以高/更高信号多见,增强扫描均呈普通型HCC"快进快出"的典型强化特征,均可见假包膜。结论 PCCCL的影像学表现与普通型HCC相似,动态增强扫描具有早期快速强化,门静脉期、延迟期迅速廓清的特点,且易于形成假包膜结构。MR平扫T1WI呈稍高/稍低信号、T2WI信号明显增高对诊断PCCCL有提示意义。     

99Tcm-MDP骨显像评估脊柱成骨细胞瘤

目的观察脊柱成骨细胞瘤^99 Tc^m-MDP骨显像表现,探讨骨显像用于术后评估的价值。方法回顾性收集24例病理证实的脊柱成骨细胞瘤影像学及临床资料,分析其术前、术后骨显像及同期CT特点,对比骨显像及CT诊断成骨细胞瘤术后复发的价值。结果14例接受术前骨显像,病灶均呈显著浓聚,其中13例后位像显示较前位像清晰;11例接受同期CT扫描,病变长径1.3~4.2 cm,9例见膨胀性溶骨性破坏,内部可见钙化或骨样密度影;2例呈单纯骨样密度。12例接受术后骨显像,6例显示病变复发,其中5例呈显著浓聚、1例轻度浓聚,5例接受同期CT,其中4例呈骨样密度影,1例软组织密度影伴钙化;6例未见复发,3例骨显像呈放射性减低伴周围浓聚,1例轻度浓聚、1例放射性减低、1例未见异常,5例接受同期CT,1例示术区软组织影、2例碎骨片影、2例未见异常。结论原发及复发性脊柱成骨细胞瘤骨显像多呈显著放射性浓聚。骨显像可用于脊柱成骨细胞瘤术后评估及指导临床决策,术后骨显像阴性可排除肿瘤复发。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.