Esterase D assay in Brazilian retinoblastoma families

The gene related to retinoblastoma (Rb gene) can be considered a model human tumor suppressor gene and was assigned to band 13q14, together with the esterase D (ESD) gene. We studied the ESD activity and phenotype in 40 retinoblastoma patients, 50 unaffected relatives, and 85 nonrelated healthy control individuals. ESD activity from patients is significantly different from that of relatives and control individuals, but there was no significant difference between ESD activity from unaffected relatives and control individuals. Twelve and one-half percent of patients and 4.2% of unaffected relatives with ESD1 phenotype showed a low ESD level. The results showed the importance of ESD studies in all retinoblastoma patients and their relatives.     

Hot Spots in the Red Cell Membrane: Molecular Aspects of Some Red Cell Antigens

After decades of studying the human blood groups by serological and, more recently, biochemical techniques, analysis of blood group genes at the molecular level has confirmed that a variety of different genetical events have given rise to the vast complexity of blood group systems. In order to illustrate this 4 blood group systems have been selected: ABO and H, involving carbohydrate determinants, and MNS and Rh, involving predominantly protein antigens. The molecular basis of the A₁, A₂, B, and O groups, and of the rare H-deficiency phenotypes will be described. The St antigen of the MNS system will be discussed in order to illustrate the variety of different genetic mechanisms that can give rise to a single rare antigen. Finally, recent work on the molecular basis of the polymorphic Rh antigens, D, C, c, E, and e, and on some rare Rh phenotypes, Rh_nu ll, D-, and r'^s, will be explained briefly in order to emphasize the complexity of blood group genetics.     

Hot Spots in the Red Cell Membrane: Molecular Aspects of Some Red Cell Antigens

After decades of studying the human blood groups by serological and, more recently, biochemical techniques, analysis of blood group genes at the molecular level has confirmed that a variety of different genetical events have given rise to the vast complexity of blood group systems. In order to illustrate this 4 blood group systems have been selected: ABO and H, involving carbohydrate determinants, and MNS and Rh, involving predominantly protein antigens. The molecular basis of the A₁, A₂, B, and O groups, and of the rare H-deficiency phenotypes will be described. The St antigen of the MNS system will be discussed in order to illustrate the variety of different genetic mechanisms that can give rise to a single rare antigen. Finally, recent work on the molecular basis of the polymorphic Rh antigens, D, C, c, E, and e, and on some rare Rh phenotypes, Rh_nu ll, D–, and r'^s, will be explained briefly in order to emphasize the complexity of blood group genetics.     

红细胞代用品的研究进展

红细胞代用品是指在临床输血中临时替代人全血的各类氧载体。与传统输血方式相比 ,红细胞代用品具有来源广泛、安全洁净、适于急救等优点。目前正在研究中的红细胞代用品包括全氟碳化合物、化学修饰血红蛋白、基因重组血红蛋白、微囊化血红蛋白等。本文对以上各种主要制品的研究进展作了全面综述     

Autologous Red Blood Cell and Platelet Engulfment in Hairy Cell Leukemia

Seven cases of hairy cell leukemia (leukemic reticulo-endotheliosis) are presented in which peripheral blood or splenic hairy cells or both were identified engulfing autologous red blood cells or platelets. In 3 patients, approximately 5-15% of their peripheral blood hairy cells were engulfing red cells and platelets. In 2 patients, intercellular junctions were present between processes of hairy cells and were similar to processes occasionally seen connecting Langerhans cells to each other. Also, parallel tubular arrays were identified in the cytoplasm of hairy cells from 2 other patients. We conclude that autologous red blood cell and platelet engulfment is a common finding in hairy cell leukemia.     

急性脑梗塞患者红细胞免疫功能变化对红细胞变形性的影响

本文测定了41例急性脑梗塞患者红细胞滤过指数(RBC-IF)、红细胞C_3b花环率(RBC-C_3bRR)和红细胞免疫复合物花环率(RBC-ICR),观察红细胞免疫粘附(RCIA)功能变化对红细胞变形性(RCD)的影响。结果显示脑梗塞患者RBC-IF增高,RBC-C_3bRR下降,RBC-ICR上升,表明脑梗塞患者RCD和红细胞免疫粘附功能下降。且RBC随着RCIA功能下降其变形能力也有所降低。提示脑梗塞时RBC免疫功能改变也是影响RCD的因素之一。     

Changes in Red Cell Bg Antigens in Haematological Disease

The red cell Bg antigens of patients with haematological diseases have been found to be more reactive than those of normal donors. Other HLA-related antigens that are of low incidence in normal donors are found in much higher incidence in these patients. A series of 40 CLL patients has been tested for both known and additional HLA-related antigens by haemagglutination and adsorption and the relationship between the antigens of the red cells and lymphocytes evaluated.     

Polymorphism of esterase D in the Polish population.

Distribution of esterase D types was studied in a sample of the Polish population numbering 885 subjects. Frequency of EsDl-1 type was 0.810, EsD2-1 -- 0.174, and EsD2-2 -- 0.16. Frequency of the genes EsD1 and EsD2, which determine this system, were 0.897 and 0.103 respectively. A study of 613 mother-child pairs revealed agreement with the hypothesis of two alleles in the EsD locus. The prevalence of EsD genes in the Polish population was similar to those reported in other European populations.     

The Origin of Red Blood Cell Biopterin

Data are presented to support the hypothesis that the biopterin content of red blood cells arises during erythropoiesis. Only when the plasma concentration rises above the erythrocyte concentration of biopterin is there likely to be diffusion into the cell.     

红细胞代用品的研究进展

输血来源有限，且输注后可能引起严重的不良反应，因而国内外科学家对以携氧液作为输血替代品进行了长达一个多世纪的探索。迄今为止，几种第一代红细胞代用品已经有望获准上市。各种产品有其独自的生理特性、生物活性和副作用。作者着重综述了基于人，牛和重组来源血红蛋白衍生的红细胞代用品以及携氧氟碳乳剂，描述了多聚血红蛋白（PolyHeme，HBOC-201，Hemolink），双阿司匹林分子内交联血红蛋白（HemAssist），重组人血红蛋白（rHb1．1，rHb2．0），共轭血红蛋白（PHP，MP4），血红蛋白微囊，全合成型白蛋白-血红素载体和氟碳乳剂（Oxygent，Oxyiluor，Perftoran）等红细胞代用品的研制情况，产品特性，生理学效应，实（试）验效能和副作用。作为氧治疗剂进行研发，可能成为今后红细胞代用品研制的发展方向。     

Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research in the Islamic Republic of Iran

During the last few years, the Islamic republic of Iran has consistently grown in nearly all scientific fields and achieved considerable success in producing science and developing technology. The Iranian government and scientific community have jointly started programs to support the creation of new scientific opportunities and technology platforms for research in the domain of stem cell and tissue engineering. In addition, clinical translation of basic researches in the fields of stem cell and regenerative medicine has been amongst the top priorities. Interestingly, the public sector, media, and authorities are also actively monitoring these attainments. In spite of this nationwide interest, however, there is currently a dearth of analytical information on these accomplishments. To address this issue, here we introduce the key decisions made by the country's policy makers and also review some of the Iranian researchers' publications in this field.     

网织红细胞参数的临床应用

网织红细胞是未完全成熟的红细胞,是反映骨髓造备功能的重要指标。全血细胞分析仪给我们提供了网织红细胞更多的参数,这些参数对多种疾病的诊断,治疗及监测有竟要的意义。尤其在贫血的诊断和治疗后评估骨髓造血反应方面有着重要的作用。