C／EBP在肝癌组织及其癌旁组织的表达和意义

Ｃ／ＥＢＰ是近年发现的一种真核细胞转录调控因子，与细胞分化状态有关，Ｃ／ＥＢＰ主要存在于分化成熟的组织细胞中，在分化不良的细胞存在较少或检测不到。本文采用兔抗Ｃ／ＥＢＰ多肽抗体，经免疫组化ＡＢＣ染色，对３１例原发性肝细胞癌（２６例带癌旁肝组织）和２６例原发性肝内胆管细胞癌（１５例带癌旁肝组织）及１５例正常肝组织的表达情况进行了分析，结果发现Ｃ／ＥＢＰ抗原在３１例原发性肝细胞癌中阳性表达８例（２５．８％），２６例原发性肝内胆管细胞癌中阳性反应１０例（３８．５％），而４１例相应癌旁、１５例正常肝组织全部呈阳性反应。本试验中原发性肝细胞癌和原发性肝内胆管细胞癌组织Ｃ／ＥＢＰ阳性表达率低于相应的癌旁组织及正常肝组织，前者与后者差异显著（ｐ＜０．０５）。     

MAGE-1基因在肝细胞性肝癌中的表达

目的探讨ＭＡＧＥ－１基因编码的肿瘤相关抗原作为肝细胞性肝癌（ＨＣＣ）主动免疫治疗攻击靶点的可能性。方法用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ的方法检测了３９例ＨＣＣ及癌旁组织、３种人肝癌细胞株和５例非ＨＣＣ病例肝组织中ＭＡＧＥ－１基因的表达。结果ＨＣＣ癌组织中ＭＡＧＥ－１基因表达率明显高于癌分组织中的表达率,５８．９％（２／３９）对１０．３％（４／３９）,Ｐ＜００１。３种细胞株均为阳性表达。结论ＭＡＧＥ－１基因可作为主动免疫治疗的攻击靶点,以进一步研究设计新的ＨＣＣ免疫治疗策略。     

大肠癌旁粘膜CEA及GST＿π抗原表达

目的探讨大肠癌旁移行粘膜胚胎性癌抗原表达的意义。方法用免疫组化ＰＡＰ法测ＣＥＡ和免疫金银法测谷胱苷肽Ｓ＿转移酶（ＧＳＴ＿π）在５２例大肠癌，３４例癌旁粘膜以及３５例正常粘膜组织中的抗原表达情况。结果移行粘膜ＣＥＡ和ＧＳＴ＿π的阳性表达率分别为３２．８％和４４．１％，与正常粘膜（阳性率分别为５．７％和１１．８％）和大肠癌（阳性率分别为８６．５％和９６．１％）相比，均有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论移行粘膜有去分化趋势，有潜在恶性     

大肠癌及癌旁内分泌细胞的表达意义

目的探讨内分泌细胞（ＥＣ）在大肠癌及癌旁的表达意义．方法应用ＬＳＡＢ免疫组化法，对１１７例大肠癌及８５例癌旁粘膜中嗜铬蛋白Ａ（ＣＧＡ）及几种激素进行检测，１３例大肠癌行电镜观察．结果ＥＣ阳性大肠癌４６例（３９３％），检测到一种以上激素６９２％（２７／３９），癌旁粘膜ＥＣ数高于正常肠粘膜．电镜观察８例有含内分泌颗粒的癌性ＥＣ．在中低分化癌中ＥＣ（＋＋）的表达（２５５％）高于高分化癌（６９％）（χ２＝７５４，Ｐ＜００５），含有ＥＣ的大肠癌淋巴结转移的发生率（６８０％）高于不含ＥＣ者（４３７％）（χ２＝６２３，Ｐ＜００５），且预后不良；５ＨＴ，βＨＣＧ，Ｇｌｕ，Ｇａｓ阳性癌分化及预后较差（Ｐ＞００５）．结论含ＥＣ的大肠癌具有更恶性的生物学行为，可能与ＥＣ中某些激素，通过旁分泌等途径促进肿瘤的生长转移有关，癌旁ＥＣ增生与周围肿瘤生长有关．     

丙型肝炎病毒核心抗原转位表达抑制肝(癌)细胞

目的探讨丙型肝炎病毒核心抗原的转位表达与肝（癌）细胞凋亡的关系及其意义．方法采用免疫组织化学方法检测ＨＣＶ核心区抗原Ｃ２２在肝硬变（ＬＣ）、肝细胞肝癌（ＨＣＣ）组织中的分布;同时对连续切片进行原位凋亡检测并计算凋亡指数．结果ＨＣＶ核心区抗原定位于肝细胞或肝癌细胞的胞质或胞核中,在ＬＣ组织中,Ｃ２２呈弥漫或灶状分布于肝细胞胞质,偶见胞核阳性的肝细胞,阳性率为６０７％;Ｃ２２抗原在ＨＣＣ细胞中以核阳性分布为主,阳性率为３７６％,癌旁肝组织以胞质阳性为多见．ＨＣＣ中ＨＣＶ核心抗原的核阳性率（７５０％,１５例／２０例）和阳性细胞数明显高于其在ＬＣ（１７７％,６例／３４例）及癌旁肝组织（１１８％,２例／１７例）中的阳性率（Ｐ＜００５）和阳性细胞数．在ＨＣＣ中,ＨＣＶ核心抗原核转位表达的癌组织的ＡＰＯＰＬＩ凋亡指数值（０１７４±００９３）显著低于胞质阳性的癌组织（０５１２±０１１３,Ｐ＜００１）．结论ＨＣＶ感染与我国ＬＣ,ＨＣＣ的发生关系密切,ＨＣＶ核心抗原在肝癌组织中常发生核转位表达,这种核转位表达使肿瘤细胞凋亡受到抑制,从而促进肿瘤组织的恶性生长．     

肝硬化并原发性肝癌中表皮生长因子及其受体的表达及其生物学意义

应用免疫组化ＡＢＣ方法，检测１３例肝硬化并原发肝癌手术切除标本中的癌组织和非癌肝组织中的表皮生长因子（ＥＧＦ）和它的受体（ＥＧＦＲ）。结果：１３例非癌肝组织均有ＥＧＦ、ＥＧＦＲ表达（１００％）；１３例肝癌组织中ＥＧＦ阳性３例（２３．１％）、ＥＧＦＲ阳性４例（３０．８％）．两组间差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．００５）。揭示肝细胞是ＥＧＦ的靶细胞，ＥＧＦ、ＥＧＦＲ与正常肝细胞的生长调节有关。１２例肝细胞癌中，癌细胞分化程度Ⅰ和Ⅱ级者５例，其中ＥＧＦＲ阳性３例（６０．０％）；Ⅲ级者７例中，ＥＧＦＲ表达阴性。两组间有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）。说明肝细胞癌变过程中，可以丢失一些正常细胞的膜结构，包括ＥＧＦＲ，失去ＥＧＦ的正常调节，而发生恶性生长。     

大肠癌EGF受体表达对细胞增殖的影响

目的研究ＥＧＦ受体（ＥＧＦＲ）在大肠癌中表达的意义，并探讨其对细胞增殖的影响．方法用免疫组化ＬＳＡＢ法检测８６例大肠癌组织ＥＧＦＲ，ＰＣＮＡ的表达．结果在８６例被检组织中，ＥＧＦＲ阳性表达４４例（５１２％），低分化癌（８００％，４０／５０）、淋巴结转移癌（６８８％，２２／３２）较高分化（３８９％，１４／３６）、淋巴结未受累大肠癌（４０７％，２２／５４）有更高的ＥＧＦＲ表达（Ｐ＜００５）．ＤｕｋｅｓＡ，Ｂ，Ｃ期大肠癌的ＥＧＦＲ表达率分别为３２０％，４８３％，６８８％，Ｃ期与Ａ期比较差异显著；ＥＧＦＲ阳性大肠癌较阴性癌有更高的ＰＣＮＡ标记（两者ＰＣＮＡⅠ，Ⅱ，Ⅲ，Ⅳ级的例数分别为４，８，１７，１５；１４，１６，７，５；Ｐ＜００５）．结论ＥＧＦＲ过表达与大肠癌恶性程度、转移趋势密切相关，并可促使癌细胞过度增生．     

EGF受体和转化生长因子α mRNA在人大肠癌组织的表达意义

目的研究表皮生长因子受体（ＥＧＦＲ）及转化生长因子α（ＴＧＦα）在人大肠癌三组不同组织中的表达，探讨其在大肠癌发生发展中的作用．方法分别取１４例大肠癌患者癌瘤组织、癌旁２ｃｍ及１０ｃｍ之全层肠管，采用Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ方法分别检测ＥＧＦＲ和ＴＧＦαｍＲＮＡ表达．结果大肠癌三组１４例不同组织中均有ＥＧＦＲ和ＴＧＦαｍＲＮＡ不同程度表达，以癌旁组织中表达为最强，同一病例比较，癌远侧组织中表达呈减弱趋势．癌远侧组织中，３例Ａ，Ｂ两期杂交信号明显弱于其他例Ｃ，Ｄ期信号．结论ＥＧＦＲ，ＴＧＦα在大肠癌发生发展中起重要作用，其ｍＲＮＡ表达与Ｄｕｋｅｓ分期相关，可望作为大肠癌恶性程度的指标．其在癌远侧组织中表达减弱的趋势提示是否可作为肿瘤手术切缘的评估指标，尚有待进一步的研究．     

肝硬化并原发性肝癌中表皮生长因子及其受体的表达及其生物学…

应用免疫组化ＡＢＣ方法，检测１３例肝硬化并原发肝癌手术切除标本中的癌组织和非癌肝组织中的表皮生长因子（ＥＧＦ）和它的受体（ＥＧＦＲ）。结果：１３例非癌肝组织均有ＥＧＦ、ＥＧＦＲ表达（１００％）；１３例肝癌组织中ＥＧＦ阳性３例（２３．１％）、ＥＧＦＲ阳性４例（３０．８％）。两组间差异有显著性（Ｐ〈０．００５）。揭示肝细胞是ＥＧＦ的靶细胞，ＥＧＦ、ＥＧＦＲ与正常肝细胞的生长调节有关。１２例肝细胞化妆品     

自身免疫性甲状腺疾病树突状细胞和 HLA-DR 抗原的免疫组化研究

用ＡＢＣ免疫组化法研究桥本甲状腺炎（ＨＴ）和Ｇｒａｖｅｓ病（ＧＤ）患者甲状腺内的Ｓ１００蛋白阳性树突状细胞（ＤＣ）和ＨＬＡＤＲ（ＤＲ）抗原阳性甲状腺上皮细胞（ＴＥＣ）。发现ＨＴ和ＧＤ甲状腺内的Ｓ１００蛋白阳性ＤＣ较正常明显增多，且大多数ＤＣ与ＴＥＣ或浸润淋巴细胞密切接触。ＨＴ和ＧＤ的ＴＥＣ常见ＤＲ抗原异常表达，其主要分布在淋巴细胞浸润区。这说明ＤＣ异常增多、ＴＥＣ异常表达ＤＲ抗原可能与甲状腺自身免疫反应的启动和（或）延续有密切关系。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.