荧光原位杂交技术研究人类体外未受精卵的17号染色体非整倍体

目的 对比两种不同间期核制备方法的效果，并比较25－30岁和31－35岁这两个女性年龄组、不同的体外受精－胚胎移植（in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer,IVF-ET）指征、不同超排方案等与17号染色体非整倍体率之间的关系。方法 采用0.1% Tween 20/0.01 mol/L HCl和3：1的甲醇：冰醋酸两种方法制备人类未受精卵间期核，选用人类17号染色体端粒探针（17qter），按说明书步骤进行荧光原位杂交并在方法上稍作改进。结果 36个未受精卵中，正常17号单体24枚，二体7枚，三体5枚，非整倍体出现率为33.3%（12／36）；25－30岁和31－35岁这两个女性年龄组、不同IVF指征、不同超排方案的患者的17号染色体非整倍体发生率差异无显著性。结论 两种方法信号检出率均为100％，但前者间期核制备效果较好，易于操作，避免甲醇冰醋酸刺激性气味对环境的污染，卵母细胞17号染色体的非整倍性是造成体外受精失败的重要原因之一。     

多色荧光原位杂交检测人卵细胞染色体非整倍体方法的建立

目的 建立多色荧光原位杂交技术检测人卵细胞染色体非整倍体的方法。方法 取试管婴儿助孕技术后未能受精成功的卵细胞，于取卵后13d固定，采用多色荧光原位杂交方法检测卵细胞13，16，18。21和22号染色体的情况。结果 正常未受精卵细胞中期染色体显示一个成对的杂交信号，每条染色单体显示一个单个信号；分裂相中多出或缺少一个成对杂交信号表明多余或缺少一条染色体；分裂相中多出或缺少一个单个信号表明多余或缺少一条染色单体；两个单个信号分离表明两条姐妹染色单体分离。结论 采用多色荧光原位杂交方法可以有效检测人卵细胞染色体非整倍体异常。     

IVF-ET周期中第一极体形态与未受精卵母细胞非整倍体相关性研究

目的探讨第一极体形态学与卵细胞染色体非整倍体异常的相关性及卵细胞非整倍体产生的机制。方法应用荧光原位杂交技术（FISH）检测IVF-ET周期中未受精卵母细胞染色体非整倍体,观察第一极体形态与未受精卵母细胞非整倍体发生率的相关性。结果随极体形态级别增高,非整倍体的发生率增高。一级极体组卵细胞非整倍体的发生率和四级极体组相比,差异有统计学意义。结论第一极体的形态学和卵细胞的染色体非整倍体异常之间存在相关性。由具有4级形态第一极体的卵细胞发育而来的胚胎不适用于移植。     

用荧光原位杂交技术研究人类未受精卵细胞的染色体非整倍体

目的　探讨人类未受精卵细胞非整倍体的产生机制。方法　取未受精卵细胞固定后行多色荧光原位杂交 ,分析卵细胞中 13、16、18、2 1和 2 2号染色体的核型情况。结果　 4 7%的卵细胞核型正常 ,5 3%的卵细胞为异常核型 ,其中 18%为同源染色体不分离 ,12 %为姐妹染色单体非平衡性过早分离 ,36 %为姐妹染色单体平衡性过早分离 ;在体外培养 >2 4小时的卵细胞中 ,姐妹染色单体平衡性过早分离的发生率明显高于体外培养≤ 2 4小时的卵细胞 ( P<0 .0 1)。结论　同源染色体不分离和姐妹染色单体平衡性及非平衡性过早分离这三种机制均参与了卵细胞非整倍体的产生。姐妹染色单体平衡性过早分离与体外培养时间具有相关性     

双色FISH检测人精子染色体非整倍体方法的建立

目的　建立用双色FISH检测人精子染色体非整倍体的方法。方法　采用双色荧光原位杂交 (FISH)方法取适量精子标本用EDTA/PBS处理 ,然后用二硫苏糖醇 (DTT) ,使精子去凝集。固定后滴片 ,然后与双色荧光直接标记探针杂交。结果　在OLYMPUS荧光显微镜下可以清楚看到精子头部的蓝色杂交信号 ,头部有 1个绿色荧光杂交信号的精子为X染色体精子 (X精子 ) ,有 1个红色荧光杂交信号的精子为Y染色体精子 (Y精子 )。精子头部有 2个荧光杂交信号的精子为染色体数目异常精子。结论　双色荧光原位杂交 (FISH)方法可以用于测定人精子染色体非整倍体率的变化。     

用双色荧光原位杂交检测人精子染色体非整倍体率

目的检测人精子染色体非整倍体率。方法采用双色荧光原位杂交（ＦＩＳＨ）方法,取少量精标本经洗后制片,用二硫苏糖醇（ＤＴＴ）和二碘水杨酸锂（ＬＩＳ）处理,使精子头部染色质去凝集。然后,与生物素标记的α卫星Ｘ染色体特异ＤＮＡ探针（ＤＸＺ１）和地高辛标记的α卫星Ｙ染色体特异ＤＮＡ探针（ＤＹＺ３）进行原位杂交。用ＣＹ３－链亲和素、山羊抗链亲和素检测Ｘ染色体探针杂交信号;用鼠抗地高辛抗体、与荧光素结合的兔抗鼠抗体检测Ｙ染色体探针杂交信号。结果在Ｎｉｋｏｎ荧光显微镜下可以清楚看到精子头部的杂交信号,头部有１个红色荧光杂交信号的精子为Ｘ染色体精子（Ｘ精子）,有１个绿色荧光杂交信号的精子为Ｙ染色体精子（Ｙ精子）。精子头部有２个荧光杂交信号的精子为染色体数目异常精子。若用１条常染色体探针和１条性染色体探针进行ＦＩＳＨ,可以区别头部有２个相同颜色荧光杂交信号的精子属非整倍体精子或二倍体精子。结论双色荧光原位杂交（ＦＩＳＨ）方法,可以用于测定接触致突变剂和非整倍体诱导剂后,人精子染色体非整倍体率的变化。     

胎儿染色体非整倍体与产前超声特征的对比分析

目的探讨胎儿非整倍体的产前超声特征。方法收集99例曾在孕11周-13^＋6周及孕18周-24周间进行产前超声检查的胎儿非整倍体的核型和超声资料,分析非整倍体超声指标异常的数目和类型。结果99例包括21三体53例,18三体23例,13三体5例,性染色体非整倍体（SCA）16例和其他非整倍体2例。83。8％出现超声指标异常,50．5％出现多项指标异常,33．3％出现单项指标异常,16．2％未出现指标异常,包括21三体7例和SCA8例;21三体常见指标异常有颈项透明层（NT）增厚、鼻骨缺失、室缺、三尖瓣反流;18三体常见指标异常有NT增厚、室缺、双手姿势异常;l3三体最常见畸形为全前脑;SCA常见指标异常有颈部水囊瘤、NT增厚。结论单项超声指标异常也不排除胎儿非整倍体,部分21三体及SCA产前超声指标未见异常,各非整倍体的异常超声指标分布及特征性超声指标有所不同。     

CB-FISH法检测人体内嵌合的21号染色体非整倍体

目的　探讨 2 1三体患者体内二倍体细胞增多的机理。方法　用松胞素 - B诱导的双核细胞荧光原位杂交技术 ,对人体内 2 1号染色体非整倍体和培养细胞中 2 1号染色体分离异常的发生率进行检测。结果　 2 1三体患者体内 ,二倍体细胞率 (16 .90‰± 10 .70‰ )远高于 2 1四体细胞率 (0 .42‰± 0 .6 4‰ ) (P=0 .0 0 0 )。在培养的正常人和 2 1三体患者细胞中 ,2 1号染色体不分离率 (3.6 9‰± 2 .5 0‰和 8.2 2‰±5 .5 4‰ )显著高于丢失率 (0 .10‰± 0 .30‰和 0 .43‰± 0 .49‰ ) (P=0 .0 0 0 )。结论　 2 1三体患者体内较高比例的二倍体细胞源于因三体细胞中 2 1号染色体分离异常而形成的二倍体细胞的逐渐积累     

应用光谱核型分析技术诊断复杂染色体畸变

目的探讨光谱核型分析技术（spectral karyotyping，SKY）在诊断复杂染色体畸变中的应用价值。方法选取4例常规G显带染色体核型分析未能确诊的染色体畸变病例，按SKY操作常规进行制片杂交，并通过相应的计算机软件分析结果。结果通过SKY技术，明确1例涉及3条染色体复杂易位病例的诊断；协助2例不明来源衍生染色体诊断为染色体自身的部分重复；但对染色体自身倒位和染色体畸变断裂点的诊断帮助不大。结论SKY技术对于诊断复杂的染色体易位或重排、微小的染色体结构畸变以及不明来源的衍牛染色体等方面有较大的优越性．是常规染仁．体核型分析的有益补充。     

用荧光原位杂交技术检测流产绒毛染色体非整倍体畸变

目的　探讨流产病因及评估荧光原位杂交 (FISH)技术在检测流产绒毛染色体非整倍体畸变中的价值。方法　采用18、X和Y染色体着丝粒探针及 13、2 1染色体单一序列探针 ,对 5 8例自然流产绒毛标本同时进行FISH检测和常规染色体核型分析。结果　FISH技术异常核型检出率 2 4 1± 0 12 % ,高于常规染色体核型分析 (15 5 % ) ;常规染色体核型分析检出 2例FISH探针计划检测外的异常核型 4 6 ,XX ,del(2 ) (q2 1)和 4 7,XX , 16。结论　FISH技术能快速、准确地诊断流产绒毛染色体非整倍体畸变 ,与常规染色体核型分析结合运用 ,可为临床流产病因的探讨提供更为准确的依据     

Partial trisomy 17p detected by spectral karyotyping

We report the case of a child with partial trisomy of the short arm of chromosome 17, which was characterized by 24-color spectral karyotyping (SKY) and other fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) methods. The child had phenotypic features previously associated with trisomy 17p, including facial characteristics, developmental delay, postnatal growth retardation, single transverse crease, inguinal hernia, redundant neck skin folds, congenital heart defect, and club foot. This case illustrates the power of SKY for characterizing derivative/marker chromosomes in patients with rare cytogenetic syndromes.     

Technical approaches to correction of oocyte aneuploidy

BACKGROUND: This study describes the technical approaches used in treatment of age-related oocyte aneuploidy, the efficiency of each step of nuclear transplantation into mouse and human oocytes, and the ability of germinal vesicle (GV) transplantation to restore artificially induced ooplasmic damage. Finally, it examines the possibility of constructing viable female gametes by transferring diploid somatic cell nuclei into enucleated oocytes. METHODS: GV stage mouse oocytes were collected from unstimulated ovaries, and human GV oocytes were donated from consenting patients undergoing ICSI. Stromal (somatic) cells were isolated from uterine biopsies of consenting patients. Mouse cumulus cells were obtained after ovarian stimulation. GV ooplasts prepared by removing nuclei were transplanted either with GV nuclei or with somatic cells by micromanipulation. Grafted oocytes were electrofused and cultured to allow maturation, following which they were inseminated or analysed cytogenetically. Ooplasmic dysfunction was induced by photosensitization with a mitochondria-specific fluorescent dye. RESULTS: GV transplantation had an overall efficiency of 87 and 73% in the mouse and humans respectively. Maturation rates of 95 (mouse) and 64% (human) following reconstitution were comparable with those in control oocytes, as was the incidence of aneuploidy for five chromosome-specific probes after aneuploidy among the reconstituted oocytes. Photosensitization of oocytes significantly reduced the maturation rate to 4.2%, whereas 61.9% of oocytes matured after transfer of photosensitized GV karyoplasts into healthy ooplasts, with 52% of these mature oocytes being successfully fertilized by ICSI. Enucleated immature oocytes receiving mouse cumulus or human endometrial cell nuclei extruded a polar body in >40% of cases. Five out of seven successfully transferred aged human nuclei exhibited the expected number of signals with five chromosome-specific probes suggesting an appropriate chromosome separation in young ooplasm. CONCLUSIONS: Nuclear transplantation itself does not appear to interfere with chromosome segregation and can possibly rescue oocytes with damaged mitochondria. Finally, immature mouse ooplasm supported separation of somatic chromosomes to expected numbers, implying that haploidization may be occurring. The roles of genetic imprinting and fidelity of chromosome segregation are unknown.     

光谱核型分析技术在染色体异常诊断中的应用

目的建立稳定的光谱核型分析技术,并评价其在染色体异常诊断中的应用价值。方法应用光谱核型分析技术对16例外周血和1例羊水细胞染色体样本进行诊断,并与G-显带诊断结果进行比较。结果所建立的光谱核型分析技术不但成功地对全部15例G-显带诊断结果为正常或平衡易位的样本进行了正确诊断,而且对G-显带无法识别的1例外周血样本的衍生染色体片段和1例羊水样本的标记染色体亦明确了来源。结论光谱核型分析技术对染色体异常的诊断具有很高的敏感性和特异性,并且在明确传统核型分析技术不能分析的标记染色体或衍生染色体片段的来源方面具有重要应用价值。     

Identification of an unusual marker chromosome by spectral karyotyping

We ascertained a newborn girl with multiple congenital anomalies including severe hypotonia, cardiovascular defects, hearing loss, central nervous system anomalies, and facial anomalies. The infant died at 12 days. Cytogenetic analysis showed a de novo supernumerary marker chromosome. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with a combination of chromosome specific alpha-satellite probes and an all-human centromere probe failed to show hybridization to the marker, indicating that the marker chromosome lacked detectable alpha satellite sequences. Spectral karyotyping (SKY) was performed and showed that the marker was chromosome 15 in origin. This was confirmed by FISH with a 15q specific subtelomeric probe, which showed hybridization to both ends of the marker chromosome. Based on FISH information and G-banding pattern, the marker was determined to be an inverted duplication of 15q25-qter, leading to partial tetrasomy for chromosome 15. Although the marker chromosome lacked detectable centromeric alpha-satellite sequences, it seemed to have a functional centromere as it is mitotically stable. This observation is consistent with previous studies on acentric marker chromosomes, which suggested that the DNA sequence at the breakpoint could function similarly to alpha-satellite sequences once activated through marker formation. Am. J. Med. Genet. 80:368–372, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

应用光谱染色体核型分析技术研究胰腺癌细胞系P2染色体核型

目的 探讨胰腺癌的细胞遗传学特征.方法 采用光谱核型分析技术对中国人胰腺癌细胞系P2的染色体核型进行分析,并选择EGFR/CEP 7双色荧光原位杂交(FISH)探针,对比分析10例胰腺癌和10例慢性胰腺炎石蜡标本的EGFR基因拷贝数,验证光谱核型分析结果.结果 P2细胞系为亚三倍体核型,共发现26种染色体异常,其中重复出现的染色体异常改变为染色体4、9、18、19、22、Y、10p、15p、8p、6q和12p缺失,染色体7和12q增加,以及染色体结构畸变der(9;15)(q10;q10)、der(10)(3;10)(?;q26)和der(12)(8;12)(?;p13).EGFR-FISH阳性为4/10.结论 胰腺癌细胞系的染色体重排非常复杂,进一步扩大样本量进行相关分析,包括了解胰腺癌的EGFR-FISH阳性率非常有必要.     

应用多重连接依赖式探针扩增技术快速高通量诊断胎儿染色体非整倍体异常

目的 评价多重连接依赖式探针扩增技术(multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification,MLPA)在染色体非整倍体诊断中的应用价值,为我国羊水染色体诊断提供一种快速、特异、高通量的分子诊断手段.方法 应用MLPA技术检测了500份羊水标本,所有标本均进行荧光原位杂交(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)技术检测和常规染色体核型分析,应用RH-MLPA-v511数据分析软件获得MLPA结果,比较MLPA技术与FISH和染色体核型分析结果的准确性,总结MLPA技术临床应用过程中的关键要点.结果 在500份羊水标本中,MLPA检测成功率97%.3个工作日完成结果的为92%,需重复检测的为5%,失败为3%.对染色体非整倍体异常检测敏感性和准确性100%.证实38例非整倍体病例探针信号比值＞正常二倍体4s,2例疑似三体结果＞2s.分析了21号染色体8条探针的杂交效率,21三体患者8条探针中平均4条探针比值＞1.3.结论 MLPA技术具有快速、特异、敏感、高通量、成本低等特点,可用于产前染色体非整倍体数目的快速检测,是传统染色体培养方法的补充,临床应用价值较高.

Abstract：

Objective To assess the diagnostic value of multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) for detection of common chromosome aneuploidy in amniotic fluid (AF) cells in order to obtain an accurate, rapid, cost-effective and high-throughput method in routine prenatal clinical practice.Methods The MLPA test was performed on 500 AF samples by using kit P095 and the results were obtained by using analysis software RH-MLPA-v511. The results were compared with that from fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and traditional karyotyping (TK). The technical critical issues were analyzed in routine diagnostic application. Results The absolute specificity and sensitivity of the MLPA test to detect the aneuploidy were 100%. For the 500 AF samples, the success rate of the MLPA tests was 97%. Among them 92% were finished within three working days and 5% required more days for repeating. The test failure rate was 3%. The results confirmed that for the 38 detectable aneuploid samples,the probe reliability weighted mean ratio values were more than 4SD compared to normal diploids and the 2 suspected trisomy samples were more than 2SD. In this study, authors analyzed hybridization efficiencies of 8 probes for chromosome 21, and the presence of a trisomy was considered if at least 4 of the 8 probes gave probe ratio of ＞1.3. Conclusion The data suggested that MLPA is a rapid, simple and reliable method for large scale testing for aneuploidy of chromosomes 13, 18, 21, X, or Y in AF. The MLPA technology is complementary to AF culture and valuable for prenatal diagnosis.     

Control of homologous chromosome division in the mammalian oocyte

Homologous chromosomes are segregated during the first meioticdivision (meiosis I). Unfortunately, human oocytes are particularlysusceptible to mis-segregation errors, so generating aneuploid,often non-viable, embryos. Here we review the cell biology ofmeiosis I and how homolog disjunction is regulated for mammalianoocytes. We focus on the activity of the anaphase-promotingcomplex/cyclosome (APC/C), which is responsible for timely degradationof the cohesin component, REC8 and the cyclin B regulatory subunitof maturation-promoting factor, both essential steps for meiosisI completion. In particular, we examine the role played by thespindle assembly checkpoint in controlling the APC/C activity,and in so doing ensuring accurate disjunction of homologs.     

Highly comprehensive karyotype analysis by a combination of spectral karyotyping (SKY), microdissection, and reverse painting (SKY-MD)

A technique disclosing most information about chromosome modifications is the technique of choice for the analysis of chromosome alterations. The newly developed method for microdissection of fluorescence-labeled chromosomes (FISH-MD) can improve upon this expectation in combination with 24-color spectral karyotyping (SKY). The highly efficient way to detect chromosome modifications by SKY and the detailed specification of aberrant chromosomes by FISH-MD prompted us to use both techniques in a combined approach called SKY-MD. First, an overview of chromosomal aberrations is obtained by spectral karyotyping and subsequently the derivative chromosomes recognized are characterized in a highly specific manner by microdissection and reverse painting. A small quantity of isolated material dissected directly from a 24-color metaphase is sufficient to obtain very detailed information about the chromosome regions and the breakpoints involved in the derivative chromosomes. Therefore, the combination of spectral karyotyping and microdissection in one procedure, and reverse painting can characterize chromosomal aberrations with a degree of specificity hitherto unknown from individual karyotyping experiments. In this article we compare the efficiency of both the SKY technique and that of classical microdissection with the efficiency obtained by SKY-MD.