运动诱发电位联合体感诱发电位监测在脊髓髓内肿瘤手术中的应用

目的 探讨全静脉麻醉下运动诱发电位(MEP)联合体感诱发电位(SEP)术中监测应用于脊髓髓内肿瘤手术的优越性、可靠性及临床应用价值.方法 对72例脊髓髓内肿瘤患者术中行SEP和MEP联合监测,参照McCormick评分标准对术前、术后脊髓功能的改变和诱发电位变化之间的关系进行统计分析.结果 14例脊髓神经功能改善,18例术后脊髓神经功能下降者与诱发电位监测结果具有一致性(P＜0.05).结论 对脊髓髓内肿瘤手术进行SEP与MEP监测有利于避免"假阴性/假阳性"结果及术后神经功能障碍的发生.     

Cutaneous silent periods

The cutaneous silent period (CSP) refers to the brief interruption in voluntary contraction that follows strong electrical stimulation of a cutaneous nerve. The CSP is a protective reflex that is mediated by spinal inhibitory circuits and is reinforced in part by parallel modulation of the motor cortex. This review summarizes current understanding of the afferents and circuits that are responsible for producing CSPs; the utility of the CSP for investigating peripheral and central nervous system disorders; and the relationship between the CSP, other cutaneous reflexes, and peripheral silent periods.     

运动诱发电位监护在脊髓病变手术中的应用

目的研究经硬脊膜表面刺激、诱发肢体运动诱发电位（ＭＥＰ）对脊髓手术实施术中运动功能监护的可行性。方法对１８例患者脊髓手术中ＭＥＰ监护情况与术前、术后运动功能进行对照分析。结果术中ＭＥＰ的改变与术后肌力的转归情况相吻合，可以反映锥体束的完整性，且具有较好的灵敏性和准确性。结论经硬脊膜表面直接刺激诱发ＭＥＰ的方法，可用作脊髓病变手术中的运动功能监护     

Monitoring spinal cord motor and somatosensory evoked potentials in anesthetized primates

Abstract

Monitoring Motor Evoked Potential (MEP) to Transcranial Stimulation (TMS) monitoring (MEP) is a growing technique to assess motor function under anesthesia. The following primate study was conducted to analyze the non-myogenic spinal motor and sensory volleys and to examine their reproducibility under nitrous oxide-methohexidone anesthesia. The traveling periodic spinal descending MEP to TMS and ascending somatosensory (SEP) to posterior tibial nerve stimulation across the thoracic cord were recorded in 12 cynomolgus monkeys. Through a small Tn~Tu laminotomy, an insulated stainless steel electrode was inserted into the epidural thoracic space. The potentials were analyzed under 50 vol% NO in 02 with methohexital (0.1-0.2 mg kg~1 min~1). A well-defined periodic TMS-MEPs and PTN-SEPs were recorded with high reproducibility and consistency in repeated trials under N20-methohexital anesthesia. MEP tracing consisted of an initial peak (direct (D) wave), occurring at 2.43 (±0.28) msec followed by subsequent five positive (indirect (I) waves). Spinal SEPs-MEPs were clearly defined, morphologically stable, and consistent over time under N20-methohexitone anesthesia. The present primate study may set a model to monitor both modalities in anesthetized neurosurgical patients.[Neurol Res 1999; 21: 359-367]     

Cervical spinal cord intramedullary teratoma

We present the case of a 62-year-old patient suffering from the presence of a cervical spinal cord intramedullary teratoma and treated operatively. The purpose of this case report is to describe the highly unusual localization of the intramedullary teratoma associated with other vertebral malformations. A review of the literature is also presented.     

脊髓髓内肿瘤的手术治疗

目的：探讨各种病理类型的脊髓髓内肿瘤临床和影像学的鉴别诊断，肿瘤囊腔及其空洞的形成机理，脊髓前动脉在病理状态下的作用及各种肿瘤的手术切除技巧。方法：系统分析了经显微手术切除的１０４例（１１６个）髓内肿瘤，包括室管膜瘤，星形细胞瘤，血管网状细胞瘤等十余种病理类型的临床资料，并进行了动物脊髓血管闭塞模型的研究。结果：全组无手术死亡率，亦无手术致残者。绝大多数病人得到满意疗效，并保证了患者良好的术后存活质量。结论：对于绝大多数髓内肿瘤，显微外科手术治疗是目前最根本的治疗方法。强调早期治疗及对不同肿瘤采取相应的微创性手术技巧。对于那些疯狂侵润性生长的恶性肿瘤，要考虑一定剂量的常规放射治疗。     

显微手术治疗脊髓髓内肿瘤

目的探讨脊髓髓内肿瘤的显微手术治疗效果。方法回顾性分析经显微手术治疗的27例脊髓髓内肿瘤病人的临床资料。结果肿瘤全切除13例,次全切除10例,大部分切除4例。术后1月症状明显改善21例,稳定3例,加重3例。本组无死亡病例。术后随访6-24个月,复发2例;按McCormick脊髓功能状态分级：Ⅰ级17例,Ⅱ级6例,Ⅲ级3例,Ⅳ级1例。结论MRI是诊断脊髓髓内肿瘤的首选方法,显微手术切除脊髓髓内肿瘤是一种有效的手段。     

Long-term nervous system damage from radiation of the spinal cord: An electrophysiological study

Summary A group of 13 patients suffering from Hodgkin's disease who had undergone chemotherapy and radiotherapy (above and below the diaphragm) approximately 10 years earlier was studied. The total chemotherapeutic dose was similar for all patients; the radiotherapy dose, however, was standard for 7 patients, while the other 6 received much higher dosages over limited regions of the spinal cord. Although most of these patients appeared normal both clinically and on magnetic resonance imaging, a neurophysiological study was performed to determine whether there was any involvement of the central or peripheral nervous system. Motor conduction velocity and sensory conduction velocity were measured in the lower limbs as well as spinal- and scalprecorded somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) in response to stimulation of the posterior tibial and sural nerves at the ankle. In addition, motor evoked potentials were recorded from the upper and lower limbs during cortical stimulation. All neurophysiological data were normal in patients who had received a standard radiation dose, while most of those who had been exposed to higher doses showed altered cortical SEPs and a slowing of central conduction time (D10-P1). Thus even though they were asymptomatic, these patients appeared to have sustained CNS damage, mainly at the level of the spinal cord.     

Surgical management of long intramedullary spinal cord tumors

Object Spinal cord tumors represent approximately 10–20% of primary central nervous system tumors. Only 20–30% of primary intradural tumors are intramedullary. The incidence of longitudinally extensive tumors involving the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine is very low (<1% of intramedullary lesions); hence, little literature exists on the management of this entity. Materials and methods We retrospectively reviewed all patients undergoing surgical resection of longitudinally extensive intramedullary spinal cord tumors involving the majority of the spinal cord between 1990 and 2002. Clinical, radiographic, operative, and outcome variables were retrospectively recorded and reported. Results Thirteen patients (eight male, five female) were included in the study. Mean age was 15 years (range, 3–45) at the time of the initial resection. Gross total resection was achieved in eight cases and subtotal resection in five cases. Pathology revealed astrocytoma in six cases (two pilocytic, four grade II), gangliogliomas in four cases, oligodendroglioma in two cases (one anaplastic), and lipoma in one case. One (8%) patient died from progression of anaplastic oligodendroglioma, and two (15%) underwent reoperation for recurrent tumor (ganglioglioma, grade II astrocytoma). With a mean of 3.4 years (range, 1–12) after surgery, the modified McCormick score (MMS) had worsened in only two (15%) patients, improved in three (23%) patients, and remained stable in seven (54%) patients compared to preoperative MMS. Five (38%) patients required fusion for progressive spinal deformity. Conclusion Gross total resection of holocord and longitudinally extensive intramedullary spinal cord tumors can be achieved with preservation of long-term neurological function in many cases. Serial imaging is recommended to guide subsequent resection for tumor recurrence and stabilization of progressive spinal deformity.     

Athetosis-dystonia in intramedullary lesions of spinal cord

Athetosis and dystonia are well known clinical signs, described in disorders of basal ganglia. As opposed to pseudoathetosis, true athetosis was hitherto not reported in cord lesions. We here report three patients with athetosis and dystonia of hands due to intramedullary lesions of cervical cord: two patients with syringomyelia and one with glioma. Even though pseudoathetosis can be produced by lesions of posterior columns and likely to be confused with the involuntary movements of our patients, they had clinical and EMG findings consistent with true athetosis. A possible explanation for the athetosis and dystonia due to cord lesion is being postulated.     

Diagnostic significance of motor evoked potentials in space-occupying lesions of the brain stem and spinal cord

Summary Motor evoked potentials (MEP) were examined in 50 patients with space-occupying lesions of the brain stem and spinal cord. MEP findings were correlated with the motor status as established by clinical examination. The results clearly show the high sensitivity of MEP for detection of motor deficits: 17 recordings (77%) from the thenar muscle and 42 (84%) from the anterior tibial muscle correlated correctly with the clinical motor status. False-positive results were found in 5 (23%) thenar recordings and 8 (16%) and anterior tibial recordings. False-negative correlation was not observed. The high rate of false-positive results appears to indicate that MEP detect subclinical motor deficits. This electrophysiological test is therefore recommended, especially when involvement of the descending pathways is suspected and clinical examination reveals no abnormality.     

脊髓髓内胶质瘤的显微神经外科手术处理

目的总结脊髓髓内胶质瘤显微神经外科手术治疗的经验。方法1999年至2005年共手术治疗脊髓髓内胶质瘤71例,男39例,女32例,年龄4~68岁(平均38.1岁),病程2个月~9年;肿瘤直径占脊髓横断面的60%~90%,长度跨越4~11个椎体;临床表现按McCormick神经功能分级:Ⅰ级11例,Ⅱ级49例,Ⅲ级8例,Ⅳ级3例。早期42例采用传统椎板切除术,后期29例采用整块切除棘突及椎板后再回植重建的方法进入椎管,在显微镜下沿脊髓后正中裂切开脊髓显露肿瘤并分块切除。结果手术全切肿瘤59例(83%),大部分切除12例(17%)。术后病理诊断:室管膜瘤51例(72%),星形细胞瘤19例(27%),恶性小圆细胞瘤1例(1%)。术后近期症状较术前加重或出现新的神经损害症状者40例(56%),症状改善或无变化者31例(44%)。随访6个月~6年,52例(73.2%)恢复正常工作或学习,13例(18.3%)可自理生活,6例(8.5%)不能自理生活;肿瘤复发2例。患者功能预后与术前神经功能分级密切相关,术前神经损害症状越轻,术后恢复越好。结论显微神经外科手术切除脊髓髓内胶质瘤是目前最有效的治疗措施,最佳手术时机是在患者尚未发生严重神经损害症状之前。     

皮层体感诱发电位在不同水平脊髓缺血中的变化

目的 为术中应用皮层体感诱发电位(CSEP)监测脊髓功能,预防术后运动功能障碍提供理论依据. 方法 33只新西兰大白兔采用随机数字表法分为6组,对照组8只用于排除麻醉和手术对诱发电位的影响,余25只根据结扎左肾动脉和动脉分叉间节段性脊髓供血动脉的条数分为5组(n=5),分别为1～5根组.记录各组动物麻醉后基线诱发电位,血管结扎后急性期诱发电位,结扎后30 min、2 d后诱发电位.动物麻醉清醒后、血管结扎后2 d时进行运动功能评分,并取缺血中心区标本行HE染色. 结果 潜伏期对缺血性损伤不敏感,实验组与对照组差异无统计学意义(P>O.05);波幅变化复杂,对运动功能特异性差,2、3、4根组均观察到急性期波幅先降低又逐渐恢复趋势,波幅的变化可以反映脊髓的病理损害程度和运动功能. 结论 缺血急性期CSEP波幅变化复杂,对运动功能特异性差,波形记录的信号需要平均化过程,造成结果 解释的延迟,术中应联合运动诱发电位对脊髓功能进行监测.     

显微手术切除加椎管重建治疗髓内室管膜瘤七例

目的探讨经显微手术切除加椎管重建治疗髓内室管膜瘤的临床疗效和预后。方法总结我科7例采用显微镜下切除肿瘤,复位椎板复合体行椎管重建治疗髓内室管膜瘤临床资料。结果 6例肿瘤手术完全切除,症状好转4例,随访未见复发及脊柱生理弯曲变形。结论微手术切除加椎管重建治疗髓内室管膜瘤效果令人满意,且能够防止脊柱生理弯曲变形。     

Neurological outcome after resection of intramedullary spinal cord tumors in children

Objective With modern surgical advances, radical resection of pediatric intramedullary spinal cord tumors (IMSCT) can be achieved with preservation of long-term neurological function. Clinical and radiographic risk factors predictive of postoperative neurological outcome may serve as a guide for surgical risk stratification. Materials and methods We prospectively reviewed the outcomes of 16 consecutive cases of pediatric IMSCT resection at a single institution. Clinical, radiographic, and operative variables were analyzed as predictors of postoperative neurological function defined by the modified McCormick score (MMS). Results Sixteen children 10 ± 5 years old presented with median (interquartile range) MMS score of 2 (1–2) with IMSCTs (eight cervical, eight thoracic) involving 4 ± 2 levels. Pathology revealed astrocytoma in 12 cases (three pilocytic, four grade II, three gradeIII, two GBM), gangliogliomas in two, ependymoma in one, and gliosis in one case. At median follow-up of 7 months, six (38%) patients experienced improved neurological function, eight (50%) remained stable, one (6%) experienced a delayed decrease in neurological function (GBM progression), and one (6%) died (GBM progression). Five (31%) patients developed persistent dysesthetic symptoms. Four (80%) patients with cystic tumors experienced neurological improvement compared to only two (18%) patients with noncystic tumors, p < 0.05. Preoperative steroid use (odds ratio, OR [95% confidence interval, CI] = 18.0 [1.24–260.1], p = 0.03) and cystic tumor (OR [95%CI] = 18.0 [1.24–260.1], p = 0.03) predicted neurological improvement after surgery. Conclusion Radical resection of pediatric IMSCTs can be achieved with low incidence of neurological injury. Sensory syndromes frequently occur after pediatric IMSCT resection and frequently affect patient’s quality of life. Tumors with compressive cysts may identify patients more likely to experience improved neurological function after surgical resection.     

Cooperative hand movements in tetraplegic spinal cord injury patients: Preserved neural coupling

Objectives

To evaluate whether the task-specific neural coupling mechanism during the performance of cooperative hand movements is preserved in tetraplegic subjects.

脊髓髓内病变的显微外科治疗

目的分析脊髓髓内占位性病变的手术特点,探讨手术时机、手术方式及预后。方法回顾性分析2002年7月-2008年4月经手术和病理证实的25例脊髓髓内占位性病变,随访患者术后神经功能状态。结果病变全切20例,次全切除3例,大部切除2例。术后病理证实室管膜瘤15例,星形细胞瘤2例,海绵状血管瘤2例,脂肪瘤2例,神经鞘瘤1例,血管畸形1例,结核瘤1例,炎性肉芽肿1例。术后神经功能好转20例,无变化3例,加重2例。结论对脊髓髓内病变应早期诊断,应在发生明显神经功能障碍之前实施手术。沿着确切的瘤一髓界面分离、切除病变,是肿瘤一级切除的基本保证,重建蛛网膜下腔能有效防止脊髓粘连;采用椎板成型解剖学复位技术可提高术后脊柱稳定性。     

Cutaneous silent period in patients with spinal muscular atrophy type 2 and type 3

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to examine cutaneous silent periods (CSPs) in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) type 2 and type 3 patients.MethodsFourteen patients with SMA and 14 healthy subjects were included. CSPs were recorded from thenar muscles after painful stimulation of the index finger during slight thumb abduction. CSP parameters (including onset latency, duration, index of suppression, long-loop reflex, and post-inhibitory rebound activity) were measured. All parameters were compared between SMA patients and healthy subjects using the Mann-Whitney U test. We then correlated CSP parameters to Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale Expanded (HFMSE) scores in SMA patients by Spearman-rho testing.ResultsNo CSP parameter except E3% (i.e., the post-inhibitory rebound activity relative to pre-stimulus baseline) differed significantly between SMA patients and healthy subjects. E3% was significantly smaller in patients than healthy individuals. HFMSE scores of SMA patients correlated negatively with CSP duration and positively with E3%.DiscussionSmaller E3%, correlating with longer CSP duration, in SMA patients with more severe clinical findings and therefore more marked motoneuron loss suggests that the E3 component following the CSP is directly affected by motoneuron loss.