单侧多功能外固定架治疗四肢长管骨骨折59例体会

骨折外固定技术治疗长管骨骨折已取得了可喜的发展，已成为现代骨科治疗的重要手段之一。我院应用上海市第六人民医院于仲嘉教授等研制的SGD单侧多功能外固定架治疗长管骨骨折５９例取得满意效果。临床资料一、一般资料本组５９例病人，６３个肢体，６６处骨折，其中男４２人，女１７人，年龄５～５３岁，平均年龄２９岁。胫腓骨４５例，其中合并胫骨平台骨折４例，股骨７例，尺桡骨骨折４例，肱骨骨折３例；开放性骨折１５例；粉碎性骨折１８例；陈旧性骨折５例；骨不连９例。二、治疗方法采用上海第六人民医院单侧多功能外固定架及安装…     

影响单侧外固定架治疗四肢长管骨骨折稳定性的因素

单侧外固定作为一种骨外固定技术主要有以下优势:手术损伤小甚至不手术、患者痛苦小容易耐受、固定牢靠、允许上下关节和骨折肢体早期活动、可同时作肢体延长、可以提供轴向加压和一定的抗旋转力、便于处理合并伤和术后护理、不需二次手术等,适用于无理想固定器械又不宜作内固定或伴有软组织损伤的复杂骨折,还用于关节融合、截骨后固定、骨缺损、骨不连等的治疗.     

Evolution of the internal fixation of long bone fractures. The scientific basis of biological internal fixation: choosing a new balance between stability and biology

The advent of 'biological internal fixation' is an important development in the surgical management of fractures. Locked nailing has demonstrated that flexible fixation without precise reduction results in reliable healing. While external fixators are mainly used today to provide temporary fixation in fractures after severe injury, the internal fixator offers flexible fixation, maintaining the advantages of the external fixator but allowing long-term treatment. The internal fixator resembles a plate but functions differently. It is based on pure splinting rather than compression. The resulting flexible stabilisation induces the formation of callus. With the use of locked threaded bolts, the application of the internal fixator foregoes the need of adaptation of the shape of the splint to that of the bone during surgery. Thus, it is possible to apply the internal fixator as a minimally invasive percutaneous osteosynthesis (MIPO). Minimal surgical trauma and flexible fixation allow prompt healing when the blood supply to bone is maintained or can be restored early. The scientific basis of the fixation and function of these new implants has been reviewed. The biomechanical aspects principally address the degree of instability which may be tolerated by fracture healing under different biological conditions. Fractures may heal spontaneously in spite of gross instability while minimal, even non-visible, instability may be deleterious for rigidly fixed small fracture gaps. The theory of strain offers an explanation for the maximum instability which will be tolerated and the minimal degree required for induction of callus formation. The biological aspects of damage to the blood supply, necrosis and temporary porosity explain the importance of avoiding extensive contact of the implant with bone. The phenomenon of bone loss and stress protection has a biological rather than a mechanical explanation. The same mechanism of necrosis-induced internal remodelling may explain the basic process of direct healing.     

自锁型可膨胀髓内钉治疗下肢长骨骨折

目的探讨自锁型可膨胀髓内钉治疗下肢长骨骨折的疗效。方法2004年9月～2005年9月应用自锁型可膨胀髓内钉治疗21例下肢长骨骨折患者,其中股骨骨折9例,胫骨骨折12例。从手术情况、并发症、骨折愈合情况及功能评价等方面对疗效进行分析。结果所有患者术后获4～15个月(平均9．6个月)随访。所有患者无感染发生,骨折端均获愈合,无骨不愈合、骨延迟愈合及内固定松动和断裂等并发症发生。功能评价参考Johner-Wruh方法：优14例,良6例,可1例,优良率为95．2%。结论自锁型可膨胀髓内钉固定能显著减少手术创伤、明显缩短手术时间及降低术后并发症的发生率,是一种比较理想的治疗下肢长骨骨折的方法。     

弹性髓内钉固定治疗儿童四肢长管状骨骨折

四肢长管状骨骨折是儿童最常见的骨折之一.大多数儿童长管状骨骨折都可以通过闭合复位牵引治疗、夹板固定、管型石膏固定等获得成功.但是,仍有部分不稳定的长管状骨骨折通过闭合复位难以获得较满意的位置,或者复位后出现再移位,需多次复位.由于钛合金弹性髓内钉(titanic elastic nailing,TEN)固定治疗四肢长管状骨骨折具有很多优点,成为处理儿童长骨骨折中普遍采用的一种方法和技术.我院从2006年3月至2008年12月使用TEN治疗28例儿童四肢长管状骨骨折患者,取得了满意的疗效,现总结如下.     

可膨胀自锁髓内钉在下肢骨折中的应用

目的探讨Fixion~(TM)膨胀自锁髓内钉内固定治疗下肢骨折的初步临床疗效。方法2004年11月～2005年11月采用Fixion~(TM)系统的膨胀髓内钉内固定治疗下肢骨折21例,其中股骨转子间骨折5例,股骨干骨折9例,胫骨骨折7例。开放性骨折1例,骨不连1例；其中使用髓内钉系统12例,交锁髓内钉系统4例,股骨近端髓内钉系统5例。结果所有患者均获得随访,时间4．0～12．5个月,平均7．0个月。全部患者骨折均愈合,愈合时间3～7个月,平均4．5个月。无术后感染、肢体短缩、旋转移位、骨不连或脂肪栓塞等并发症发生。结论使用膨胀髓内钉治疗下肢骨折手术操作简便、创伤小,大多不需交锁螺钉且并发症少,作为一种新的微创手术方法,疗效满意。由于其抗折弯强度和扭转力不高,对于大范围粉碎性骨折患者不宜使用。     

Platelet gel supplementation in long bone nonunions treated by external fixation

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the use of previously frozen, thawed platelet gel supplementation to accelerate the healing of long bone nonunions treated by external fixation. DESIGN: Prospective case series with historical controls. SETTING: University Hospital. PATIENTS: Twenty patients affected by tibial, humeral, or forearm atrophic nonunions were treated by percutaneous stabilization with unilateral external fixators and injection of autologous platelet gel. The healing time was compared to the result obtained in a historical control group treated without platelet gel supplementation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Consolidation rate and radiographic healing time of nonunions in the 2 groups were assessed by independent blinded observers. The nonunion was judged to be healed when bridging callus formation on both radiographic views was observed on at least 3 of 4 cortices. RESULTS: The healing rate of nonunion was 90% (18/20) in platelet gel cases and 85% (17/20) in controls, respectively (P = 0.633). The mean time until radiographic consolidation in nonunions supplemented with platelet gel (147 +/- 63 days) was not different to the result in the control group (153 +/- 61 days; P = 0.784). Analyzing the mean healing time for separate segments, no differences were noted between study and control group-that is, tibia: 112 +/- 43 and 130 +/- 5 days, respectively (P = 0.382); humerus, 225 +/- 36 and 202 +/- 70 days, respectively (P = 0.530). CONCLUSION: The present study failed to show the clinical usefulness of isolated percutaneous platelet gel supplementation in long bone nonunions treated by external fixation; however, caution should be exercised in interpreting this result because the actual numbers are small and the statistical power is limited.     

Treatment of mallet fractures using compression fixation pins.

Fifteen patients who underwent percutaneous fixation of mallet fractures of the distal phalanx using compression fixation pins were assessed. Anatomical reduction was achieved in all patients. There were no nonunions. The mean active range of motion of the distal interphalangeal joint was 1 degrees of hyperextension to 69 degrees of flexion. The fixation was stable enough to allow early active motion exercise of the distal interphalangeal joint. This technique results in a good range of motion in a shorter period of time than other treatments.     

Use of percutaneous transpedicular external fixation pins to measure intervertebral motion.

STUDY DESIGN: Direct measurement of intervertebral motion was compared to motion determined by measuring the position of the exposed ends of the external fixation pins. OBJECTIVES: To verify the accuracy of this technique, so that this protocol can be used to study intervertebral motion in the clinical setting. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The transpedicular external fixation test has been shown to be a test that can predict the outcome of spinal fusion. In patients who are candidates for this test, intervertebral motion can be calculated from motion at the external ends of these pins. METHODS: Six fresh cadaveric spinal segments from L2 to L5 were instrumented with titanium Schanz screws. Reflective markers were placed on the tips of the pins, and intervertebral motion was measured using a noncontacting camera system. Computed tomography data were used to determine the position of the vertebra relative to the reflective markers. Intervertebral distances were calculated and compared with direct measurements obtained using a three-dimensional digitizing arm. RESULTS: There was an excellent correlation (r2 = 0.931) between the directly measured intervertebral motions and those that were indirectly calculated from measurements of motion at the end of the Schanz screws. CONCLUSIONS: Intervertebral motion can be measured by monitoring motion of the ends of transpedicular external fixation pins. Motion of anatomic landmarks on the vertebrae can be calculated from the pin end's motion if computed tomography data are used to determine the geometric relation between the vertebrae and the external fixation pins. This validation study supports the use of this method in clinical investigations of intervertebral motion in patients with low back pain and external fixation.     

Influence of bone quality on the strength of internal and external fixation of tibial plateau fractures.

We studied the influence of different parameters of bone quality on the fixation strength of bicondylar tibial plateau fractures and examined the relationship between these parameters. Bone quality was measured in the plateau of 16 cadaveric tibias using three modalities: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), peripheral quantitative computer tomography (pQCT), and spectral analysis of digitized radiographs (SADR). The tibias were divided into two groups by the median bone mineral density (BMD) and randomized to receive either dual plating or external fixator for the stabilization of a standardized bicondylar tibial fracture. The fixed fractures were subjected to axial compression until failure. DXA BMD correlated most significantly with the failure load (r>or=0.79, p<0.001), followed by the pQCT parameters of cancellous bone (0.52>or=r>or=0.73, p<0.01). Similar strong correlations were also evident in both fixation methods. For parameters derived from SADR, only those including both longitudinal and transverse trabecular orientations had modest correlation with the fixation strength (0.53>or=r>or=0.71, p<0.01). The failure loads of the two fixation techniques were not significantly different (mean+/-SD=3522+/-1386 N and 3710+/-1356 N, respectively, p=0.78). However, BMD in the dual-plating group influenced the failure load significantly (p=0.03), whereas in the external fixation group this was less evident (p=0.100). The majority of bone quality parameters that correlated with fixation strength were also strongly correlated with each other, particularly the BMDs measured by DXA and pQCT. This is the first study that relates fixation strength of bicondylar tibial plateau fractures to bone quality assessed at the same anatomical site. BMD around the fracture site had the best correlation with the failure load regardless of the fixation technique. The two fixation methods tested performed equally well, and the choice between them depends on the soft tissue condition and surgeon preference.     

Hybrid external fixation of distal tibial fractures: new strategy to place pins and wires without penetrating the anterior compartment

Introduction Impalement of the anterior compartment musculature remains a problem in the hybrid external fixation of distal tibial fractures. The purposes of this study were to develop a tensioned wire configuration which does not violate the anterior compartment and to analyze the biomechanical implications of new wire configuration.Materials and methods Thirty-seven adult volunteers without known pathology around either tibia were recruited. Axial computed tomography of the distal tibia was performed at 5-mm slices from the plafond to the upper margin of the syndesmosis. The wire convergence angle was measured at the 1-, 2-, and 2.5-cm levels using the following landmarks: tibialis anterior tendon (TA), tibialis posterior tendon (TP), peroneus brevis tendon (PB), anterolateral border of the lateral malleolus (LM). Two straight lines were drawn by connecting TA and PB and connecting TP and LM. The wire convergence angle was defined as an acute angle between these two lines. Then the orientation of the bisector axis of the wires was measured. As a second part of this study, a validated three-dimensional hybrid external fixator model was developed using finite elements modeling to analyze the stiffness of the frames constructed according to the measured wire convergence angle and orientation. Five simulated configurations were tested. The stiffness of each frame was analyzed under four load conditions: torsion, axial compression, side bending, and anteroposterior bending.Results The mean convergence angle was 30° irrespective of the level. The bisector axis was oriented towards the anterolateral direction about 20° from the coronal plane. The stiffness of the frame constructed with a wire convergence angle of 30° and an anterolateral wire orientation of 20° was 20–30% less than that of the frame constructed with 60° wires oriented in a coronal plane. The addition of an anteromedial half-pin increased the stiffness significantly.Conclusions Two tensioned wires may be placed without violating the anterior compartment by using the above four clinically identifiable landmarks. Addition of a half-pin on the anteromedial surface of the distal articular fragment makes the frame markedly stiffer than is possible using the standard wire configuration.     

单侧双臂外固定支架治疗长骨开放性骨折

目的探讨单侧双臂外固定支架治疗长骨开放性骨折的临床效果。方法采用单侧双臂外固定支架治疗严重长骨开放性骨折30例。所有患者均在急诊手术时行外固定支架固定。二期手术行植皮、转移皮瓣和骨延长治疗。结果开放性骨折均治愈,骨缺损同时纠正。结论单侧双臂外固定支架治疗长骨开放性骨折是一种手术创伤小、操作简单、疗效可靠的方法。     

Biological fixation of subtrochanteric fractures by external fixation

Fifty-one subtrochanteric fractures have been stabilized by external fixation over the last 9 years. Union occurred in all types of fractures, usually within 6 months. Soft tissue interposition led to non-union in three patients. Refracture in one patient and significant limb-length discrepancy in two patients was seen. The technique is versatile, easily reproducible and ‘biological’. Protected weight-bearing is not necessary after removal.     

普通与交锁髓内钉固定长管状骨骨折的比较

目的:探讨普通与交锁髓内钉固定长管状骨骨折有何差别.方法:将180例骨折分为两组.普通髓内钉组:未扩髓70例,扩髓20例,分别采用"V"、Ender及梅花钉固定.交锁髓内钉组:除2例股骨和5例胫骨闭合复位未扩髓外,余均采用开放复位并行有限扩髓,应用交锁髓内钉固定.平均随访12个月(3～22个月).结果:普通髓内钉组:骨折愈合时间为14周(12～39周).其中出现弯钉及断钉3例,畸形愈合9例,骨延期愈合3例,关节僵硬9例,无感染病例.交锁髓内钉组:骨折愈合时间为19周(16～74周).其中主钉折断7例,锁钉断裂或松动5例,畸形愈合5例,骨折延期愈合13例,关节僵硬2例,感染1例.结论:只要掌握好手术指征及正确处理所遇问题,两种髓内钉都是固定长管状骨骨折较好的方式.     

Use of external fixation in pediatric fractures

Conservative treatment is usually applied to fractures in childhood. However, stabilisation of such fractures is necessary for certain indications. Indications for stabilisation are specified, and a new technique for stabilisation is described. Fractures were stabilised in 40 children, using a clamp-type fixator. In this context, Hoffmann's external fixator is recommended for cases of closed resetting, since additional and corrective resetting would then be possible even after application of bone nails and apparatus. The following advantages are likely to be provided by the above approach: reduced time of hospitalisation, very early possibility of mobilisation and exposure to loading, minor traumatisation in the course of stabilisation of such fractures. No blood transfusion has ever been necessary for blood supply to patients with femoral fractures. Absence from school has been minimized. This surgical approach has proved to be simple and of low-risk nature, as compared to plate osteosynthesis.     

骨水泥填充加锁定钢板内固定治疗长骨转移癌伴病理性骨折

[目的]探讨病灶清除后骨水泥填充加锁定钢板内固定治疗长骨转移癌伴病理性骨折的临床疗效。[方法]2005年2月～2008年2月,对本院收治15例骨转移癌伴长骨病理性骨折患者,其中肱骨3例,尺骨2例,桡骨1例,股骨5例,胫骨4例,采用骨水泥填充+锁定钢板内固定进行手术治疗。[结果]所有患者均有随访,随访时间24～46个月,平均35.6个月。术后14例(93.3%)疼痛症状明显减轻,疼痛评分改善率[(手术前评分-手术后评分)/手术前评分]为75%;术后2周Enneking肢体功能评分为优者13例(86.7%),改善率[(手术后评分-手术前评分)/手术后评分]为72%。手术前、后患者生活质量评分有显著统计学意义(P0.05)。本组病例术后6个月生存率为60%,术后2年生存率为26.7%。[结论]对于长骨转移癌伴病理性骨折患者,尤其是近关节部位,骨水泥填充+锁定钢板内固定是一种安全、有效的手术方式,该手术可明显减轻患处疼痛、改善肢体功能、提高患者的生活质量,同时还能方便患者接受护理和进一步综合治疗。手术中骨水泥灌注确实、选择合适锁定钢板,是提高临床效果的有效办法。