恶性淋巴瘤胸部CT表现

目的：了解恶性淋巴瘤的胸部ＣＴ表现以指导疾病的分期与治疗。材料和方法：对经病理证实的１００例恶性淋巴瘤中７８例胸部ＣＴ异常的表现作回顾性分析。结论：恶性淋巴瘤在胸部ＣＴ中可见纵隔淋巴结、肺、胸膜及心包等各种异常表现。常规胸部ＣＴ检查有利于精确分期，制定治疗计划及判断疗效。     

Chest radiography and computed tomography in the evaluation of mediastinal adenopathy in lymphoma

Thoracic computed tomography (CT) in 232 patients with either primary staging of new or suggested relapsing lymphoma was compared with conventional chest radiography and both were correlated with clinical staging. Particular attention was given to the possibility of reducing routine thoracic CT, which is the current method used in this hospital in all patients with suggested lymphoma. Mediastinal lymphoma was detected by CT in 95 per cent of patients with clinically active mediastinal lymphoma, and by conventional chest radiography in 56 per cent. CT was found to be less reliable in evaluation of the hilar region than in that of other mediastinal areas. No areas of particular difficulty were found with chest radiography. CT also provided additional information concerning extra-mediastinal lymph adenopathy and involvement of the thoracic wall and pericardium. Routine thoracic CT examination was considered justifiable in all patients with suggested lymphoma.     

侵袭性胸腺瘤的CT诊断及评价

目的分析侵袭性胸腺瘤的ＣＴ表现以便于分期和计划治疗。材料与方法分析２６例手术及病理证实的侵袭性胸腺瘤的ＣＴ所见，着重观察病变的密度，对周围纵隔结构的侵犯、胸膜种植以及纵隔外转移情况。结果２６例侵袭性胸腺瘤ＣＴ均显示为前纵隔软组织肿块，１６例密度不均，肿块不规则侵犯邻近器官２４例，主要表现在纵隔胸膜受侵７例，肺受侵９例，胸膜种植３例，心血管结构受侵２０例，以及心膈角区和腹腔受侵３例。结论ＣＴ在显示胸膜、心包和肺实质侵犯方面极其有效，对病变范围可进行可靠的评价，常规ＣＴ扫描可进行准确的分期和决定治疗方案。     

Staging of thoracic lymphoma by radiological imaging

Thoracic lymphomas, which are very common especially in Hodgkin's disease patients, are characterised by enlargement of mediastinal lymph nodes, parenchymal abnormalities, and pleural, pericardial and chest wall involvement. The use of several imaging techniques has been proposed in order to assess the extent of the disease correctly and to plan therapy. The most relevant results in this field, especially those using computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and gallium scanning, are summarised in this review. Presently CT is widely and successfully used in staging patients, whereas MRI seems to be preferable, as a second-step technique, if pericardial, pleural and chest wall involvement are suspected. The role of gallium scanning is limited in the staging, although it could be relevant in the follow-up of treated patients. Received 4 April 1996; Revision received 7 November 1996; Accepted 7 November 1996     

肺继发性淋巴瘤的CT多样性

目的：探讨肺继发性淋巴瘤的CT表现特征，以提高诊断正确率。材料和方法：回顾性分析临床或病理证实的26例肺继发淋巴瘤的CT征象，其中15例为非霍奇金淋巴瘤（NHL），11例为霍奇金病（HD）。本研究采用GE Hispeed CT／i，10例平扫，16例直接增强扫描。结果：CT表现多样：肺内毛玻璃样影（NHL 13vs HD6）；单发或多发肿块结节及肿块样实变（NHL 10vs HD8），其中仅HD组肿块中有4例病灶密度不均匀，5例见毛玻璃样晕症；黍粒样结节（NHL1）；支气管血管束增粗（NHL 1vs HD1）；肺门纵隔淋巴结肿大（NHL 9vs HD8）；胸膜侵犯（NHL 5vs HD2）；心包累及（NHL 2vs HD1）；常为多个征象合并出现（NHL 12vs HD5）。可分为以下四个类型：肺炎肺泡型（NHL 3vs HD1），肿块（结节）型（NHL 2vs HD2），黍粒型（NHL1），混合型（NHL 12vs HD5）。结论：多样性为肺继发性淋巴瘤的特点，不均匀的肿块或伴有病灶周围的毛玻璃样晕症多见于HD，对诊断可能有帮助。     

Tumor invasion of the chest wall and mediastinum in lung cancer: evaluation with pneumothorax CT

For preoperative evaluation of chest wall and mediastinal invasion by lung cancer, computed tomography (CT), combined with artificial pneumothorax (pneumothorax CT), was performed in 43 patients with lung cancer in whom conventional CT scans showed that the mass was contiguous to the chest wall (n = 30) and/or mediastinum (n = 25) but without evidence of definite tumor invasion. Invasion was diagnosed on the basis of whether an air space existed between the mass and the adjacent structures. In three patients pneumothorax was not produced. After the procedure, four patients developed symptomatic pneumothorax, and one, subcutaneous emphysema. Comparison of diagnoses based on findings at pneumothorax CT, surgery, and pathologic examination showed that pneumothorax CT is 100% accurate for chest wall invasion and 76% accurate for mediastinal invasion. The authors conclude that this procedure is helpful in accurate evaluation of the T criterion in lung cancer, especially for patients in whom findings at conventional CT suggest tumor invasion of the chest wall and mediastinum.     

Primary mediastinal endodermal sinus tumors: CT evaluation

Five patients with primary mediastinal endodermal sinus tumor have been evaluated by computed tomography (CT). The tumors were all located in the anterior mediastinum. Prechemotherapy CT demonstrated large, irregularly enhancing inhomogeneous masses without fat components. Calcification was visualized in two tumors. Some parts of the pleura-lung interface were irregular in four cases. Obliteration of fat planes to pericardium and chest wall was evident in all cases, and there was infiltration of intercostal muscles in four. Postchemotherapy CT in two patients who responded to chemotherapy showed either newly developed cystic lesions or cystic change of the original mediastinal mass. The cystic masses had more regular borders, a homogeneous hypodense center, and a smooth peripheral rim of contrast-enhancing tissue.     

Lung cancer staging: the role of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging

Because complete resection remains the only reliable method of cure of lung cancer, one important aim of preoperative staging is to select patients with localised disease who may benefit from surgery, while avoiding unnecessary thoracotomies in patients with unresectable neoplasm. Computed tomography (CT) of the chest is a valuable method for staging local and regional spread of lung neoplasms, although limitations in its accuracy are well-known. While gross invasion of the mediastinum and major structures as well as the presence of metastatic disease can be easily demonstrated with CT, differentiation between tumour contiguity and subtle invasion of mediastinum or chest wall often remains a problem. Although magnetic resonance imagaing (MRI) may have the same limitations as CT, in specific situations it may b superior in diagnosing minimal chest wall or mediastinal invasion. Moreover, MRI is useful in the assessment of patients with superior sulcus tumours as well as in patients with contraindication to intravenous administration of ionic contrast material. Since nodal size is the only useful criterion for evaluating lymph node metastases, CT and MRI show similar, poor accuracies in lymph node staging reesulting from both low sensitivity (normal-sized nodes may contain microscopic metastases) and low specificity (enlarged lymph nodes may be reactive). For this reason, if enlarged lymph nodes are detected, further evaluation is recommended before excluding the patient from a potentially curative resection. Advantages and limitations of CT and MRI in the preoperative staging of non-small-cell carcinoma are reviewed in this article. The imaging of small-cell carcinoma is not included because most patients with this cell type do not benefit from surgical resection. Similarly we do not discuss imaging of distant metastases.     

Mediastinal bulk in Hodgkin disease. Method of measurement versus prognosis.

The presence of a large mediastinal mass (bulk disease) in patients with newly diagnosed Hodgkin disease is believed by many to predict a poorer prognosis and to warrant more aggressive treatment. These masses are formed by an aggregate of mediastinal lymph nodes. The determination of bulk disease is confusing, with at least 27 definitions having been proposed. This study seeks to determine the best definition, and determine the role of thoracic computed tomography (CT) versus chest radiographs in the evaluation of mediastinal bulk disease. One hundred seven consecutive newly diagnosed adult patients with Hodgkin disease were evaluated using 13 commonly used definitions of mediastinal bulk. Of the 76 patients with mediastinal disease, 73 had bulk disease as defined by at least one definition. Of the 16 patients who had recurrence of mediastinal disease, only the presence of bulk disease according to one definition (hilar adenopathy, greater than or equal to 2 cm) was statistically significant in its prediction (P = .05). No definition based on the size of the mediastinal nodal mass reliably predicted those patients with recurrence. No differences in our data were found for differing stages or disease cell types, the presence of extension, or with differing treatment regimens. This study highlights the confusion and controversy surrounding the use of bulk disease of the mediastinum as an adverse prognostic indicator. The numerous methods of measuring mediastinal bulk in patients with newly diagnosed Hodgkin disease are confusing, overlap, and are not statistically reliable in predicting recurrence. Efforts to create a standard or ideal definition were unsuccessful. Thoracic CT was useful in those patients whose bulk disease distorted only one side of the mediastinal silhouette on chest radiographs.     

腹部恶性淋巴瘤螺旋CT表现特征

目的 明确腹部恶性淋巴瘤的螺旋CT强化特征，提高影像诊断水平。资料与方法搜集经手术或病理证实的腹部恶性淋巴瘤41例。其中霍奇金病(HD)12例，非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)29例。全部采用Siemens Somatom Plus4螺旋CT机行增强扫描。在CT图像上，观察受累淋巴结的大小、形态、密度以及淋巴结增大的解剖优势分布。结果 累及腹部淋巴结的39例中，75％HD和74％NHL淋巴结增大呈普遍均匀强化密度，25％HD和26％NHL呈均匀强化合并坏死密度。HD和NHL均优势地累及小网膜(38％)、肠系膜(36％)、胰腺周围(41％)、腹主动脉周围上部(79％)及下部(74％)淋巴结。5例胃肠恶性淋巴瘤均示胃肠壁不规则增厚，3例伴淋巴结增大。脾HD中，7例呈均匀密度增大，3例有占位征象，脾NHL中，5例呈均匀密度增大，4例有占位征象。结论 螺旋CT显示的腹部恶性淋巴瘤淋巴结及结外器官病理改变，有利于临床肿瘤的分期及疗效的判定。     

Intrathoracic manifestations of metastatic testicular seminoma: a comparison of chest radiographic and CT findings

The chest radiographs and CT scans of 200 patients with pure testicular seminoma were reviewed. The radiographs showed evidence of intrathoracic metastatic disease in 25 patients (12.5%). Of these, 17 had an abnormal mediastinal contour, seven had pulmonary metastases, five had pleural effusions, and two had discrete pleural masses. CT showed evidence of intrathoracic metastatic disease in 30 patients (15%). This included mediastinal nodal enlargement in 21, pulmonary metastases in 12, pleural effusions in six, and pleural masses in two. CT not only showed disease in five patients with normal chest radiographs, but also showed additional sites of disease in four other patients with abnormal chest radiographs. The results suggest that mediastinal nodal enlargement is the most common intrathoracic manifestation of metastatic testicular seminoma. CT is more accurate than chest radiography in the detection of metastatic seminoma in the chest and defines the extent of metastatic disease more precisely.     

Resectable bronchial cancer. Contribution of computed x-ray tomography in the evaluation of loco-regional extension

A prospective study of 107 patients was performed for assessing the CT contribution in preoperative staging of lung carcinoma. Thoracotomy was performed in all patients. The results demonstrated that CT is useful in all cases when surgery is indicated. Nevertheless CT gave not benefit in cases of peripheral small tumors T1N0 classified after standard chest radiograph and fibroscopy. The statistical analysis allowed to define the most accurate size criteria to declare mediastinal nodes as hypertrophied. Furthermore this study confirms that CT criteria of mediastinal and chest wall involvement have to be very strict.     

少见部位肺结核的影像表现及其误诊原因分析

目的分析少见部位肺结核的影像学表现及误诊原因。方法回顾性分析临床确诊的83例少见部位肺结核的影像学表现。结果初诊正确48例,误诊29例,漏诊6例。影像学表现为斑点状、斑片状、大片状、空洞、肿块、条索状、钙化影或纵隔肿块。结论大部分少见部位的肺结核具有典型的影像学表现,但确诊需依靠X线、CT检查结合临床表现及实验室检查。     

Oblique hilar tomography, computed tomography, and mediastinoscopy for prethoracotomy staging of bronchogenic carcinoma

Preoperative oblique hilar tomography was used to evaluate hilar lymph nodes in 150 patients with clinically resectable bronchogenic carcinoma. CT was also used in the evaluation of mediastinal lymph nodes in 50 of these patients. Subsequently, all patients underwent mediastinoscopy and/or thoracotomy. Hilar and mediastinal nodes were evaluated for the presence of metastasis, and these findings were then correlated with the radiographic findings of oblique hilar tomography and CT. CT was found to be a reliable method for prethoracotomy staging of bronchogenic carcinoma and for selecting patients for mediastinoscopy. The sensitivity of CT for evaluation of mediastinal nodal metastasis was 83% and the specificity was 90%. Thus patients with negative mediastinal CT need not undergo mediastinoscopy prior to thoracotomy, while mediastinoscopy and biopsy should be done in patients with enlarged mediastinal nodes on CT. Oblique hilar tomography is an accurate method for evaluation of hilar adenopathy and for predicting mediastinal involvement by extrapolation.     

CT定位经纤维支气管镜纵隔淋巴结针吸活检术的价值

目的 为明确纵隔淋巴结肿大的性质,进行CT定位经纤维支气管镜纵隔淋巴结针吸活检术（CT－guided transbronchial needle aspiration biopsy,CT-TBNA)的研究。方法 根据纵隔淋巴结分区定位标准,对原发性肺癌（54例）伴纵隔淋巴结肿大、恶性淋巴瘤（5例）、纵隔脓肿（3例）、炎性淋巴结肿大（11例）共73例158枚纵隔肿大 淋巴结行CT－TBNA穿刺活检。结果 CT扫描证实穿刺针在全部158枚淋巴结内,其中86％（136／158）的淋巴结抽吸物经病理检查获得了病理组织学和（或）细胞学诊断,未发生严重并发症。结论 CT－TBNA的标准是可靠的,穿刺操作安全有效,对确定纵隔淋巴结肿大性质和肿瘤分期有重要意义。     

Paracardiac adenopathy: CT evaluation

To establish the normal CT appearance of lymph nodes in the paracardiac area, we reviewed the CT scans of 50 patients without known malignancy or benign causes of lymphadenopathy. Five patients (10%) showed soft-tissue densities in the paracardiac region. The largest of these measured 3.5 mm. No more than two rounded soft-tissue densities were seen in any of the normal CT studies. Forty-five patients with paracardiac adenopathy were subsequently evaluated. In 27 (60%) of these the masses were due to either carcinoma, sarcoma, or benign disease. In 40%, the cause of paracardiac adenopathy was lymphoma. Features that favor a diagnosis of lymphoma are bilateral disease, multiple nodes, nodes greater than 2 cm in diameter, a lobulated or "matted" appearance, and associated pericardial thickening/effusion. Chest radiographs obtained within 2 weeks of the CT scans in 38 patients revealed only nine cases in which a paracardiac mass could be seen. This study suggests that 1 cm is the upper limit for the diameter of lymph nodes in the paracardiac region, and that paracardiac adenopathy may be caused by a wide variety of nonlymphomatous malignant and benign diseases in addition to lymphoma. Compared with CT, chest radiographs are insensitive for detecting paracardiac lymph node enlargement.     

Role of 18F-FDG PET/CT in staging and follow-up of lymphoma in pediatric and young adult patients

OBJECTIVE: To assess the role of 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) PET/CT in pediatric patients with Hodgkin disease (HD) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). MATERIALS AND METHODS: 31 patients, mean age 12.9 +/- 5.1, HD (n = 24), and NHL (n = 7) underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT at diagnosis (n = 31 studies) and later in the course of the disease (n = 75 studies). The findings of PET/CT were correlated with diagnostic CT and clinical follow-up. RESULTS: PET/CT findings resulted in a change of disease staging in 10 patients (32.3%), upstaging in 7 (22.6%) and downstaging in 3 (9.6%). On a lesion analysis, 164 disease sites were detected by PET/CT of which 38 were overlooked by DCT.At mid-treatment, PET was negative in 28 out of 31 patients (90%) with negative predictive value of 96% as all latter patients except for 1, were disease free (mean 15.4 +/- 8.8 months). The positive predictive value of persistent increased 18F-FDG uptake was 100% as 3 patients with latter findings had active disease. On the CT part, 76 residual masses were identified in 22 patients. Increased 18F-FDG uptake was detected in 11 masses in 4 patients who had active disease. Remaining 65 PET negative masses were false positive findings. The positive predictive value of residual CT mass was 14%. CONCLUSIONS: PET/CT is associated with change in staging in approximately 1 out of 3 pediatric patients with HD and NHL. When used for monitoring response to treatment, a negative study is associated with disease-free period, even when residual mass is detected. A positive PET study indicates residual malignant disease.     

Magnetic resonance imaging of mediastinal and hilar masses: comparison with CT

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was compared to computed tomography (CT) of the mediastinum and/or hila in 37 patients with bronchogenic carcinoma (35 unresectable for cure) and 11 patients with other masses. Spin-echo pulse sequences using a short pulse repetition rate (TR) and short echo delay (TE) were most helpful for detection of abnormal soft-tissue mediastinal and hilar masses. The accuracy of MRI and CT in staging bronchogenic carcinoma for curative resectability/nonresectability was comparable. CT staged 35 of 37 cases appropriately, while MRI correctly staged 36 of 37 cases. Several pitfalls in MRI evaluation of the mediastinum were identified. By MRI the esophagus may be misinterpreted as an enlarged retrotracheal lymph node unless serial scans are studied. Scattered calcifications in enlarged mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes due to old granulomatous disease are not detectable by MRI. Small adjacent lymph nodes shown individually by CT may appear as a single enlarged lymph node by MRI due to partial-volume averaging. Small lung nodules may be undetected by MRI due to respiratory motion and partial-volume averaging. Certain patients are unsuitable for MR scanning. Because of the requirement for patient selection and the identified pitfalls of MRI, CT remains the radiologic procedure of choice in the staging of patients with bronchogenic carcinoma and the evaluation of other mediastinal and hilar masses at present. However, because of the ability to show blood vessels without an intravascular contrast agent, MRI is useful in evaluating patients with potential contrast allergy and solving diagnostic problems not solved by CT.     

CT appearances of relapse of lymphoma in the lung

The patterns of pulmonary relapse were studied in 15 patients with Hodgkin's disease and one patient with Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. All the patients with Hodgkin's disease had mediastinal lymphadenopathy at initial diagnosis. For those patients with no prior episodes of relapse the mean time to pulmonary involvement was 2 years 11 months compared to over 8 years for those who first relapsed elsewhere. Thirteen patients are still alive; five have been followed up for more than 2 years. Pulmonary involvement consisted of: 1. nodules, either central (12 patients) or peripheral (10 patients), often with connection to the pleura or mediastinum, and sometimes with cavitation; 2. consolidation with or without cavitation (four patients); 3. mediastinal extension into the lung parenchyma (three patients). In seven patients there was evidence of newly enlarged mediastinal nodes. Pleural effusions or masses were seen in six patients and pericardial involvement in one. The chest wall was involved in five. A combination of three or more of these signs were present in 11 patients. The pattern of involvement seen in the patient with Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was indistinguishable from that seen in Hodgkin's disease. This study has demonstrated a variety of CT appearances useful in establishing or suggesting the diagnosis of pulmonary relapse. Enlarged mediastinal nodes were not a prerequisite but had been present in all patients at some stage in the course of the disease.     

Computerized tomography in the staging and the follow-up of Hodgkin's lymphoma of the thorax

As yet, the role of Computed Tomography (CT) as a routine imaging technique in the staging and follow-up of thoracic Hodgkin's disease has not been assessed. The authors report the results obtained in 120 patients affected with thoracic Hodgkin's disease, staged and followed by means of chest X-rays and CT. CT better identified intrathoracic involvement of mediastinal nodes, of lung parenchyma, of pleura, and of pericardial and chest walls in 54/120 patients (45%), with staging modifications in 18 (15%) of them only. Treatment was changed only in 12 patients (10%) where radiation therapy had been planned. The clinical value of the additional information yielded by CT was especially evident in the follow-up: CT allowed the correct evaluation of persistent/recurrent disease in 51/117 patients (43.5%), a figure high enough to suggest the use of CT in the routine follow-up of patients affected with thoracic Hodgkin's disease.