共表达PRRSV ORF5和ORF6基因重组核酸疫苗对断奶仔猪的免疫效果研究

目的评价猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)重组核酸疫苗pVAX-ORF5-2A-ORF6对断奶仔猪的免疫效果。方法分别以pVAX-ORF5-2A-ORF6+Quil A、pVAX-ORF5-2A-ORF6、pVAX空质粒和PRRSV弱毒疫苗对断奶仔猪进行免疫接种,检测各免疫组血清中特异性抗体效价、细胞因子IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IFN-γ的水平、T淋巴细胞增殖程度和CTL杀伤活性,评价其免疫效果。结果重组核酸疫苗pVAX-ORF5-2A-ORF6能够刺激猪体产生PRRSV特异性抗体,促进致敏T淋巴细胞增殖,诱导产生特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)杀伤活性;免疫仔猪血清IL-2和IFN-γ水平与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),加入免疫佐剂Quil A的实验组IFN-γ水平显著高于未加佐剂的实验组(P<0.05)。结论重组核酸疫苗pVAX-ORF5-2A-ORF6可诱导免疫仔猪产生特异性的体液免疫和细胞免疫应答,有望成为抗PRRSV感染的新型候选疫苗。     

白细胞介素-15重组体对HBsAg核酸疫苗的免疫佐剂作用

白细胞介素-15(IL-15)属螺旋结构细胞因子家族，它能促进T细胞、自然杀伤(NK)细胞和B细胞增殖及分化；具有诱导淋巴细胞产生γ干扰素(IFN-γ)及肿瘤坏死因子α的作用。IL-15与疫苗共同免疫时可刺激抗体产物增加，细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)活性加强。将IL-15表达质粒与HBsAg DNA疫苗共同免疫小鼠，以观察其对小鼠免疫应答的影响。     

HBsAg基因修饰的树突状细胞诱导HBV转基因小鼠的免疫应答

目的探讨HBsAg重组腺病毒Ad—S转染的小鼠树突状细胞（DC）诱导HBV转基因（Tg）小鼠免疫应答的作用特点及其可能的治疗作用。方法Tg小鼠的骨髓细胞体外扩增为DC，转染Ad—S或被HBsAg蛋白冲击后，与pcDNA3．1（＋）-S质粒分别免疫Tg鼠，用流式细胞术、乳酸脱氢酶释放法、酶联免疫分析（ELISA），荧光定量聚合酶链反应（PCR）等分别检测脾脏T细胞内细胞因子和细胞毒性T淋巴细胞（CTL）活性、血清HBsAg，抗-HBs、HBVDNA及丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）水平；病理和免疫组化分析肝脏组织学及HBsAg和HBcAg表达。结果免疫后1～2周，DC／Ad-S比DC／HBsAg和pcDNA3．1（＋）-S诱导rrc分泌干扰素7（IFN-g）和特异性CTL均显著增强，而DC／HBsAg组CTL较pcDNA3．1（＋）-S组增强（P〈0．05）；DC／HBsAg免疫后1、2、4周CTL迅速减弱，DC／Ad-S在1、2周CTL差异不明显，但至4周时明显减弱。免疫后1～4周，对Tg鼠血清HBsAg、HBVDNA及肝组织HBcAg和HBsAg表达的抑制作用最强为DC／Ad-S免疫，其次为DC／HBsAg，显著强于pcDNA3．1（＋）-S（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。肝脏组织学、血清抗-HBs和ALT水平各组差异无统计学意义。结论Ad—S转染的DC比HBsAg冲击的DC和DNA疫苗诱导更强的Tcl和CTL应答，能较迅速抑制HBV转基因小鼠血清HBsAg、HBVDNA和肝脏HBcAg和HBsAg表达。     

乙型肝炎病毒转基因小鼠B7-H1表达水平与免疫耐受的相关性

目的 探讨HBV转基因(Tg)小鼠脾脏树突状细胞(DC)及肝脏B7-H1表达水平与HBV免疫耐受的相关性. 方法 制备小鼠脾脏DC,混合淋巴细胞反应检测其同种抗原刺激能力,流式细胞仪检测DC表面主要组织相容性复合物-Ⅱ(MHC-Ⅱ)及CD80、CD86、B7-H1等共刺激分子表达水平,酶联免疫吸附法检测白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、干扰素γ、IL-10水平,逆转录聚合酶链反应法和Western blot法检测肝组织B7-H1表达水平.计量数据组间比较采用f检验.结果 DC和T淋巴细胞比例分别为1:1、1:10、1:100时,HBV Tg小鼠脾脏DC刺激同种小鼠T淋巴细胞增殖数量(每分钟放射细胞数)分别为(865.4±39.3)个、(680.2±34.8)个和(320.0±12.7)个,正常小鼠刺激同种小鼠T淋巴细胞增殖数量分别为(22 385.6±99.7)个,(17 850.6±79.4)个和(760.0±32.1)个,HBV Tg小鼠脾脏DC刺激同种小鼠T淋巴细胞增殖能力明显均弱于正常小鼠DC,t值分别为16.674、19.674和21.712,P值均<0.01,差异有统计学意义.同时,HBV Tg小鼠MHC-Ⅱ,CD80表达下调,而CD86、B7-H1表达差异无统计学意义.HBV Tg小鼠分泌IL-2、干扰素γ、IL-10水平均降低,而HBV Tg小鼠和正常小鼠肝组织表达B7-H1的差异无统计学意义. 结论 HBV免疫耐受与MHC-Ⅱ、CD80下调表达导致的HBV Tg小鼠脾脏DC功能缺陷有关,而与负性共刺激分子B7-H1表达无关.     

IFNγ基因修饰的树突状细胞在肝癌免疫治疗中的应用

目的:研究IFNγ修饰的树突状细胞(dendriticcell,DC)对T淋巴细胞增殖和分化的影响以及后者对肝癌HepG2细胞的杀伤作用.方法:构建携带人IFNγ基因的重组复制缺陷型腺病毒载体(Ad-IFNγ),用其感染人外周血单个核细胞来源的DC,观察后者表型和吞噬功能的变化.再用反复冻融裂解法提取的肝癌HepG2细胞抗原致敏DC,将其与自身T淋巴细胞共同培养,观察T淋巴细胞的增殖和分化情况以及活化T细胞对HepG2细胞的杀伤作用.结果:Ad-IFNγ转染后24 h.各组DC的吞噬能力差异无统计学意义(F=2.31,p=0.13).Ad-IFNγ转染的DC培养上清中有IFNγ的高表达,其表达量显著高于另外两组(P<0.01).Ad-IFNγ-DC促进T细胞增殖的能力明显强于Ad-LacZ-DC和NTDC(P<0.01).以HepG2细胞抗原致敏时,Ad-IFNγ-DC活化的T淋巴细胞对HepG2细胞的杀伤率在E:T=20:1和E:T=50:1时分别为43.64%±3.5l%和48.87%±4.83%.显著高于Ad.LaeZ-DC和NTDC组(p<0.001)结论:IFNγ的修饰能促进DC成熟,增强DC促进T淋巴细胞增殖的作用,诱导细胞免疫,增强T细胞的细胞毒作用,使T细胞能有效地杀伤肿瘤细胞.     

慢性乙型肝炎患者外周血单个核细胞对HBsAg诱生γ干扰素的反应

本文用纯化的乙型肝炎表面抗原（HBsAg)诱生的γ干扰素（IFNγ）反应，对慢性乙型肝炎（慢乙肝）患者的特异性细胞免疫应答进行了研究。结果表明，大多数（7／9）血清抗－HBs阳性者，都能产生对HBsAg的IFNγ反应，平均滴度为3．589±1．694（log2U/50μl)；部分CAH患者（5／12）亦能产生对HBsAg的IFNγ反应，平均滴度为2．560±0．711（log2U/50l)，二组间IFNγ滴度无显著性差异（P＞0．05）。HBV血清标志阴性者不能产生对HBsAg的IFNγ反应，在CAH组及对照组中均未测到对HBsAg的特异性淋巴细胞转化反应。     

日本血吸虫三磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶核酸疫苗小鼠体内的免疫应答特征

目的 研究日本血吸虫大陆株三磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶（GAPDH）基因核酸疫苗免疫C57BL/6小鼠诱生的免疫应答特征和保护性。 方法 将用免疫筛库得到的日本血吸虫大陆株GAPDH编码基因以PCR扩增，扩增产物T-A克隆至载体pT-Adv而后与真核表达载体pcDNA3连接，构建成核酸疫苗（pcDNA3-SjGAPDH）。将纯化的pcDNA3-SjGAPDH经后腿胫前肌免疫C57BL/6小鼠。免疫荧光染色法研究pcDNA3-SjGAPDH在注射的局部肌肉表达特性；用十二烷基硫酸钠?鄄聚丙烯酰胺（SDS-PAGE）、蛋白质印迹法（Western blotting）、ELISA等方法分析pcDNA3-SjGAPDH所诱导的特异性免疫应答特征。 结果 pcDNA3-SjGAPDH免疫后24和48h即可在荧光显微镜下看到C57BL/6小鼠小腿胫前肌的局部肌肉的冰冻切片发出淡绿色荧光，表明有GAPDH蛋白的表达。pcDNA3-SjGAPDH免疫小鼠主要诱生IgG2a、IgG2b和IgG3亚类；免疫小鼠脾淋巴细胞体外经特异性抗原刺激主要诱生γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)和白介素-2(IL-2)细胞因子，未检出IL-4。另外，免疫鼠血清能够识别日本血吸虫SWAP中的天然GAPDH成分。 结论 pcDNA3-SjGAPDH核酸疫苗免疫C57BL/6小鼠主要诱导Th1类型细胞免疫应答。     

幽门螺杆菌ureI核酸疫苗免疫活性的初步研究

目的 观察幽门螺杆菌ureI核酸疫苗诱导C57BL/6小鼠产生体液免疫应答及细胞免疫应答水平.方法 重组质粒pcDNA3.1(+)/ureI、空质粒pcDNA3.1(+)及PBS分别肌注免疫C57BL/6小鼠.ELISA法检测小鼠血清中特异性IgG抗体水平以及脾淋巴细胞培养上清中IL-4和IFN-γ含量,MTT比色法检测脾淋巴细胞增殖反应,PCR和免疫荧光组化法检测ureI基因和蛋白表达.结果 pcDNA3.1(+)/ureI能够诱导小鼠产生特异性IgG抗体,该组小鼠脾淋巴细胞经UreI重组蛋白刺激后,其刺激指数和培养上清中IL-4、IFN-γ含量明显升高; ureI基因可在小鼠肌细胞中有效表达.结论 pcDNA3.1(+)/ureI核酸疫苗能刺激C57BL/6小鼠产生较强的体液免疫应答和细胞免疫应答,为进一步研究该疫苗的免疫保护作用奠定了基础.     

日本血吸虫病流行区人群吡喹酮治疗前后细胞因子水平的研究

观察日本血吸虫病流行区人群的细胞免疫应答状态及吡喹酮治疗对其影响。 [方法 ]采集日本血吸虫病流行区 12 9人 (粪检阳性者 6 4例 ,粪检阴性者 6 5例 ) ,吡喹酮治疗前及治疗后 45d的静脉血 ,以血吸虫成虫和虫卵抗原分别刺激诱生细胞因子 ,检测培养上清中的细胞因子IL 5、IL 10和IFN γ水平。 [结果 ]12 9例中 ,对血吸虫抗原刺激诱生的细胞因子水平粪检阴性组明显高于粪检阳性组 ;治疗后 ,细胞因子诱生水平较治疗前显著升高 ,特别是IL 5和IFN γ。 [结论 ]流行区人群的细胞免疫应答显示总体下调趋势 ;吡喹酮治疗后出现细胞因子水平的明显升高。     

HCV HVR1模拟肽诱导小鼠树突状细胞免疫应答及机制的初步研究

目的探讨HCV HVR1模拟肽(7肽)诱导小鼠树突状细胞免疫应答模式及其机制。方法用"Bu lk培养法"制备树突状细胞,经7肽免疫10天的小鼠,取脾细胞,分选CD8+T细胞与经过7肽负载并成熟树突状细胞共孵育24 h,收集上清,应用流式细胞技术方法检测上清细胞因子。结果此方法培养的细胞表面CD11 c的表达率超过80%,具有典型的DC形态;实验组中CD8+T上清中IFNγ-、TNF-α、IL-10及IL-6较对照组有所升高,均具有统计学意义。结论利用此法能在体外培养出大量的未成熟DC;7肽能诱导以CD8+T细胞为主的细胞免疫。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.