24h食管pH监测和食管测压及奥美拉唑治疗试验在食管原性胸痛中的应用

目的 :探讨 2 4 h食管 p H监测和食管测压及奥美拉唑治疗试验在食管原性胸痛中的诊断价值。方法 :对食管原性胸痛 6 8例行内镜、食管测压、2 4 h食管 p H监测及 7d的奥美拉唑 (2 0 mg,2次 / d)治疗试验 ,治疗后症状评分比治疗前降低超过 75 %者则为治疗试验阳性。结果 :食管原性胸痛 6 8例中 5 5例 (81% )符合胃食管反流病 (GERD) ,胡桃夹食管 2例 ,早期贲门失驰缓症 3例 ,弥漫性食管痉挛 3例 ,无效食管运动 (IEM) 5例。GERD5 2例测压分析 ,35例(6 7% )符合 IEM诊断标准。奥美拉唑治疗试验对诊断 GERD的敏感性为 93% ,特异性为 85 %。结论 :GERD是食管原性胸痛的主要原因。 2 4 h食管 p H监测和食管测压是诊断食管原性胸痛的主要检查手段 ,奥美拉唑治疗试验是临床诊断GERD简便而实用的方法。     

食管pH监测对内镜阴性胃食管反流病的诊断价值探讨

目的观察食管pH监测在内镜阴性胃食管反流病中的诊断价值。方法选择临床诊断胃食管反流病（GERD）而内镜检查阴性的42例患者作为研究组，选择无上消化道症状的10例体检者作为对照组．分别行食管24h pH监测检查，分析比较其结果。结果42例内镜阴性者经食管24h pH值监测检出36例（85.71％）符合GERD诊断标准，有反流症状患者酸反流次数、酸长反流次数、最长酸反流时间、pH值〈4 总百分比、pH值〈4 立位百分比、pH值〈 4卧住百分比均显著高于正常对照组，各指标比较有统计学意义（t分别=7.95、6.38、6.12、7.34、7.86、6.06，P均〈0.05）。老年患者24h pH监测GERD栓出率显著高于非老年患者（X^2=6.36，P〈0.05）。结论食管24h pH值监测是诊断内镜检查阴性的胃食管反流病的理想方法。     

Prevalence, pathophysiology, and treatment of patients with asthma and gastroesophageal reflux disease

About one third of the US adult population experiences symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux on a monthly basis. Asthma is present in about 5% of the same population. This article reviews and summarizes the literature in the following areas: (1) prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in asthmatic patients based on clinical symptoms, endoscopic esophagitis, and 24-hour ambulatory esophageal pH recordings; (2) proposed pathophysiologic mechanisms linking the 2 diseases; and (3) medical and surgical treatment trial results of antireflux therapy for asthmatic patients. Asthmatic patients appear to have an increased prevalence of GERD symptoms and 24-hour esophageal acid exposure. The clinical management of these patients remains controversial. Common management approaches to GERD in asthmatic patients include medical therapy with a proton pump inhibitor and/or antireflux surgery, which improve asthma symptoms in many patients but minimally affect pulmonary function.     

Catheter-based pH monitoring: use in evaluation of gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms (on and off therapy)

Tube-based ambulatory pH testing has rapidly evolved in the past 3 decades to become the standard by which other diagnostic approaches to gastroesophageal reflux disease are judged. Acid exposure 5 cm above the manometrically determined lower esophageal sphincter is the standard for documentation of pathologic acid exposure of the distal esophagus. Proximal esophageal or hypopharyngeal monitoring is an evolving technique that may shed light on patients with supraesophageal symptoms. The ability to simultaneously monitor esophageal and gastric acidity (usually in patients with persistent symptoms despite therapy) is another advantage of this technique. Whether the new system that allows simultaneous pH and impedance monitoring and the system that uses an implantable tubeless monitoring capsule will supplant this older but well-established technology remains to be determined.     

Diagnosing gastroesophageal reflux disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common condition with a variety of clinical manifestations and potentially serious complications. This article reviews available methods for diagnosing GERD. A clinical history of the classic symptoms of GERD, heartburn or acid regurgitation, is sensitive enough to establish the diagnosis in patients without other complications. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy is the best way to evaluate suspected complications of GERD, but endoscopic findings are insensitive for the presence of pathological reflux, and therefore they cannot reliably exclude GERD. The "gold standard" study for confirming or excluding the presence of abnormal gastroesophageal reflux is the 24-hour ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring test, and this study should be used for the evaluation of refractory symptoms and extraesophageal manifestations of GERD. A formal acid-suppression test is helpful in the evaluation of the atypical GERD symptom of noncardiac chest pain. Optimal use of currently available tests for GERD may allow for more efficient diagnosis and better characterization of the pathological manifestations associated with GERD.     

24-hour ambulatory manometry in diagnosis of esophageal motor disorders causing chest pain

The clinical diagnosis of motor disorders of the esophagus leading to chest pain usually lacks documentation by manometry despite the use of sophisticated equipment as well as pharmacologic manipulation. We have developed an ambulatory manometry system that allows us to monitor motility in the esophagus on an outpatient basis for 24 hours. This method seems well tolerated, and tracings obtained are of excellent quality, allowing careful inspection and evaluation of details. Simultaneous 24-hour esophageal pH and surface ECG recordings were also obtained. We believe the technique, when perfected, will significantly enhance the understanding and documentation of the cause of chest pain in patients with motor dysfunction of the esophagus.     

Clinical use of 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring

Knowing a patient's continuous 24-hour blood pressure measurements can be useful to the nurse practitioner in evaluating the hypertensive patient. Recent studies have demonstrated end-organ damage to have a higher degree of correlation with 24-hour blood pressure readings than with more periodic blood pressure readings. Previously, 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure determinations were evaluated primarily in research settings. The ability to obtain these readings for diagnostic information applicable to clinical situations is becoming readily available. The historical background leading to the development of the ambulatory blood pressure monitors for clinical use is reviewed. The indications for obtaining 24-hour ambulatory pressures, interpretation of specific graphs and patient outcome are explained.     

Electrocardiographic ambulatory monitoring with a real-time analysis system

The analysis of records collected during long-term ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring has traditionally involved the review of massive data, either manually or with the aid of interactive scanning computers. Many factors complicate this analysis, including the use of analog tape for storage of electrocardiographic waveforms, the need to analyze 100,000 waveforms from an average 24-hour study, and the need to deal with an interface that compresses 24 hours of data into as little as 6 minutes on a screen. Today, the computer incorporated in the monitor can scrutinize each cardiac cycle in real time. The system produces a statistical report based on every heart beat and also performs data reduction and storage of electrocardiograph samples. To assess real-time analysis we examined data collected from the Circadian CircaMed ambulatory electrocardiography system. We found that it could detect and quantify simple or complex ventricular ectopic beats, brady- or tachyarrhythmic events, and ST-segment deviation. One hundred fifty patients 21 to 85 years old with symptoms or clinical findings suggestive of ischemia, cardiac arrhythmia, or conductive defects were referred to our electrocardiography laboratory for ambulatory monitoring. The results demonstrate that this system can detect the full range of cardiac disease found with the traditional method. Of the 150 patients, ambulatory electrocardiographic tests were positive in 93 (62%). In addition, we developed a methodology for lead placement when using two bipolar leads, as is typical for ambulatory electrocardiography. We present a procedure for determining the optimum lead placement that is based on the patient’s history and a 12-lead electrocardiogram.     

Clinical significance of 24-hour intraesophageal pH monitoring in GERD patients

24-hour intraesophageal pH monitoring(24-pH-M) is a method of choice to measure the esophageal acid exposure, and evaluate a patient's lifestyle who has reflux symptoms. The 24-pH-M is indicated to the cases who have at least one of the following signs/symptoms; endoscopy negative GERD(gastroesophageal reflux disease), atypical clinical course for reflux disease, atypical symptoms of GERD, and those who are subjected to have surgical treatment. In the 24-pH-M, not only the duration of gastroesophageal reflux(GER), but also reflux and symptom association should be evaluated. The 24-pH-M is useful to investigate the diagnosis and treatment of GERD including reflux esophagitis.     

幽门螺杆菌感染对胃食管反流病患者食管酸暴露及食管动力的影响

目的分析幽门螺杆菌（helicobacterpylor,Hp）感染胃食管反流病（gastroesophagealrefluxdisease,GERD）患者食管远端酸暴露及食管动力变化特点,探讨Hp感染与GERD的关系。方法GERD患者80例,分为Hp阳性组30例,Hp阴性组50例,同期20例慢性浅表性胃炎患者为对照组,对3组进行食管动力学检测和食管24hpH监测。结果Hp阳性组与Hp阴性组DeMeester评分、食管下括约肌压力、24hpH监测各项指标及食管动力学各项指标比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉O．05）;2组DeMeester评分均高于对照组（P〈0．05）,食管下括约肌压力低于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论GERD患者食管下括约肌压力较正常人群低,且存在过量酸反流;Hp感染与GERD发生可能无明显关系。     

Use of an endoscopic suturing device (the "ESD") to treat patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease, after unsuccessful EndoCinch endoluminal gastroplication: another failure

BACKGROUND: Endoluminal gastroplication, using the EndoCinch procedure, has emerged as a potential endoscopic antireflux therapy. Although initial results have been promising, the long-term durability of the treatment is uncertain due to suture loss. A new endoscopic suturing device, the "ESD," has been developed that promises excellent visibility and endoscopic control. The aim of this study was to evaluate prospectively the feasibility and efficacy of the ESD method after EndoCinch failure. METHODS: The study involved 20 patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), who had been initially treated with an EndoCinch procedure, but had relapsed after a median of 7.5 months, with lost or dysfunctional sutures and with reflux symptoms that required proton pump inhibitor (PPI) treatment. Using the ESD, at least three plications were created at the gastroesophageal junction. Patients underwent endoscopy, 24-hour pH monitoring and esophageal manometry before treatment and 6 months afterwards. In addition, reflux symptoms as well as quality-of-life scores were assessed (using the SF-6 and GERD-HRQL scales). RESULTS: The ESD procedure (median procedure time 45 min) was performed successfully in all patients without major complications. After 6 months only one patient (5 %) still had all sutures in situ, while no remaining sutures could be detected in 3/20 (15 %). No significant changes in reflux esophagitis; 24-hour pH monitoring results (median pH < 4/24 h9.9 % vs. 12.3 %; P = 0.60); manometry findings (median lower esophageal sphincter pressure 7.2 mm Hg vs. 9.9 mm Hg; P = 0.22); PPI use; or reflux esophagitis could be detected after 6 months. While reflux symptoms improved (heartburn severity score 30 vs. 48, P < 0,05), no changes in quality-of-life scores were detected. CONCLUSIONS: Endoluminal gastroplication using the ESD is an easy and safe, but unfortunately ineffective procedure for endoscopic GERD treatment. Endoluminal gastroplication techniques clearly need refinements before these therapies can evolve as a treatment option for GERD patients.     

Characteristics of 100 consecutive patients presenting with orthostatic hypotension

OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the demographic and clinical characteristics of a consecutive series of patients who presented for evaluation of orthostatic hypotension. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From January 1, 1997, through September 30, 2001, we assessed retrospectively the demographic and clinical characteristics, antihypertensive medication use, and blood pressure variability in 100 consecutive patients with orthostatic hypotension who underwent 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (OH group) and in a convenience sample of 100 age-matched patients who underwent 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring for evaluation of hypertension (HTN group). RESULTS: The OH group had a mean +/- SD age of 71.6 +/- 9.4 years, and 42% were women. The most common symptoms were light-headedness and weakness. Comorbid conditions included neurologic diseases (38%), preexisting hypertension (36%), hyperlipidemia (31%), cardiac arrhythmias and coronary artery disease (45%), and neoplasm (28%). During ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, postprandial decreases in blood pressure were noted in 83% of the OH group, supine or sleep hypertension in 84%, and noncompensatory heart rate variability in 75%. Findings on autonomic testing were abnormal in 99% of patients, serum creatinine value was increased in 30%, proteinuria was present in 27%, and left ventricular hypertrophy was present in 20%. CONCLUSIONS: Orthostatic hypotension is present in a heterogeneous group of disease states, is usually symptomatic, and is often associated with an abnormal blood pressure profile of reversal of circadian pattern, postprandial hypotension, and noncompensatory heart rate variability. Consequent target organ (kidney) damage can be as frequent as in patients who undergo 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring for evaluation of hypertension.     

Correlation of color Doppler sonographic findings with pH measurements in gastroesophageal reflux in children

PURPOSE: We conducted a prospective study of color Doppler sonography in children with suspected gastroesophageal reflux (GER). The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of color Doppler sonography with that of continuous 24-hour pH monitoring of the esophagus in diagnosing GER and to determine how to interpret the reflux episodes detected on color Doppler sonography in children at high risk for reflux. METHODS: Color Doppler sonography and 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring were performed in 54 children ranging in age from 2 months to 10 years (mean, 3 years). The stomach of each patient was filled for adequate gastric distention just before the color Doppler sonographic examination. We counted the number of reflux episodes over a period of 15 minutes. One day after the sonographic examination, the reflux was evaluated with esophageal pH monitoring, and the resultant reflux index (ReI) was obtained. The ReI was considered to be pathologic when it was equal to or greater than 11.99%. The number of refluxes on color Doppler sonography and the ReI were correlated for each patient. RESULTS: The 2 tests showed an 81.5% agreement in the detection of GER. When pH monitoring was taken as the reference test, color Doppler sonography had a high sensitivity (95.5%) for diagnosing GER but a very low specificity (11.0%), with a positive predictive value of 84.3% and a negative predictive value of 33.3%. There was no statistically significant correlation between the frequencies of GER detected on color Doppler sonography and the ReIs on pH monitoring (p = 0.1103). There was no correlation between the reflux grades on sonography and the ReI grades on pH monitoring (p = 0.422). CONCLUSIONS: Color Doppler sonography is highly sensitive and easier to use than pH monitoring. Although there are no definite criteria for evaluating the severity of GER on color Doppler imaging, this modality may be useful in screening children for GER.     

The role of pH monitoring in extraesophageal gastroesophageal reflux disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is linked to several extraesophageal disease states including laryngitis, asthma, chronic cough, and noncardiac chest pain (NCCP). Although 24-hour pH monitoring is considered the "gold standard" in the diagnosis of typical GERD, it is also increasingly used in establishing the diagnosis of GERD in patients with extraesophageal symptoms. The clinical utility of pH monitoring in this patient population, however, remains controversial. In this article, the authors examine the role of pH monitoring in laryngitis, asthma, chronic cough, and NCCP.     

Gastroesophageal reflux in children: Is there a place for the upper gastrointestinal study?

Objective tests for gastroesophageal reflux in children have shown only fair correlation with clinical symptoms. Thirty-four children referred to the pediatric surgery service for evaluation of gastroesophageal reflux had both 24-hour pH probe monitoring and standardized upper gastrointestinal examinations. A total of 16 children (47%) had documented significant or pathologic gastroesophageal reflux, 11 on pH monitors and 9 on contrast examinations. There were 4 in whom both tests were positive. None of the pH monitoring criteria correlated with the radiographic studies. The patient population documented by contrast study did not differ from the general testpositive population by age or associated clinical findings. The 2 studies probably measure different aspects of significant gastroesophageal reflux, are confirmatory and complementary, and must be correlated with the clinical symptoms.     

三种不同检查方法在胃食管反流病诊断中的应用比较

目的：探讨电子胃镜、24 h食管pH值监测及胃食管反流病（GERD）Q评分三种方法在GERD诊断中的临床应用价值。方法：将于2011年4月—2012年6月因烧心、反酸等症状就诊于消化科门诊的120例患者随机分为胃镜组、24 h食管pH值监测组及GERD Q评分组,每组40例,分别接受电子胃镜、24 h食管pH值监测及GERD Q问卷评分,比较分析各种方法对GERD的检出情况。结果：24 h食管pH值监测组40例患者中病理性反流者19例,生理性反流者5例,GERD阳性率显著高于胃镜组及GERD Q评分组,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;胃镜组与GERD Q评分组之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：24 h食道pH值监测可以对食管内反流情况进行实时、动态监测,为GERD的临床诊断及不同类型的反流治疗方案提供客观、准确的依据。     

Clinical utility of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in the management of hypertension

Accurate blood pressure (BP) measurement is essential for the diagnosis, monitoring and management of hypertension. However, conventional office-based BP readings have several limitations that include a low reproducibility, the white-coat effect and the existence of masked hypertension. These limitations can be addressed through the use of ambulatory BP monitoring. Because ambulatory monitoring provides measurements at specific time intervals throughout a 24-hour period, this technique represents a better picture of the normal fluctuations in BP levels associated with daily activities and sleep. In addition, end-organ damage associated with hypertension is more closely related to ambulatory BP than office BP measurements and ambulatory BP profile give better prediction of clinical outcome than conventional BP measurements.     

"Floppy" Nissen vs. Toupet laparoscopic fundoplication: quality of life assessment in a 5-year follow-up (part 2)

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Quality of life as an outcome variable has become an important measure in clinical research. This study is the second part of a prospective assessment of the quality of life outcome, in a 5-year follow-up of patients who underwent laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication or Toupet fundoplication. Data from a 1-year follow-up have been previously published (part I). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Using the Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index (GIQLI), the quality of life data of 169 consecutive patients who had undergone a laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication (LNF; n = 104) or a laparoscopic Toupet fundoplication (LTF; n = 65), were evaluated 3 years and 5 years postoperatively. Six patients out of the initial study group (n = 175), including three from each group, were excluded from the main analysis because they had undergone laparoscopic re-fundoplication during the 1-year follow-up. Data from patients with repeat surgery have been analysed separately. In addition to administering the GIQLI, we evaluated patient satisfaction with surgery, possible surgical side effects or recurrent disease-related symptoms, the use of antireflux medication, and also surgical interventions in relation to initial antireflux surgery. In those patients, who were willing (n = 111) we also performed esophageal manometry and 24-hour pH monitoring 5 years postoperatively. RESULTS: At 3 years and 5 years postoperatively, the analysis of quality of life data showed that the GIQLI score remained stable in comparison with the 1-year follow-up data, with mean scores of 121 +/- 8.7 points in the LNF-group and 119.8 +/- 9 points in the LTF-group, at 5 years after surgery. Laparoscopic re-fundoplication was necessary in four patients due to a "slipping" Nissen (LNF group n = 1) or recurrent symptoms (LTF group, n = 3). In two patients in the LTF group herniation of a trocar incision was found. No patient suffered from severe surgical side effects. Patient satisfaction with surgery was rated as "excellent" or "good" in 97.9 % of patients. There were no significant differences between the groups concerning these data. The results of esophageal manometry and 24-hour pH monitoring also remained stable and showed normal values in all but two patients (in the LTF group), who suffered from mild and infrequent symptoms of recurrent heartburn without endoscopic signs of esophagitis. The outcome in patients who underwent laparoscopic re-fundoplication is comparable to the outcomes for those with a successful primary intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Both Nissen and Toupet laparoscopic fundoplication can significantly improve patients' quality of life during the 5 years following surgical intervention. Quality of life scores for both surgical groups were almost equal and postoperative outcomes were comparable to values in healthy controls. Patient satisfaction with surgical treatment was very high, even though repeat laparoscopic surgery was necessary in some cases. Patients who had a repeat procedure experienced nearly identical outcomes.     

Test of refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease

It should be considered that the causes of refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are multifactorial. Esophageal manometry study is useful when we make distinguish patients with esophageal motility disorders from those with refractory GERD. Endoscopic ultrasonography is also performed to observe the thickness of esophageal wall which represents the disturbance of esophageal motor function. Esophageal pH monitoring is useful to detect the acid clearance disturbance and phenomenon of nocturnal acid breakthrough. Both are occurred at night, and are recently considered to be responsible for refractory GERD. Catheter-free pH monitoring system, Bravo, makes it possible to measure esophageal pH under quite physiological conditions. Genotype of CYP2C19 is sometimes checked in patients with PPI resistance GERD. Intra-gastric pH with omeprazole and lansoprazole depends on patient's genotype of CYP2C19. Monitoring of 24-hour bilirubin, Bilitec, is also useful to detect duodeno-gastro-esophageal reflux.