口腔颌面外科学：麻醉与手术

皮肤软组织扩张术在颌面外科中的应用;舌癌切除术下颌骨旁正中截开入路的探讨;先天性颅、颌面畸形整复手术的麻醉处理;应用无痛口腔局麻注射仪对老年人麻醉效果的观察;口腔颌面外科患者手术前后甲状腺激素水平的变化     

戊乙奎醚和托烷司琼联合用药对口腔颌面外科术后恶心呕吐的防治作用

目的:寻找一种对口腔颌面外科术后恶心呕吐有更强防治作用的方法。方法:40例口腔颌面外科手术患者术前用阿托品、手术结束用托烷司琼为A+T组;另40例术前用戊乙奎醚、手术结束用托烷司琼为P+T组。结果:麻醉恢复期24 h内,恶心VAS评分,A+T组高于P+T组(P<0.05);呕吐百分比A+T组明显高于P+T组(P<0.05)。结论:口腔颌面外科手术患者,术前戊乙奎醚、术后托烷司琼的联合用药,能更好地防治术后恶心呕吐。     

口腔颌面恶性肿瘤合并糖尿病患者围术期营养状况调查分析

目的:调查分析口腔颌面恶性肿瘤合并糖尿病患者围术期营养状况.方法:收集接受手术治疗的口腔颌面恶性肿瘤合并糖尿病患者64例,并分别于术前、术后第1天、第3天、第7天清晨空腹抽取静脉血,检测血蛋白功能[血红蛋白(Hb)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、前白蛋白(PA)]、免疫功能[总淋巴细胞计数(L)、淋巴细胞百分比(L...     

正颌手术前后患者心理韧性与生活质量相关性研究

目的:调查牙颌面畸形患者正颌手术前后韧性水平变化及与生活质量相关性.方法:选取2019年9月～2020年9月于北京大学口腔医院入院接受正颌手术治疗的牙颌面畸形患者,于术前(T1)、术后第2周(T2)、术后第3个月(T3)、术后第6个月(T4)填写心理韧性量表(Connor-Davidson Resilience scale 10,CD-RISC 10)、正颌生活质量量表(Orthognathic Quality of Life Questionnaire,OQLQ).结果:共完整随访资料96例.t检验显示患者术后心理韧性得分逐渐提高,T1与T4的差异有统计学意义(P=0.02);Pearson相关性分析显示T1韧性水平与T1、T2、T3的生活质量正相关(P<0.05);高韧性组和低韧性组T1、T2期的社会功能、面部美学显著性差异(P<0.05),T3期口语功能,T4期社会功能有显著性差异(P<0.05).结论:正颌手术对改善患者韧性水平有积极作用;韧性与生活质量正相关,对手术应激有缓冲作用,心理韧性是生活质量的保护因素.     

549例腭裂修复术的术后并发症

<正> 腭裂修复术是口腔颌面外科常见手术之一,除成年合作之患者可在局麻下完成手术外,余均需于气管内全麻下施行。其术后并发症除与手术本身直接相关外,与气管内全麻也有密切关系。我院施行各种类型的腭裂修复术共549例,现将本组术后并发症讨论分析如下:     

口腔颌面外科全麻手术患者的呼吸道管理

目的：探讨口腔颌面外科全麻手术患者的呼吸道管理。方法：收集8例口腔颌面外科全麻手术发生呼吸道并发症患者的资料，对其病因、措施及救治方法进行分析。结果：呼吸道并发症病因多样，导致后果较为严重，正确分析病因，采取措施，可有效防范呼吸道并发症的发生。结论：在术前、术中、术后妥善管理好呼吸道，是防止发生呼吸并发症，保障医疗安全的关键。     

1428例口腔颌面外科全麻患者复苏期喉痉挛的相关因素分析

目的:探讨口腔颌面外科患者全麻术后苏醒期间喉痉挛发生的相关风险因素.方法:选择2020年3月—2021年6月上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院口腔外科全麻手术后复苏患者1428例,分为非喉痉挛组及喉痉挛组,分别对患者的一般情况和麻醉手术相关因素进行分析,探讨口腔颌面外科术后患者麻醉复苏期喉痉挛发生率和相关危险因素.采用...     

牙颌面畸形患者手术前后生活质量变化研究

目的    评估牙颌面畸形患者正颌手术前后口腔健康相关生活质量的变化，为临床方案制定和医患沟通提供参考。方法    选择2019年6—12月于中国医科大学附属口腔医院口腔颌面外科接受正颌手术的牙颌面畸形患者35例作为研究组，100名健康正常人作为对照组，以正颌手术生活质量问卷（OQLQ）对患者手术前后口腔健康相关生活质量进行评估。结果    牙颌面畸形患者的口腔功能、面部美学、牙颌面美学感知以及社会因素的术后评分均低于术前（P < 0.001），术前评分均高于对照组（P < 0.001）；术后牙颌面美学感知和社会功能的评分高于对照组（P < 0.05）。结论    牙颌面畸形患者正颌手术术前的口腔健康相关生活质量低于正常群体，术后各维度比术前均明显改善，但术后牙颌面美学感知和社会功能方面的生活质量仍低于正常人群。     

80岁以上患者的口腔颌面外科治疗

目的：探讨80岁以上患者口腔颌面外科治疗的处理。方法：84例80岁以上患者接受口腔颌面外科治疗，手术前详细检查和充分准备，严格掌握手术适应证，完善围手术期处理。结果：81例接受手术治疗，全麻下手术49例，局麻下手术32例。21例恶性肿瘤患者中，18例进行不同类型的联合根治术。全组患者术后未发生严重的呼吸或心血管系统并发症。结论：超高龄不是外科禁忌证，超高龄患者并存病多，要严格掌握手术适应证，强化围手术期处理。     

对预防颌面外科老年患者术后呼吸道意外的探讨

口腔颌面外科老年患者(60岁以上)除具有年老、体弱、抵抗力低下、代偿能力差等一般老年患者的共同点外,同时因其病变位于呼吸道上端,手术常涉及上呼吸道的通畅问题;此类患者恶性肿瘤发病率高,手术创伤大,手术多需在全麻下进行,气管内插管对呼吸道的     

Perioperative thyroid hormone kinetics in patients undergoing major oral and maxillofacial operations.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the perioperative response of serum thyroid hormones in patients who underwent extensive maxillofacial operations with desflurane (0.2 to 1.5 MAC) and remifentanil (0.05 to 0.3 microg/kg/min) anesthesia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Serum thyroxine, total and free triiodothyronine, thyroid-stimulating hormone, interleukin-1beta and 6, TNF-alpha, free fatty acids, S100B protein, CRP, as well as amyloid A protein were measured in 13 patients subjected to extensive oral and maxillofacial operations. Samples were collected before anesthesia induction, at the end, and 6, 12, 24, and 72 hours after the end of surgery. Patients during the study fasted, and at the postoperative period received Ringer's saline or with 5% dextrose alternatively, at the rate of 0.5 to 1.5 mL/kg/hr. RESULTS: Thyroid hormones concentrations showed a significant decrease over time whereas their values recovered to the baseline 72 hours after surgery. Interleukin 1beta, 6, S100B protein, CRP, serum amyloid A protein, and free fatty acids showed a significant increase 6, 12, and 24 hours after the end of the operation as related to the basal value. No significant clinical complications were recorded over the study. CONCLUSION: Patients undergoing extensive oral and maxillofacial surgery exhibit marked decrease in serum thyroid hormones. Stress response, anesthesia, and perioperative fasting may be decisive factors eliciting this response. These metabolic derangements do not deteriorate the clinical outcome and subsequently may be an adaptive response for energy preservation in various organs.     

β淀粉样蛋白1-40与老年患者颌面外科手术后并发谵妄的关系

目的观察老年颌面外科手术患者全身麻醉后术后谵妄（PD）的患病率,研究血浆β淀粉样蛋白1-40（Aβ1-40）与PD的关系。方法选择50例颌面外科手术患者,按照年龄分为T组（30例,年龄62~78岁）和C组（20例,年龄20~60岁）,2组均采用静吸复合麻醉,以谵妄评定量表1998年修订版（DRS-R-98）来诊断和评估PD发生状况,记录术前（T0）,术后24 h（T1）、48 h（T2）、72 h（T3）、96 h（T4）的DRS-R-98评分;并测定Aβ1-40质量浓度。结果T组患者PD的患病率为20.0%。T组Aβ1-40质量浓度在T0、T1、T2、T3时段明显高于C组（P＜0.01）,T组和C组Aβ1-40质量浓度在T1和T2时段明显高于同组T0时段（P＜0.05）。T组在T3和T4时段的DRS-R-98评分明显高于同组T1时段和C组（P＜0.01）。结论Aβ1-40在全身麻醉后持续升高可能是老年患者发生PD的重要原因之一。     

Changes in hormones of the thyroid axis after tracheostomy and their influence on regeneration in patients with head and neck cancer: A prospective study

This prospective study aimed to compare and evaluate changes in hormones of the thyroid axis affected by tracheostomy due to surgical treatment in patients with oral cancer.The patients were evaluated with regard to serum levels of the thyroid axis — free T3/triiodothyronine (fT3) and free T4/thyroxine (fT4), as well as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) — at fixed perioperative time points: during the tumor staging about 1 week before operation, immediately before and within 6 h after operation, 2 days after operation, and about 10 days after operation. Additionally, data on the patients’ characteristics (age, gender), relevant secondary diagnoses, duration of ventilation in the intensive care unit, and perioperative complications were obtained and analyzed.In total, 51 patients with an average age of 68.29 years (±11.82) were included. Analyses of thyroid hormones directly before and after tracheostomy showed a significant postoperative decrease in circulating TSH (p = 0.005) and fT3 (p < 0.001), whilst a significant increase in fT4 values (p < 0.001) was found. Nine patients showed perioperative complications, such as infection, emphysema, or requiring a revision operation. Eleven patients were diagnosed with a cardiac problem or suffered from agitation after operation.Within the limitations of the study it seems that hormonal changes following tracheostomy in critically ill patients should be monitored and thyroid hormone adjustment should be taken into account because the latter might lead to lower mortality and morbidity during hospitalization in these patients.Clinical trial registration numberDRKS00023942.     

瑞芬太尼对七氟烷诱导小儿口腔颌面部术后烦躁的影响

目的：探讨瑞芬太尼对口腔颌面部手术患儿七氟烷诱导术后苏醒烦躁的影响。方法：择期口腔颌面部手术患儿30例,ASAⅠ级,3～8岁,体质量15～26kg。实验随机分为2组,每组15例,A组为实验组,B组为对照组。2组患儿入手术室前根据改良耶鲁术前焦虑分级表评分,肌内注射盐酸氯胺酮后入室诱导,调节七氟烷浓度,静脉注射罗库溴铵后行气管插管。术中瑞芬太尼血浆靶浓度4～6ng/ml,调节七氟烷浓度维持BIS于40～60,2组术毕前10min调节瑞芬太尼至1ng/mL,七氟烷浓度0.8%（结束时关闭）。对照组手术结束时停用瑞芬太尼,实验组入苏醒室5min后停用。根据小儿麻醉苏醒烦躁量表及改良CHEOPS表,对小儿烦躁及疼痛情况评分。采用SPSS12.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果：2组小儿术前焦虑及术后疼痛评分差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,实验组小儿术后烦躁评分显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论：瑞芬太尼能有效减少小儿七氟醚诱导口腔颌面部手术术后烦躁。     

家长陪伴的麻醉诱导在儿童口腔颌面手术中应用效果评价

目的:探讨家长陪伴能否提高口腔颌面外科手术患儿麻醉诱导期的安全性。方法:采用随机对照研究,入选120例2~6岁口腔颌面外科手术患儿,随机分为2组,每组各60例。2组家长均进行术前宣教,试验组（P组）患儿家长在麻醉诱导期陪伴患儿,对照组（N组）患儿则无家长陪伴。在麻醉诱导时记录并比较2组患儿的血压、心率、氧饱和度,以及诱导时的配合度。采用SPSS 17.0软件包进行数据分析。结果:有家长陪伴的患儿与无家长陪伴的患儿相比,在麻醉诱导期心率及氧饱和度明显平稳,配合度也较好。结论:麻醉诱导期家长陪伴能有效提高口腔颌面外科手术患儿围术期麻醉安全性,是一项值得开展及推广的医患合作新途径。     

Perioperative safety and complications in treatment of oral and maxillofacial surgery patients under general anesthesia with obstructive sleeping disorders

Patients with sleeping disorders, such as obstructive sleep apnea, (OSA) have a higher risk for postoperative complications after maxillofacial surgery under general anesthesia. The aim of this study was to detect specific complications after oral and maxillofacial surgery.Sixty-nine cases of patients with middle or severe sleep apnea who underwent an operation under general anesthesia in the oral and maxillofacial region were retrospectively analyzed. This group was compared with an age and diagnosis matched group without sleep apnea receiving the same operative treatment.We found a significant difference between the two groups concerning body mass index, the ASA-Index, the Cormack-Mallampati Index, the number of pre-existing conditions, and home medication (p < 0.05). Concerning the length of stay, overrun of estimated mean length of stay, and number of surgical complications and hypertonic events, no difference could be detected. Almost 28% of the patients with OSA in our study suffered a substantial respiratory complication even under intensive care observation. The number of patients with oxygen desaturation was 9% in the control group, which differed significantly (p = 0.0093) from the number of such patients in the OSA group.In this study, we have shown that the presence of OSA in patients undergoing elective maxillofacial surgery is associated with a considerable number of comorbidities in the postoperative period. Through preoperative OSA screening and OSA evaluation, an improvement in management of surveillance resources could be achieved and the OSA-specific risk could be assessed more precisely and also reduced.     

丙泊酚与氢吗啡酮联合用于口腔颌面外科术后留置气管导管患者的临床研究

目的:探讨丙泊酚与氢吗啡酮联合用于口腔颌面外科术后留置气管导管患者镇静及镇痛的作用。方法:将口腔颌面外科术后留置气管导管患者40例患者按照随机原则分为丙泊酚-氢吗啡酮组(P-H组,20例)、丙泊酚-右美托咪定(P-D组,20例)。P-H组以异丙酚0.5～1mg/Kg·h^-1持续泵注复合氢吗啡酮4～8μg/kg·h^-1持续泵注;P-D组以异丙酚0.5～1mg/Kg·h^-1持续泵注复合右美托咪定0.2～0.6μg/kg·h^-1持续泵注。比较2组患者的Ramsay评分、心率、血压、呼吸等变化。采用SPSS16.0软件包对数据进行统计学处理。结果:在拔管前2组的动脉血pH值、氧分压、二氧化碳分压无显著差异;2组间各时点SPO2、MAP、RR、RAMSAY比较无显著差异,2组间HR在T2、T5、T6时点比较有显著差异(P<0.05)。结论:静脉泵注丙泊酚-氢吗啡酮可以取得静脉泵注丙泊酚-右美托咪定类似的临床疗效,且无减慢心率的作用。     

盐酸纳布啡超前镇痛对老年口腔颌面部肿瘤手术患者的影响

目的 评估盐酸纳布啡在老年口腔颌面部肿瘤患者手术中超前镇痛的临床效果。方法 选取全麻下行口腔颌面部肿瘤手术的老年患者100例,随机分为纳布啡组（N组）和常规组（C组）。N组于麻醉诱导前10 min静脉注射纳布啡超前镇痛,C组注射等量生理盐水作为对照。记录术后1、2、6、12、24 h的VAS疼痛评分,记录2组术后不良反应及追加镇痛药物情况。采用SPSS 22.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果 纳布啡组患者术后6、12、24 h的VAS评分显著低于常规组（P<0.05）,纳布啡组患者术后不良反应的发生率也显著低于常规组（P<0.05）,术后镇痛药物追加剂量少于常规组。结论 纳布啡超前镇痛可加强老年口腔颌面部肿瘤手术患者术后镇痛效果,减少不良反应的发生。     

口腔颌面外科手术麻醉时异丙酚和硫喷妥钠临床效应的比较

目的　观察异丙酚用于口腔颌面外科手术麻醉时对循环、呼吸及苏醒的影响,并与传统药物硫喷妥钠相比较。方法　选择颌骨切除手术３０ 例,随机分为两组（异丙酚组和硫喷妥钠组）,比较注药前后循环、呼吸等变化。结果　异丙酚对循环的影响比硫喷妥钠小,但呼吸暂停的发生率高于硫喷妥钠（ Ｐ＜ ００１）,唤醒时间明显短于硫喷妥钠（ Ｐ＜ ００１）。结论　异丙酚副作用少,苏醒迅速,用于口腔颌面外科等长时间的手术,安全有效。